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Topic: Retinex

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	retinex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The precise algorithm used for this process is not known.
		The effect was described in 1971 by Edwin Land, who formulated the above retinex theory to explain it.
		The word "retinex" is formed from "retina" and "cortex", suggesting that both the eye and the brain are involved in the processing.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Retinex.html (509 words)

	Retinex Hair Enhancer
		Retinex is a groundbreaking gray hair formula available for the first time to consumer's, especially formulated to revive and replenish hair follicles at the cellular level, to restore premature white or gray hair to it's original color.
		Retinex effectively helps to inhabit the growth of premature white and gray hair, it strengthens hair pigment and revives melanin cells.
		Retinex scientists have created Retinex Shampoo for gray hair which helps to restore gray hair to its original hair color and remove yellow tone of the hair and add body and thickness to the hair each time it is used.
	www.nutrivea-usa.com /retinex_hair_enhancer.htm (1054 words)

	Psychology An International Perspective: Chapter Topic
		Retinex theory is correct in predicting that perception of an object's colour depends on comparison of light reflected from that object with that of adjacent objects.
		Retinex theory predicts that colour constancy should be complete, but the amount of colour constancy has been found to vary across studies.
		Retinex theory does not consider the role of familiarity in colour constancy.
	www.psypress.co.uk /pip/resources/slp/topic.asp?chapter=ch07&topic=ch07-sc-04 (640 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Retinex algorithm is a general-purpose image enhancement algorithm for producing good visual representations of scenes.
		Retinex processing contains a relatively large number of complex computations that, for video exceed the performance capabilities of most general-purpose computers.
		To meet the goal of embedded, real-time Retinex processing, we are currently studying and evaluating the use of digital signal processors (DSPs) and reconfigurable logic devices such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) for implementation.
	www.cs.odu.edu /~ibl/public/colloquium/spr04/hines.txt (539 words)

	NASA - NASA Reveals 'Wright' Stuff in Enhanced Centennial Photos
		The technology, called Retinex Imaging Processing, was used to enhance the Library of Congress, high-resolution, digital images taken from more than 300 glass photographic plates out of the Wrights' collection.
		In addition to improving digital photographs, the NASA Retinex system can be applied to medical and forensic imaging, aerial reconnaissance and technologies to improve visibility in foggy and smoky conditions.
		Retinex automatically processes images to give them improved contrast, lightness, and sharpness.
	www.nasa.gov /vision/earth/improvingflight/1stflight_retinex.html (291 words)

	Visual and Auditory Signal Processing Mechanism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A modified retinex algorithm: One of the reasons that the retinex algorithm fails to maintain the color constancy of the target area under the changes in the color of nearby objects is due to the cross of paths for calculating the relative reflectance between the target and other areas.
		It has been shown that algorithmic implementation of the retinex theory with the cross and infinite number of paths just results in another normalization process for the reflectance in the visual scene, which is too sensitive for the illumination changes [1].
		Here, we developed a simple modified retinex algorithm with uncrossed paths for calculating the relative reflectance between two areas and investigated its robustness for color constancy under the changes in the color of nearby objects.
	bsrc.kaist.ac.kr /braintech/image/reports/1-year/ENG0101A01/ENG0101A01-02.htm (526 words)

	Imaging & Vision Laboratory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		We have shown that the performance of various color-based retrieval strategies when coupled with Retinex-based pre-processing, are mproved, regardless of the color-based image retrieval strategy adopted.
		The Retinex pre-processing, allow an increase in performances of the image retrieval strategies.
		These are the results of different image retrieval strategies performed on the Fraser database, first without pre-filtering and then pre-filtered with two different Retinex algorithms.
	www.ivl.disco.unimib.it /Activities/retinex-CBIR.htm (134 words)

	Properties of a Center/Surround Retinex: Part 2. Surround Design, NASA TM-110188, August 1995, (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Previous research has established the mathematical foundations of Land's retinex but has not examined specific design issues and their effects on the properties of the retinex operation.
		Here we have sought to define a practical implementation of the retinex without particular concern for its validity as a model for human lightness and color perception.
		Various functional forms for the retinex surround are evaluated and a Gaussian form found to perform better than the inverse square suggested by Land.
	techreports.larc.nasa.gov /ltrs/refer/1995/NASA-95-tm110188.refer.html (187 words)

	Land & Retinex Theory
		Ockham’s Razor might coax some people to favor the CCVT over the Retinex Theory, but this principle should be considered and included in the decision making process only when everything else is equal—and this is not the case here.
		Regardless of how objective and "ideal" the scientific method may be, the scientists who use it are all human and subject to all of the frailties of the human species.
		After hearing a brief presentation of Land’s work and Retinex Theory, he ridiculed the idea that the CCVT was not a complete answer.
	steve-badger.net /land/retinex2.html (5328 words)

