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Topic: Retroposon

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	Retroposon
		Retroposons, also called retrotransposons, are related to transposons.
		Many retroposons have LTRs (long terminal repeats) at their ends that can contain over 1000 base pairs each.
		Several viruses, like HIV-1 or HTLV[?]-1 behave like retroposons and contain both reverse transcriptase and integrase, the retroposon equivalent of transposase[?].
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/re/Retroposon.html (272 words)

	Plagiarized Errors and Molecular Genetics
		The crucial observation relating the discovery of pseudogenes and retroposons to the theory of evolution is this: some pseudogenes and retroposons are shared between different species, as though they were copied from a pseudogene or retroposon in a common ancestor.
		As is the case for most mutations, the overwhelming majority of retroposon insertions occur in the non-functional DNA between genes, and have no effect on the cell or organism; and it is this vast set of insertions, shared between species, that provide the basis for the present argument supporting evolution.
		This is possible because specific classes of similar retroposons are thought to have populated the mammalian genome in waves, with certain families (and subfamilies, in the case of Alu and LINE sequences) being copied from a small number of source retroposons active at any particular period in our evolutionary history.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/molgen (16141 words)

	A variable number of tandem repeats locus within the human complement C2 gene is associated with a retroposon derived ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A variable number of tandem repeats locus within the human complement C2 gene is associated with a retroposon derived from a human endogenous retrovirus.We report here the cloning and sequencing of the polymorphic fragments from the two most common alleles of the gene, a and b.
		The difference in the number of repeats between the two alleles is due to the deletion/insertion of two noncontiguous segments, 143 and 118 bp long, of allele a, and of a 40-bp segment of allele b.
		SINE-R.C2 is a member of a previously described large retroposon family of the human genome, apparently derived from the human endogenous retrovirus, (HERV) K10, which is homologous to the mouse mammary tumor virus.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/60706.html (217 words)

	Patent 6,346,414
		The retroposons of the classes R1 and R2 are especially illustrated by the retroposons R1Bm and R2Bm of Bombyx mori (Xiong and Eickbush, 1988, Cell, 55, 235-246; Xiong and Eickbush, 1988, Mol.
		Beside retroposons, there are a large number of mobile genetic elements which have sometimes been designated under the name of retroposons by the authors describing them, but of which it has still not been shown that they code for a protein having a homology with the family of retroviral proteins, especially reverse transcriptase.
		Thus, the sequences of insertion regions of mobile introns of Tetrahymena, of Pneumocystis carinii and of Physarum polycephalum, and of R2Bm retroposons of Bombyx mori, and R3 of Scaria coprophila are conserved identically in the rRNA genes of mammals.
	www.pharmcast.com /Patents/Yr2002/Feb2002/021202/6346414_Gene021202.htm (4852 words)

	An Inserted Retroposon Affects Spermatogenesis In Boars
		A retroposon, or "jumping gene", was found to be behind the hereditary defect giving rise to the immotile short-tail sperm defect (ISTS) in boars, by producing a mutation in the KPL2-gene in pigs.
		MTT researcher Anu Sironen explains that retroposons are found everywhere in the genomes of most organisms.
		Retroposons have been well researched, but their function is not yet precisely clear.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=42740 (672 words)

	retroposon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Many retroposons have LTRs (long terminal repeats) at their ends that can contain over 1000 base pairs each.
		Like transposons, they create direct repeats at their entry site, which can be used to detect them.
		Several viruseses, like HIV-1 or HTLV-1 behave like retroposons and contain both reverse transcriptase and integrase, the retroposon equivalent of transposase.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Retroposon.html (335 words)

	research
		Retroposons are transposable elements that replicate via a "copy and paste" mechanism.
		Specifically, retroposon RNA is reverse transcribed into cDNA that is subsequently integrated into the genome at a new location.
		Our retrotransposition group is investigating the mechanism by which retroposon amplification occurs, and is also working to elucidate the contribution of retroposons to the evolution of eukaryotic genomes.
	www.evolution.bio.titech.ac.jp /f_research/research_e.html (240 words)

	Jahrbuch-CD der MPG 2003 - Copy and paste: the impact of a
		This retroposon is enriched in the entire heterochromatin of the X and Y chromosomes, but is also interspersed in autosomal locations in euchromatic portions of the genome.
		We show that the retroposon is heavily transcribed from the heterochromatin during female meiosis prerequisite for the subsequent retrotransposition.
		The estimated rate of retrotransposition is at least 1-2 × 10-2 per generation, which is hundred-fold higher than that of the majority of invertebrate retroposons and also higher than the transposition rate of a murine L1 element, which was calculated to be 3 × 10-3 per generation.
	www.mpg.de /forschungsergebnisse/wissVeroeffentlichungen/archivListenJahrbuch/2002/05/publZIM114.html (247 words)

