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Topic: Retracted article on neurotoxicity of ecstasy

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	Thagodz Wiki News
		Assessing the reliability of the sources used in an article allows the editor to caveat the statements made, identifying where weaknesses are present and where there may be alternative positions on a statement, with a qualitative opinion presented on the relative arguments based on the quality of sources.
		In articles on religions and religious practices, religious scholars (recognized authorities on the religion) are considered reliable sources for the religion's practices and beliefs, and traditional religious and academic views of religious practices should generally both be cited and attributed as such when they differ.
		If you have questions about a source's reliability, discuss with other editors on the article's talk page, or if the source is already used in the article, you can draw attention to it with the {{unreliable}} template.
	www.thagodz.com /search/wiki/?title=wikipedia:Reliable_sources (2556 words)

	Retracted article on neurotoxicity of ecstasy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This article concerns problems with a paper, "Severe dopaminergic neurotoxicity in primates after a common recreational dose regimen of MDMA ("ecstasy")'" that appeared in the leading journal Science, treated as a case study in scientific method.
		The Ricaurte article was published in the middle of a group of 16 "reports" and not given special prominence in the "Highlights of research in this issue" section of the 27 September 2002 issue of Science.
		The retraction of the September 2002 Ricaurte article was published in the 12 September 2003 issue of Science (volume 301, page 1479).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Retracted_article_on_neurotoxicity_of_ecstasy (736 words)

	2006 Article Journal Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		That journal article had legitimized the deaths of the last two babies by theorizing a cause for the mystery of SIDS, suggesting it could be predicted 2006 article journal science and prevented, 2006 article journal science and fostering the presumption that SIDS runs in families.
		The studies in these articles employ the techniques that the students are learning in the lab exercises, which reinforces their understanding of the material.
		Retracted article on neurotoxicity of ecstasy - This article concerns problems with a paper, "Severe dopaminergic neurotoxicity in primates after a common recreational dose regimen of MDMA ("ecstasy")'" that appeared in the leading journal Science, treated as a case study in scientific method.
	sc80.museumpessoa.com /2006articlejournalscience.html (1364 words)

	Clinton Goveas :: Wikipedia Reference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In the late 1980s and early 1990s, ecstasy was widely used in the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe, becoming an integral element of rave culture.
		Although full and proper characterization of ecstasy pills requires advanced lab techniques such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy, it is also possible to use a less accurate presumptive alkaloid test known as the Marquis reagent.
		Because the neurotoxicity of MDMA is believed by some to be highly dependent on its metabolic disposition (Jones 2004; de la Torre and Farré 2004), it is unclear how to generalize to humans from experiments in rats and monkeys.
	www.clintongoveas.com /wikipedia/?title=MDMA (5555 words)

	Retractable Pens -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The retraction of a published science article indicates that the article should not have been published and that its data and conclusions should not be used as part of the foundation for future research.
		Retractions, often called palinodes, were common in works of this era and the bawdy nature of some of Chaucer's works possibly needed forgiveness.
		Duane's Retraction Syndrome is an ocular motility disorder affecting movement of the eye(s).
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/126/retractable-pens.html (1525 words)

	Erowid MDMA Vaults : Major Error in Ricaurte's Ecstasy Research [Ricuarte] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		But in a major blow to their credibility, the Johns Hopkins researchers have now issued a full retraction of the article stating that all but one of the monkeys were accidentally injected with methamphetamine, not MDMA.
		Following the retraction of a high-profile paper, the US research agency that supports research on drug abuse needs to ensure its independence from intense political pressure to prove that recreational drugs are harmful.
		The retracted paper left the public with the impression that ecstasy is far more hazardous than it may actually turn out to be.
	www.erowid.org /chemicals/mdma/mdma_research2.shtml (1911 words)

	The Chronicle: 2/27/2004: Ecstasy Agonistes
		His article warned of new dangers attached to the use of Ecstasy, including the risk of severe brain damage and debilitating neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's -- even from just one night of using the drug.
		In his retracted article, he describes how five squirrel monkeys were given three doses -- with three hours between each dose -- of what turned out to be methamphetamine.
		He says that Ecstasy is known to cause hyperthermia and that because the sample size was small, the high mortality rate was not significant.
	chronicle.com /free/v50/i25/25a01401.htm (3482 words)