	Multi-Scale Retinex For Color Image Enhancement - Rahman, Jobson, Woodell (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Abstract: The retinex is a human perception-based image processing algorithm which provides color constancy and dynamic range compression.
		We have previously reported on a singlescale retinex (SSR) and shown that it can either achieve color/lightness rendition or dynamic range compression, but not both simultaneously.
		Rahman, D. Jobson, and G. Woodell, "Multiscale retinex for color image enhancement," in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, IEEE, 1996.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /rahman96multiscale.html (500 words)

	Retinex Image Processing--Publications--IEEE Trans IP 03/1997 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The last version of Edwin Land's retinex model for human vision's lightness and color constancy has been implemented and tested in image processing experiments.
		We have sought to define a practical implementation of the retinex without particular concern for its validity as a model for human lightness and color perception.
		Images which violate the gray world assumptions (implicit to the retinex) are investigated to provide insight into cases where the retinex fails to produce a good rendition.
	as.wm.edu /~zrahman/res/ieeeip-03-1997.html (193 words)

	Tech Report: HPL-2002-74R1: Robust Recursive Envelope Operators
		In most Retinex- type algorithms the computational engine is some (possibly non-linear) variant of a large support low- pass filter.
		First, the output should be an upper or lower envelope of the original image, and secondly, the operator should be robust in the sense that it does not use information from across an edge in the image.
		In an effort to reach stable algorithm parameters, namely parameters that would perform reasonably well for all images, we developed scale invariant operators, in which the nature of the obtained envelope is invariant to the size of the input image.
	www.hpl.hp.com /techreports/2002/HPL-2002-74R1.html (206 words)

	Science Tribune
		For him, the only real theory is that of Edwin Land - the Retinex theory (17) (18) - which tries to integrate what happens at the level of the retina and brain cortex within the neural structure of the human visual system.
		We propose a solution based on Brownian motion because the centres of certain receptive fields in the brain cortex, in particular in area V4 (c), are distributed as a Brownian path (h).
		The Retinex algorithm, with its Brownian approximation, thus fulfils the role of a non-interacting observer, abstracting the cognitive process from Husserl's intentionality.
	www.tribunes.com /tribune/art97/mari.htm (3203 words)

	Retinex image enhancement - Modeling Scene Illumination Colour for Computer Vision and Image (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The retinex image enhancement algorithm is used to jointly enhance and fuse data from long wave infrared, short wave infrared and visible wavelength sensors
		Retinex Imaging Processing, which won NASA’s Space Act Award as one of the Agency’s The technology is also being refined for video image enhancement,
		Retinex Image Processing, Provides description and examples for the new non-linear image enhancement technique called the Multi-scale retinex.
	infoseekpro.com /ifsp/retinex-image-enhancement.htm (402 words)

	Wendy Carlos ColorVision2
		The big trick is that I would limit myself to the same colors of the Land experiment: fl and white for the medium filtered portions (taken through green), adding only red to these for the long filter portions (taken through red).
		I included a small light with the final canvas and fl poster board, so that a beam of could be cast on the canvas, the rest of the room's lights extinguished.
		I wrote a short accompanying paper which both gave some of the fundamentals of the then available understanding of Retinex color vision, and suggested other ways to view the painting.
	www.wendycarlos.com /colorvis/color2.html (4314 words)

	Color - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		If a scene is illuminated with one light, and then with another, its colors will nevertheless appear constant to us.
		This was discovered by Edwin Land in the 1970s and led to his retinex theory of color constancy.
		Structural color is a property of some surfaces that are scored with fine parallel lines, formed of many thin parallel layers, or otherwise composed of periodic microstructures on the scale of the color's wavelength, to make a diffraction grating.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Color (3977 words)

	Colour Visual Perception (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Retinex Land's model simulates human visual colour perception
		Applying Retinex to GIF images to equalise colours.
		Marini D., Rizzi A., Carati C., "Color constancy effects measurements of the Retinex Theory", Proc.
	mercurio.srv.dico.unimi.it /~marini/imaging/retinex.html (247 words)

	[No title]
		This geometrical interpretation leads to a natural way for grey level, color, movies, volumetric medical data, and colortexture im age enhancement.
		Аннотация: The multiscale retinex with color restoration (MSRCR) has shown itself to be a very versatile automatic image enhancement algorithm that simultaneously provides dynamic range compression, color constancy, and color rendition.
		Аннотация: In the last published concept (1986) for a Retinex computation, Edwin Land introduced a center/surround spatial form, which was inspired by the receptive field structures of neurophysiology.
	library.graphicon.ru:8080 /catalog?prop_id=134&limit_start_row=0&limit_step=10 (668 words)