	Molecular evolution of the human Pgk-2 retroposon.
		Molecular evolution of the human Pgk-2 retroposon.The divergence of the Pgk-2 retroposon from Pgk-1 is compared with that of the psi hPgk-1 retroposon from Pgk-1 to reveal nucleotide characteristics diagnostic of functional genes.
		Finally, the hypothesis that the Pgk-2 retroposon initially included a copy of the Pgk-1 'housekeeping' promoter and subsequently evolved a tissue-specific promoter is examined and supported.
		The hypothesis that codon bias is related to expression level is shown not to hold for the Pgk genes; however, the idea that a deficiency of TA and CG dinucleotides and an excess of TG and CT dinucleotides contributes to codon bias is supported.
	www.ihop-net.org /UniPub/iHOP/gp/6795.html (214 words)

	A fraction of mouse sperm chromatin is organized in nucleosomal hypersensitive domains enriched in retroposon DNA
		Moreover, the released DNA is enriched in retroposon DNA from a variety of families.
		FISH and immunofluorescence analysis showed that retroposon DNA and nucleohistone chromatin co-localize and are both peripherically distributed in nuclei of spermatozoa.
		Together, these results indicate that nucleohistone chromatin fraction(s) with typical features of 'active' chromatin are present in murine spermatozoa, are hypersensitive to nuclease cleavage, enriched in retroposon DNA and organized in nucleosomal domains.
	elib.tiho-hannover.de /publications/tiho/jcs/HTML/112/20/jcs0584.htm (279 words)

	4Reference \|\| Transposon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Transposons can move directly from one position to another within the genome, while retroposons have first to be transcribed to RNA and then back to DNA by reverse transcriptase.
		Transposons are very useful to researchers as a means to alter DNA inside of a living organism.
		Diseases that are often caused by transposons include Haemophilia A and B, Severe Combined Immunodeficiency, porphyria, predisposition to cancer, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
	www.4reference.net /encyclopedias/wikipedia/Transposon.html (498 words)

	Retrotransposon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		SINEs make up 13.5% of the human genome.
		Several viruses, like HIV-1 or HTLV-1 behave like retroposons and contain both reverse transcriptase and integrase, the retroposon equivalent of transposase.
		This page was last modified 07:04, 11 September 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Retroposon (614 words)

	The mouse gene encoding the testis-specific isoform of Poly(A) binding protein ( Pabp2) is an expressed retroposon: ...
		Both features contrast with the phosphoglycerate kinase 2 retroposon, which is believed to compensate for the depletion of the somatic isoform due to X-chromosome inactivation in meiotic spermatogenic cells.
		We also document that more functional retroposons are expressed in meiotic and haploid spermatogenic cells than in any other tissue and speculate that transcriptional derepression in spermatogenic cells favors the creation of expressed retroposons.
		The Pabp2 retroposon is unusual because it is functional: previous work demonstrates that its promoter drives the accumulation of Pabp2 mRNA in meiotic and early haploid spermatogenic cells, and the Pabp2 mRNA encodes a protein whose size and RNA- binding specificities are characteristic of PABP in plants, yeast, and mammals (Kleene et al.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/1643778.html (293 words)

	Was heisst Retroposon
		Oftmals, auch in manchen Lehrbüchern, wird der Begriff "Retroposon" fälschlicherweise als Abkürzung für "Retrotransposon" beschrieben und mit ihnen gleichgesetzt.
		Retrotransposons, genauer gesagt LTR-Retrotransposons nutzen einen vollkommen anderen Transpositionsmechanismus und sind somit nicht mit Retroposons gleichzusetzen.
		Retroposons besitzen oft eine poly(A)-Region, weswegen man davon ausgeht, dass sie transkribiert werden, durch eine Reverse Transkriptase in cDNA umgeschrieben werden und wieder integrieren.
	www.was-heisst.de /search=Retroposon (157 words)

	David Haussler
		Multiple close copies of one of these critical DNA sequences in our genome can be traced to our common ancestor with the coelacanth, a descendant of the ancient marine organism that gave rise to the terrestrial vertebrates more than 360 million years ago.
		In the coelacanth, the segments were produced by a retroposon known as a short interspersed repetitive element, or SINE, which is a piece of DNA that can make copies of itself and insert those copies elsewhere in an organism's genome.
		Thus, the movement of retroposons can generate evolutionary experiments by adding new regulatory modules to genes, and for as yet unknown reasons, these can occasionally become ultraconserved.
	www.hhmi.org /research/investigators/haussler.html (1131 words)

	BioPortfolio News : A distal enhancer and an ultraconserved exon are derived from a novel retroposon
		BioPortfolio News : A distal enhancer and an ultraconserved exon are derived from a novel retroposon
		The investigators concluded, "These add to a growing list of examples in which relics of transposable elements have acquired a function that serves their host, a process termed 'exaptation', and provide an origin for at least some of the many highly conserved vertebrate-specific genomic sequences."
		Nature (A distal enhancer and an ultraconserved exon are derived from a novel retroposon.
	www.bioportfolio.com /June_06/26_06_2006/A_distal_enhancer_and_an.html (343 words)

	Symposium
		Retroposons (jumping genes) contribute a large proportion of DNA sequence in mammalian genomes, including about 40% in the human.
		This investigation incorporates an analysis of two additional rodent retroposon families to address the possibility that the guinea pig lacks the functional machinery necessary for efficient retroposon proliferation.
		A dot blot analysis indicates appreciable amplification of B1 elements in the guinea pig and its relatives.
	www.emich.edu /symposium/abstracts2002/students/marciniak.html (102 words)