	MDMA/Ecstasy
		Users take ecstasy to obtain the desired feelings of euphoria, which are caused by mdma's ability to cause the brain to release its stored serotonin.
		Liquid ecstasy, which is in fact NOT MDMA but a drug known as GHB, is a date-rape drug.
		) Ecstasy is often called a "hug-drug" since users experience a heightened sense of touch and feelings of empathy (emotional closeness to others), and therefore enjoy being close to one another while on it.
	www.missouri.edu /~chemrg/210w04/mdma/mdma.html (1103 words)

	ecstasy drug information, ecstasy side effects
		Ecstasy - a show from the PBS TV series for teens, "In the Mix"...
		Ecstasy is a dangerous drug that can cause hallucinations.
		Religious ecstasy is an altered state of consciousness characterized by greatly...
	www.drugs.com /sch/ecstasy (400 words)

	Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
		Long-term effects in humans are largely unknown and the subject of much controversy — particularly with regard to the risks of severe long-term depression as a result of a reduction in the natural production of serotonin.
		Although full and proper characterization of ecstasy pills requires advanced lab techniques such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, it is also possible to use a less accurate presumptive alkaloid test known as the Marquis reagent.
		Because the neurotoxicity of MDMA is believed by some to be highly dependent on its metabolic disposition (Jones 2004; de la Torre & Farré 2004), it is unclear how to generalize to humans from experiments in rats and monkeys.
	articles.gourt.com /en/Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (5304 words)

	tenuate tablet
		The results showed that ecstasy users experience memory difficulties, book guest site sk tenuate a large study in 2002 (Strote et al.) showed that ephedrine has been almost exclusively administered as a recreational drug and is anecdotally reported to cause visual distortions.
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		In an article about his sons addiction to methamphetamine, adipex 37.5 although the amphetamines especially its ability to regulate its core temperature, drugs and in this laboratory animal, what is tenuate and suggesting that the subjective effects of appetitesuppression, tenuate dospan reduced sense of exhaustion and thirst.
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	Retraction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An alteration that changes the main point of the original statement is generally referred to as a retraction while an alteration that leaves the main point of a statement intact is usually referred to simply as a correction.
		Frank Cameron Jackson, creator of the theory of epiphenomenalism, retracted his position due to an error in reasoning.
		1633 Galileo Galilei was coerced into retracting his finding that that Earth was not the centre of the universe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Retraction (658 words)

	Wired News: DEA Accedes to Ecstasy Test
		Ecstasy is known as a party drug, but before MDMA was outlawed in 1985, therapists were already using it to help patients better cope with life's travails.
		An independent review board had to approve the design of the trial, and since Ecstasy is a schedule 1 drug, in the same category as LSD and heroin, the DEA also had to give its stamp of approval.
		Rick Doblin, director and founder of MAPS has said he believes Ricaurte's research is politically motivated, and the retraction is evidence that all of his research should be reevaluated.
	www.wired.com /news/business/0,1367,62506,00.html?tw=wn_tophead_5 (958 words)

	Sample Summary of Journal Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The issue samples the diversity of domains of expertise sample summary of journal article and includes a good sample of paradigms sample summary of journal article and methods, with articles that involve think aloud problem solving tasks, computer simulations, sample summary of journal article and traditional learning or memory tasks.
		It also has articles that illustrate the diversity of settings in which expertise is practiced sample summary of journal article and can be studied, ranging from the traditional psychology laboratory to cognition in "the wild".
		In "Sociology of the Family," the authors not only cover theory sample summary of journal article and methods in separate chapters, but theoretical perspectives are continually applied sample summary of journal article and methodological issues are consistently discussed in consequent chapters throughout the book.
	ce81.triptych03.com /samplesummaryofjournalarticle.html (1335 words)

	retract_ecstasy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A team of scientists at Johns Hopkins University has retracted a widely publicized report on the harmful health effects of the drug Ecstasy after concluding that most of the laboratory animals in its study had mistakenly been given a different substance.
		In a retraction scheduled to be printed this week in the journal Science, the researchers say that all but one of the 10 primates in its study were mistakenly given methamphetamine rather than the intended drug, which is popularly known as Ecstasy and technically referred to as methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or MDMA.
		Partying with Ecstasy several times a night, a common practice among users of the illegal drug, might damage key neurons in the brain and hasten the onset of Parkinson's disease, according to a study in monkeys.
	home.att.net /~poetwill/retract_ecstasy.htm (579 words)

	Psychoactive Drugs for the Future \| MetaFilter
		The original studies that showed MDMA "neurotoxicity" were conducted in the late 80s.
		Ricaurte, author of the retracted study, is the chief provider of the earlier studies showing neurotoxicity.
		Using that, MDMA was shown to be not neurotoxic.
	www.metafilter.com /comments.mefi/43509 (1881 words)

	Latest News - Ecstasy Agonistes
		His article warned of new dangers attached to the use of Ecstasy, including the risk of severe brain damage and debilitating neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's-even from just one night of using the drug.
		A serious and almost unbelievable mistake-the primates in the study were injected not with Ecstasy, but with methamphetamine-negated both the study and its startling results.
		In his retracted article, he describes how five squirrel monkeys were given three doses-with three hours between each dose-of what turned out to be methamphetamine.
	www.november.org /stayinfo/breaking/Ecstacy.html (3411 words)

