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Topic: Retroreflector

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	Apollo 15 Laser Ranging Retroreflector Experiment
		The Laser Ranging Retroreflector experiment was deployed on Apollo 11, 14, and 15.
		It consists of a series of corner-cube reflectors, which are a special type of mirror with the property of always reflecting an incoming light beam back in the direction it came from.
		These include an improved knowledge of the Moon's orbit and the rate at which the Moon is receding from Earth (currently 3.8 centimeters per year) and of variations in the rotation of the Moon.
	www.lpi.usra.edu /expmoon/Apollo15/A15_Experiments_LRRR.html (385 words)

	Method and apparatus for a selective optical retroreflector - Patent 5539565
		Within the reflector assembly 40 is the optical retroreflector 44, which reflects incident energy back toward the source of illumination.
		Optical retroreflector 44 may be obtained from a supplier such as Banner Engineering Corp. The Processor 30 is a common microprocessor as made by Motorola.
		The input light wave 12 is reflected by optical retroreflector 44.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5539565.html (2127 words)

	Modified retroreflector - Patent 5117305
		Retroreflectors may comprise a prism structure, for example, and they can function in such a manner that the retroreflector can return a radiation beam entering a prism base, back onto itself after three internal reflections, over a wide range of prism orientations.
		Retroreflectors may be constructed as a solid corner cube retroreflector, as a hollow mirrored corner cube retroreflector, or as a cat's eye retroreflector.
		However, the advantage of the hollow mirror retroreflector, namely, that it does not have a material face plate, and therefore cannot precipitate spurious entrance or face plate reflections, may be offset by the disadvantages of coated mirrors, and a difficulty in aligning the three juxtaposed mirrors.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5117305.html (2121 words)

	Space Today Online - Solar System Moons - The Moon
		The retroreflectors on the Moon are small mirrors called "corner cube retroreflector arrays." Each array is about the size of a suitcase.
		Retroreflectors were conceived in the 1960s by Montana State University physicist Kenneth Nordtvedt who suggested to NASA that a series of reflectors on the surface of the Moon could be helpful in determining the exact distance between Earth and the Moon.
		Because the Soviet Moon probe Lunakhod 2 was not manned, its retroreflector was not placed as carefully on the lunar surface as when the Apollo astronauts were able to aim their retroreflectors toward Earth.
	www.spacetoday.org /SolSys/Moons/TheMoon/Retroreflectors.html (514 words)

	Highly Stable Lateral-Transfer Retroreflectors
		Thus, a lateral-transfer retroreflector is useful for picking off a portion of a light beam and sending it back to a location laterally displaced from the source.
		As part of a demonstration of this concept, a lateral-transfer retroreflector with a beam deviation of 11 arc seconds and a peak-to-valley wavefront error of 0.3 wave at a wavelength of 633 nm was constructed.
		The beam deviation was shown to change by less than 1 arc second when the retroreflector was subjected to an internal temperature gradient characterized by a temperature difference of 30 °C between the seam of the dihedral mirror subassembly and the mirror at the other end of the arm.
	www.nasatech.com /Briefs/Mar99/GSC14056.html (488 words)

	NASAexplores 9-12 Lesson: Corners Of Light (Student Sheets)
		Retroreflectors, or corner-cube reflectors, are optical devices that return any incident light back in exactly the direction from which it came.
		Once the laser beam hits a retroreflector, scientists at the ranging observatories use extremely sensitive filtering and amplification equipment to detect the return signal, which is far too weak to be seen with the human eye.
		Return the retroreflector to its original position. Instruct the flashlight holder to change the angle the light is incident on the mirrors.
	www.nasaexplores.com /show_912_student_st.php?id=040908161439 (693 words)

	UV Grade Fused Silica Prisms
		Retroreflector prism has 3 mirror surfaces making angles of 90° to each other juxtaposed to form the corner of a cube with the entrance face perpendicular to cube diagonal.
		This retroreflector, also called trihedral retroreflector or corner cube reflector has the property that any ray entering the effective aperture will be reflected and emerge from the entrance/exit face parallel to itself, but with opposite direction of propagation.
		Retroreflectors therefore find frequent application in situations where orientation is difficult or impossible to control, and where a mirror would therefore be unsatisfactory.
	www.sciner.com /Opticsland/fs_prisms.htm (526 words)

	Lunar Retroreflectors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Retroreflectors, or corner-cube prisms, are optical devices that return any incident light back in exactly the direction from which it came.
		Retroreflectors are in tail-light covers (feel the sharp bumps on the inside of one), bike reflectors, and in paints for road signs (very tiny crystals).
		These rovers were equipped with small retroreflector arrays each consisting of 14 corner cubes of triangular configuration (not cut into a circle—imagine slicing off the corner of a cube with a knife).
	physics.ucsd.edu /~tmurphy/apollo/lrrr.html (517 words)

