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Topic: Retroflex flap

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	Encyclopedia: Retroflex flap (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The retroflex flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
		Toda has a retroflex trill, which is transcribed with the same IPA symbol.
		Its manner of articulation is flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator is thrown against another.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Retroflex-flap (3121 words)

	Retroflex consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Retroflex consonants are common in the Indo-Aryan languages and the Dravidian languages; and can also be found in languages such as Mandarin Chinese, Javanese, Vietnamese, Swedish, Norwegian and some languages of Southern Italy and Sardinia.
		Because of the regularity of deriving retroflex symbols from their alveolar counterparts, people will occasionally use a font editor to create the appropriate symbols for such sounds.
		Note: In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the symbols for retroflex consonants are typically the same as for the alveolar consonants, but with the addition of a right-facing hook to the bottom of the symbol.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Retroflex_consonant (548 words)

	Flap consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The main difference between a flap and a stop consonant is that in a flap, there is no buildup of air pressure behind the place of articulation, and consequently no release burst.
		The symbol for the alveolar lateral flap is the basis for the expected (though not officially recognized) symbol for the retroflex lateral flap,
		They may include a bilabial flap in Banda, which may be an allophone of the labiodental flap, and a velar lateral flap as an allophone in Kanite and Melpa.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Flap_consonant (545 words)

	Retroflex consonant - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		That is, in a retroflex articulation, either the tip of the tongue touches the postalveolar region (in Mandarin Chinese and Hindi), or it curls back so that the underside of the tip touches the roof of the mouth in the postalveolar-palatal region (in Tamil).
		Some linguists restrict these symbols for the "true" retroflex consonants with sub-apical palatal articulation, and use the alveolar symbols with the obsolete underdot symbol for an apical post-alveolar articulation: [ṭ, ḍ, ṇ, ṣ, ẓ, ḷ, ɾ̣, ɹ̣].
		For example, the Iwaidja language of northwestern Australia has a retroflex lateral flap ([ɺ]) as well as a retroflex tap [ɽ] and retroflex lateral approximant [ɭ;]; and the Dravidian language Toda has a retroflex lateral fricative ([ɬ;]).
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Retroflex (347 words)

	Retroflex flap -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The retroflex flap is a type of (A speech sound that is not a vowel) consonantal sound, used in some (Click link for more info and facts about spoken) spoken (A systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols) languages.
		Its (The sound made by the vibration of vocal folds modified by the resonance of the vocal tract) phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
		In (A native or inhabitant of Japan) Japanese, the ら行 (ra-gyō, "R-row") syllables begin with a retroflex flap.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/R/Re/Retroflex_flap.htm (363 words)

	Retroflex flap (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The retroflex flap is a type of consonantal sound, used insome spoken languages.
		Its manner of articulation is flap or tap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of themuscles so that one articulator is thrown against another.
		Its place of articulation is retroflex which means it is articulated with the tip of the tonguecurled up.
	www.therfcc.org /retroflex-flap-115450.html (186 words)

	The Flaps
		The reason for the flap is gestural economy - it is much easier, and takes less time, to flap the tongue briefly against the roof of the mouth as compared with the normal closure, release, and optional aspiration cycle of the plosive, or the full lowering and reraising of the velum to produce the nasal.
		Since the flap is against the alveolar ridge, the alveolar quality of the sound is preserved.
		A flap is among the shortest lasting phonemes in English -- as short as two or three pitch periods, which assuming a 125 Hz would occupy only 16 to 24 milliseconds.
	cslu.cse.ogi.edu /tutordemos/SpectrogramReading/cse551html/cse551/node42.html (375 words)

	Encyclopedia: Wintu language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It is interdental after non-low front vowels /i, e/, post-dental after low /a/, and retroflex after non-low back /u, o/.
		It is occurs as a flap [É½] between vowels.
		Labials are consonants articulated either with both lips (bilabial articulation) or with the lower lip and the upper teeth (labiodental articulation).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Wintu-language (965 words)