	When to retract? -- Smith 327 (7420): 883 -- BMJ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Retraction: Outcome of pregnancy in diabetic women in northeast England and in Norway, 1994-7.
		Retraction: Regression of human metastatic renal cell carcinoma after vaccination with tumor cell-dendritic cell hybrids.
		Severe dopaminergic neurotoxicity in primates after a common recreational dose regimen of MDMA ("ecstasy").
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/327/7420/883 (1034 words)

	DanceSafe: US: Retracted Ecstasy Paper 'An Outrageous Scandal'
		The retraction last week of a highly controversial paper published in Science September 2002, which purported to show that the recreational drug Ecstasy ( methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or MDMA ) caused severe damage to dopaminergic neurons, predisposing takers to Parkinson disease, has prompted two leading British scientists to call for the journal to publish the referees' reports.
		The retraction came about because George Ricaurte of Johns Hopkins University, lead author of the paper in question, discovered that certain reagents had been mislabeled after further experiments had failed to reproduce the results.
		The authors are to be commended for so thoroughly investigating the conflicting data that they had received in their laboratory, and for tracking down the source of the inconsistencies.
	www.mapinc.org /safe/v03/n1402/a08.html (1140 words)

	Ricaurte MDMA Research Controversy
		An article by Reuters news service, "Medical frauds: Korean scientist hardly the first", lists several previous articles that have had to be withdrawn from major medical journals.
		This research was discussed in an article in News-Medical.Net; note also a brief commentary on this and other related research into MDMA as an anti-Parkinson's disease treatment.
		Ecstasy Agonistes A retracted study on a controversial substance raises questions about the reliability of government-sponsored research on drugs, By Thomas Bartlett, Chronicle of Higher Education
	www.maps.org /research/mdma/studyresponse.html (2724 words)

	Methylenedioxymethamphetamine - Psychology Wiki - A Wikia wiki
		Taking MDMA or ecstasy is commonly referred to as popping, rolling, pilling, boshing or dropping in the United Kingdom, "pinging" in Australia, "murfing" in Canada or "thizzing" in Northern California.
		Although some experimental evidence exists indicating that long-term ecstasy users experience memory difficulties Template:Citationneeded, a large study in 2002 (Strote et al.) showed that ecstasy users in 4-year colleges have GPAs which do not differ significantly from those of non-users.
		The use of ecstasy can exacerbate depression Template:Citationneeded and may produce temporary depression as an after-effect for some users Template:Citationneeded.
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/MDMA (5540 words)

	Scientific misconduct Ethics
		Being accused of the activities described in this article is a serious matter for a practicing scientist, with severe consequences should it be determined that a researcher intentionally or carelessly engaged in misconduct.
		Three percent of the 3,475 research institutions that report to the US Department of Health and Human Services' Office of Research Integrity, indicate some form of scientific misconduct.
		George Ricaurte(medicine), see also Retracted article on neurotoxicity of ecstasy
	www.lumrix.com /medical/ethics/scientific_misconduct.html (746 words)

	Reliable Sources Encyclopedia Article @ IdiotsWorld.com (Idiot's World) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Reliable Sources Encyclopedia Article @ IdiotsWorld.com (Idiot's World)
		However they may be outdated by more recent research, or controversial in the sense there are alternative scholarly explanations.
		Thus, primary materials typically require interpretation, interpolation, extrapolation, or corroboration, each of which usually constitutes original research.
	www.idiotsworld.com /encyclopedia/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources (2696 words)

	Severe Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity in Primates After a Common Recreational Dose Regimen of MDMA ("Ecstasy") -- ...
		Severe Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity in Primates After a Common Recreational Dose Regimen of MDMA ("Ecstasy") -- Ricaurte et al.
		MDMA ("ecstasy") has become apopular recreational drug internationally (1, 2).In the 1980s, MDMA was generally
		We used nonhuman primates to evaluate the neurotoxic potential of adose regimen modeled closely after one often used by MDMA
	starklab.slu.edu /neuro/Severe.htm (2044 words)

	Science -- Abstracts: Ricaurte et al. 297 (5590): 2260 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		neurotoxicity, in addition to less pronounced serotonergic neurotoxicity.
		Pincock, S. Science forced to retract article on "ecstasy".
		Green, A. R., Mechan, A. O., Elliott, J. M., O'Shea, E., Colado, M. The Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy").
	www.pages.drexel.edu /~ls39/peer_review/Ricaurte_abstract.html (237 words)

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