	Computational Identification of 69 Retroposons in Arabidopsis -- Zhang et al. 138 (2): 935 -- PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
		Retroposons are shown in bold red horizontal bars and the corresponding parental genes in blue bars.
		Retroposons resident on different chromosomes with their parental genes are linked by light gray lines or by orange lines if they locate within the same chromosome.
		Retroposons that belong to tandem or segmental duplications are linked by magenta lines.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/138/2/935 (6724 words)

	IngentaConnect Tracking Ancient Polyploids: A Retroposon Insertion Reveals an Ex... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Polyploidy is a prominent process in plant evolution and adaptation, but molecular phylogenetic studies of polyploids based on DNA sequences have often been confounded by their complex gene and genome histories.
		We report here a retroposon insertion in the nuclear gene granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI or “waxy”) that clearly reveals the ancient hybrid history of the medically important polyploid species belladonna (Atropa belladonna) and resolves the controversy over the taxonomic group to which it belongs, the tribe Hyoscyameae (Solanaceae).
		This case may suggest that retroposons are promising molecular markers to study polyploid evolution.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/oup/molbev/2006/00000023/00000012/art02263 (221 words)

	Integral Evolution
		The retroposons (group B) similarly span the mammalian L1 family, Cin 4 of maize, several elements from protozoa to insects, the ms-RT from bacteria such as Myxobacteria and E. coli (Inouye and Inouye 1991, Temin 1989) and the RT from yeast mitochondrial group 2 introns and green algal plastids.
		The very wide distribution of this type, combined with its putative confinement within the organism lead to the conclusion that it is a ubiquitous component of major phylla which may fulfil some regulatory or evolutionary function, in addition to element protocols.
		Notably the retroposon gene structure is consistent with the putative ancestor of the entire tree.
	www.dhushara.com /book/paps/genetic/genetica.htm (9036 words)

	ZFIN Monitor 3(6)
		We use the terms "transposon" and "retroposon" if the respective element has structural and/or sequence characteristics of known and active transposable elements, regardless of whether the particular sequence has been shown to transpose in the laboratory.
		DANA is a retroposon (retroelement) that lacks long terminal repeats and apparently transposes by reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate.
		DANA is specific for the genus Danio, and was the first retroposon isolated from zebrafish.
	www.zfin.org /zf_info/monitor/vol3.6/3.html (1340 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Retroposons are transposable elements widely distributed in prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes in sites where they do not disturb the function of the genes.
		The phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences shows that toxic enzymes evolved after several duplications of an ancestral gene, presumably coding for a digestive enzyme, which provided genetic material free of functional pressure for the development of toxicity.
		The reason for intron retention was the change in the secondary structure of the first exon.
	www.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/00410101/articles/35/4/S004101019784729.abstract.en (253 words)

	Steinhoff, Uta M.:Molekulargenetische Untersuchungen zur Verbesserung der Abwehr euterpathogener Erreger beim Rind: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		That aa residue is deleted in the bovine stomachIysozymes.iv) A retroposon element of the "BDF"-type is found integrated within the 3"-untranslated egion ofthe mRNA.
		The element resides at an analogous position where a human retroposon elementintegrated into the human macrophage expressed Iysozyme-encoding gene.
		Comparedto the bovine macrophage expressed variant of the Iysozyme gene the latter genes reveal in thatcDNA-region a large deletion, comprising 350 bp.Comparative sequence analyses suggest that the bovine and human retroposon elements insertedindependently into those Iysozyme genes being expressed in homologous blood cells.
	library.vetmed.fu-berlin.de /diss-abstracts/83655.html (413 words)

	DHEA, antibiotics, Weight Loss drugs, weight loss herbs, weight loss herbal formula, hair loss, hair growth, buy Rx ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This retroposon is enriched in the entire heterochromatin of the X and Y chromosomes, but is also interspersed in autosomal locations in euchromatic portions of the genome.
		We show that the retroposon is heavily transcribed from the heterochromatin during female meiosis prerequisite for the subsequent retrotransposition.
		The estimated rate of retrotransposition is at least 1-2 x 10(-2) per generation, which is hundred-fold higher than that of the majority of invertebrate retroposons and also higher than the transposition rate of a murine L1 element, which was calculated to be 3 x 10(-3) per generation.
	www.twinpharm.com /ref-genome-1/genome-1-research-abs4.1020.html (1607 words)

	A Retroposon Analysis of Afrotherian Phylogeny -- Nishihara et al. 22 (9): 1823 -- Molecular Biology and Evolution
		It is unclear that the inserted sequences at INT1193-ins1 and -ins2 are retroposons.
		Retroposon analysis of major cetacean lineages: the monophyly of toothed whales and the paraphyly of river dolphins.
		Nonviral retroposons: genes, pseudogenes, and transposable elements generated by the reverse flow of genetic information.
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/22/9/1823 (4521 words)

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