	Read about Flap consonant at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Flap consonant and learn about Flap consonant here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of
		The flap or tap consonants identified by the
		Other flaps that are less common include bilabial flaps [w̆] (present in Banda) and labiodental flaps [v̆] (present in Kera).
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Flap_consonant (135 words)

	conlangs: Sound changes before r
		Now suppose there is a word in your dialects that is variably /i:r/ (the trill), /i:4/ (the flap), or /i:r\'/ (the retroflex approximant), and let us also suppose your dialects have not been in contact with other non-related languages, but have diverged simply due to geographic separation or whatever else.
		The idea was that the proto-lang had only the flap, and then it became a trill in some places, and less stressed in other places, and still remained the same somewhere else.
		However, retroflex stop consonants are not endemic to the Indo-european family and came by way of contact with Dravidian languages in India.
	www.livejournal.com /community/conlangs/222784.html (1387 words)

	Sindhi language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It has 46 distinctive consonant phonemes (more than all the phonemes of English combined) and a further 10 vowels.
		All plosives, affricates, nasals, the retroflex flap and the lateral approximant /l/ have aspirated or breathy voiced counterparts.
		The phoneme /r/ is usually pronounced as an alveolar tap, [ɾ], though occasionally reminiscent of a trill with two or more contacts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sindhi_language (409 words)

	Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: Peoples and Languages of Nuristân
		R represents a retroflex approximant, as opposed to a tapped r.
		N is a retroflex nasal stop in groups 1 and 2, but a retroflex nasal flap in the other groups (again, Tregâmi is unclear).
		Harshening lowers the spectral frequency of a fricative by apicalizing and retroflexing it.
	users.sedona.net /~strand/Nuristani/nuristanis.html (3223 words)

	A n u k r i t i . N e t - Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
		Flaps are produced by making an articulatory strike against another in passing.
		The r like consonant in the final syllable of common words like gaaRii 'car', and ghaRii 'time' is a retroflex flap.
		A distinction is made between central and lateral consonants on the basis of the path taken by outflowing air during their articulation.
	www.anukriti.net /pgdts/course412/ch3k.html (437 words)

	A Philosophical Grammar of Ithkuil, a Constructed Language - Chapter 1: Phonology
		This sound is a single flap of the tongue tip as in Spanish caro or pero.
		Pronounced similarly to the English retroflex r-sound except that there is no lip-rounding and the tongue is in direct contact with the alveolar gum ridge behind the upper teeth, giving the sound an l-coloring.
		A voiced apico-alveolar retroflex liquid continuant; the closest IPA symbol is [
	home.inreach.com /sl2120/Ch-1%20Phonology.htm (4340 words)

	Transliteration of Devangar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Thus there are five series of letters: velar, palatal, retroflex, dental, and labial.
		The macron is used to distinguish a vowel as being of long duration (as opposed to short).
		In fact, all retroflex sounds are transliterated using the underdot, which appears as a pre-dot in the Velthuis scheme.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /~ucgadkw/members/transliteration/html/translit.html (1950 words)

	[No title]
		Double r is pronounced [r], single r is a retroflex flap as in Hindi (APA [r;], X-SAMPA [r`]).
		If I wanted to, I could use a retroflex "rts" [t;s;] / [t`s`] for Russian "sh", to distinguish it from "ts", and a palatalized "t" followed by a vowel could be "ti" [tSj].
		But a palatalized "t" at the end of a word or followed by a consonant would be a problem.
	listserv.brown.edu /archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0305c&L=conlang&P=15281 (364 words)

	The AmE 'o' sound
		flap [*.] is the grapheme for a [d.] plus an underdot.
		scripts, the retroflex flap is a kind of /d./ (or one of a set of [d.]
		retroflex allophone of /r_/ occurring in complementary distribution
	www.vocaboly.com /forums/post-14238.html (2011 words)