	VISL project 07-99
		One of the big differences is the fact that the human visual system is able to distinguish details and vivid colors in shadows and in scenes that contain illuminant shifts.
		Results indicated that the performance of the Multiscale Retinex is consistently good, while the performance of the others is quite variable.
		Tests comparing MSRCR to other image enhancement methods: gamma correction and histogram equalization indicate that the performance of the Multiscale Retinex is consistently good, while the performance of the others is quite variable.
	visl.technion.ac.il /1999/99-07/www?C=D;O=A (850 words)

	Better Pictures in a Snap
		Retinex Imaging Processing, which won NASA’s Space Act Award as one of the Agency’s top inventions for 1999, is commer-cially available through TruView Imaging Company of Hampton, Virginia.
		The method, called Multi-scale Retinex with Color Restoration, was developed from Edwin Land’s Retinex (retina + cortex) theory of human color vision.
		The difference with ours is that we not only look at the pixel, but the pixels around a given pixel.”; Recognizing the technology’s potential to provide color digital images of unprecedented clarity, presence, and quality, STC created TruView to commercialize the technology.
	www.sti.nasa.gov /tto/spinoff2002/ch_6.html (630 words)

	NEWS! - Stratospheric new capabilities for image editing?
		Retinex, originally developed for remote sensing applications and recognized as one of the agency's top inventions of 1999, seems pretty impressive, looking at sample images Steve found on the NASA website.
		The technology, called Retinex Imaging Processing, could be used to enhance the billions of images captured each year by the growing use of low cost digital color cameras, color printers and desktop and internet publishing programs.
		It won't correct every image, but was impressive enough to win a NASA Space Act Award as one of the space agency's top inventions of the year for 1999.
	www.imaging-resource.com /NEWS/998946531.html (849 words)

	Wendy Carlos Retinex
		Retinex both aids the actual color impressions and lighting contrasts, and heightens the differences based on what color stimulus is next to what other stimulus, next to yet another, and so on like above.
		Land received quite a bit of flack when he attempted to make sense of why these severely limited color worlds gave such surprising sensations of full color, or at least much more color than the older theories could explain.
		That's why those fl borders help on the Retinex views you've been looking at: they isolate us from our surrounding world of light and color, lest these interfere, or even cancel out, the impression we're trying to study.
	www.wendycarlos.com /colorvis/retinex.html (1235 words)

	[No title]
		For each iteration setting, we computed the difference between the final retinex prediction and the matching Munsell chip data found in the MMT experiment.
		The difference was computed over the entire mondrian image as: Height and width represent the image dimensions in pixels; retinex(i, j) denotes the pixel value for retinex output including post-processing; munsell(i, j) denotes the pixel value for an image of the mondrian made up of Munsell matching chips.
		Contrary to what might be expected, we found almost no change in the optimum number of retinex iterations required as a function of image resolution.
	www.iscc.org /aic2001/abstracts/poster/Funt.doc (455 words)

	[No title]
		Single-scale retinex (SSR) The Single-scale retinex is given by Where Ii(x,y) is image distribution in the ith color band, F(x,y) is the normalized surround function.
		Multiscale Retinex (MSR) Because of the tradeoff between dynamic range compression and color rendition, we have to choose a good scale c in the formula of F(x,y) in SSR.
		5 is the schematic of a characteristic retinex histogram.
	www.cse.ucsc.edu /classes/ee264/Winter02/yanreport.doc (2911 words)

	Eran Borenstein's page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This work deals with lightness and brightness computations and, in particular, the use of retinex-like algorithms for these computations.
		The retinex algorithm, proposed originally by E.Land, was essentially a one-dimensional computation.
		Previous extensions to two-dimensions had severe shortcomings, and owing to lack of an efficient solution they were not tested on large-scale images.
	www.cs.berkeley.edu /~boren/retinex_abstract.html (83 words)

	Wendy Carlos ColorVision3
		The systematic arrangement of these charts is useful here, as it "fights" Land's Retinex processes (it's just too damn regular, not mixed up randomly, so those extra color perceptions don't kick in very much).
		Remember, with so much regularity you lose most of the Retinex effect, so this is a difficult chart to reproduce, worse than the simpler Kodak chart.
		As we examine the larger version, notice that Retinex comes to the rescue for most "color blindness." One can plainly detect sensations of red, purple, yellow, orange and blue from the original that by now has become familiar to us.
	www.wendycarlos.com /colorvis/color3.html (4381 words)

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