	Lojban Reference Grammar: Chapter 3
		In Lojban, as much as possible, the sound of a consonant is unrelated to its position.
		In particular, the common American English trait of changing a ``t'' between vowels into a ``d'' or even a flap (IPA [¨;]) is unacceptable in Lojban.
		It is important to avoid the GA habit of pronouncing the ``t'' between vowels as [d] or [R].
	www.lojban.org /publications/reference_grammar/chapter3.html (6284 words)

	a7
		having a retroflex flap, having a distinction affirmative/ negative, having a definite article, having an animate/ inanimate distinction (e.g.
		But it will not be too difficult, and will be probably worthwhile, to replace these characterizations by more carefully and objectively defined distinctions.
		For example, “displaced” articulations like labiodental, apicolabial, retroflex, dorsopostvelar, uvular, and pharyngeal articulations are less common than nondisplaced ones like bilabial, apicondental, and apicoalveolar, dorsovelar, and glottal articulations.
	www.ciil-ebooks.net /html/kelkar/html1/a7.htm (6989 words)

	LINGUIST List 15.564: Puerto Rican Spanish Phonetic Symbol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		What is the specific IPA symbol for the standard variant of /r/ in Puerto Rican Spanish described by Navarro Tomas (El espanol en Puerto Rico, 1948) as an ''intermediate sound'' between [l] and the flap?
		This variant is a ''pronunciation that seems to have a preference towards one of [the /l/ and /r/] phonemes, but making it possible to perceive at the same time the presence of the twin type'' (p.
		This will be a voiced alveolar or retroflex lateral flap.'' (pp.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/15/15-564.html (259 words)

	TABLE OF CONTENTS
		I set up a test to see if the English alveolar /t/ would be articulated as the Indian retroflex /t/ or as the dental /t/ in different phonological environments.
		The result was that the retroflex completely replaced the alveolar; in fact, it has been found that the entire series of English alveolar consonants tends to be replaced by retroflex consonants (Trudgill and Hannah 1994, p.128).
		One item that did come out of the experiment was that some Indian English speakers had a tendency to drop the -ed ending after /k/ and /t/ (ex: walked became walk) (1.6.5).
	www.ling.upenn.edu /~jason2/papers/ienglish.htm (7065 words)

	A n u k r i t i . N e t - Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
		Resultantly, the languages which were quite different lexically and structurally earlier have become so similar now.
		In this paper [T, Th, D, Dh, R, L, S ] have been used for the voiceless unaspirated retroflex stop, the voiceless aspirated retroflex stop, the voiced unaspirated retroflex stop, the voiced aspirated retroflex stop, the unaspirated retroflex flap, the retroflex nasal, and the retroflex lateral, repectively.
		Then [E] has been for the half-open unrounded front vowel.
	www.anukriti.net /pgdts/course421/ch5j.html (367 words)

	Ling-TeX: Symbol for a rolled "R" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		> > alveolar trill \textipa{r} Spanish, Russiun, etc. > alveolar flap or tap \textipa{R} Spanish, etc. > alveolar fricative trill \textipa{\textlonglegr} (obsolete) Czech \v{r}.
		> retroflex flap \textipa{\:r} Hindi > alveolar approximant \textipa{\r} English > retroflex* approximant \textipa{\:R} Australian lgs.
		> alveolar lateral flap \textipa{\textturnlonglegr} Tswana, Japanese(?) > uvular trill \textipa{\;R} German > voiced uvular fricative \textipa{K} German, French > voiceless uvular fricative \textipa{X} French in some environments > > Rei Fukui > Delightful!
	ifi-lists.uio.no /pipermail/ling-tex%40ifi.uio.no/2003/000534.html (197 words)

	Vaior ($Revision: 1.34 $) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A single r is a rather retroflex flap; written double, rr, it is rolled.
		Rh can be pronounced as a voiceless version of r at the beginning of a word, but is generally pronounced like a deeply retroflex English sh.
		Both are somewhat more affricate than in English, such that between two vowels, i in, for example, eien, borders on the sound of a 'j' in French (as in meaSure), or how a Costa Rican speaker of Spanish pronounces 'll.'
	www.vaior.com /grammar.html (15180 words)

	Yaya a yi aiki da Kofar Hausa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The two /r/s of Hausaa are distinguished through the presence or absence of full stop: r.
		signifies the retroflex flap; r signifies the coronal roll.
		We do hope for an abundance of contributions from our colleagues!!
	www.univie.ac.at /afrikanistik/oracle/GebrauchsanleitungE.html (365 words)

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