	Item 621 Raised Pavement Markers
		The prismatic retroreflector shall be attached to the casting prior to installation or after the adhesive in the pavement slots has cured.
		The retroreflector attachment area shall be sandblasted to at least 80 percent bare metal.
		Prismatic retroreflectors will be measured as the actual number, complete in place, for use on Department furnished castings or on existing RPM castings in the pavement, and accepted.
	www.dot.state.oh.us /spec/621.htm (1154 words)

	Hollow Retroreflectors Offer Solid Benefits
		Retroreflectors are comprised of three flat mirrors bonded together at right angles to form a corner of a cube.
		Although hollow retroreflectors are much more difficult to manufacture than the predecessor solid retroreflectors, advantages gained make up for the extra effort.
		This creates a stable alignment within the system where the retroreflector is being used, thus ensuring the successful performance of the instrument in its specified operating environment.
	www.sti.nasa.gov /tto/spinoff2001/ip12.html (661 words)

	A Rangefinder with Fast Multiple Range Capability
		A typical sequence of operations would be for the central computer to issue a series of retroreflector positions, the instrument computer then drives the beam steering mirror to the first of these, computes a range, stores the result and moves on to the next retroreflector.
		The rangefinder was approximately 725 meters from the retroreflector.
		Measured range of the stationary retroreflector, at fixed position, was used to normalize each range measurement of the moving retroreflector for refraction along the common path.
	www.gb.nrao.edu /~rcreager/GBTMetrology/documentation/gbtmemo/gbtmemo73.html (3955 words)

	Retroreflector
		retroreflector is a valid word in this word list.
		Words within retroreflector not shown as it has more than seven letters.
		All words formed from retroreflector by changing one letter
	www.morewords.com /word/retroreflector (200 words)

	Aerotech\| Engineering Reference Laser Interferometer Implementation
		It is composed of (refer to Figure 1): (1) a light source, in this case a frequency stabilized He-Ne laser tube; (2) a linear interferometer optic which is made by the combination of a polarizing beam-splitter and retroreflector; (3) a moving linear retroreflector; and (4) detection electronics.
		The second beam passes through the optic and is reflected off a moving retroreflector to provide the measurement beam.
		Due to the motion of the moving retroreflector, the second beam undergoes a shift caused by relative motion of the beam.
	www.aerotech.com /products/engref/intexe.html (608 words)

	[No title]
		The retroreflector array is defined by giving the position and orientation of each reflector with respect to the centroid of the satellite in the orbital configuration.
		In the first it is proportional to the active reflecting area of the retroreflector which is a function of the angle of incidence of the laser pulse on the front face of the retroreflector.
		In the second it is given by the cross section of the retroreflector at a particular point in the far field diffraction pattern.
	nercslr.nmt.ac.uk /sig/Transfer.doc (7712 words)

	Optical
		The kit includes a large retroreflector amd target (to enable easier alignment at long range) and a periscope assembly which 'captures' the return beam and redirects it into the laser shutter.
		The small linear optics kit allows the Renishaw ML10 laser measurement system to be used in applications where a small and light measurement retroreflector is desirable, minimising its effect on a machine's dynamic performance and providing greater flexibility in mounting options.
		The small retroreflector is used with the standard ML10 optics and a beam reducer optic, which reduces the diameter of, and the separation between, the outward and return laser beams.
	www.renishaw.com /en/6807.aspx (364 words)

	NASA - Accuracy of Eclipse Predictions
		The first laser ranging retroreflector was positioned on the Moon in 1969 by the Apollo 11 astronauts.
		By beaming laser pulses at the reflector from Earth, scientists have been able to determine the round-trip travel time that gives the distance between the two bodies at any time to an accuracy of about 3 centimeters.
		The reflectors are too small to be seen from Earth, so even when the beam is precisely aligned in the telescope, actually hitting a lunar retroreflector array is technically challenging.
	sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov /eclipse/SEhelp/ApolloLaser.html (616 words)

	UW researcher plans project to pin down moon's distance from Earth
		The distance is calculated by measuring the light pulse's round-trip travel time and multiplying that figure by the speed of light.
		Each laser bullet will be aimed at one of five retroreflectors, banks of 100 to 300 special prisms that reflect a beam of light back to its point of origin.
		The retroreflectors, each about the size of a suitcase, were left behind by three Apollo missions (including Apollo 11, the first manned mission to land on the moon) and two unmanned Soviet missions.
	www.washington.edu /newsroom/news/2002archive/01-02archive/k011402.html (800 words)

	BBC News \| SCI/TECH \| Measuring the Moon
		Retroreflectors left on the surface of the Moon by various space missions, including the Apollo 11 lunar landing, will also come in handy.
		The beam of light must hit the retroreflectors, each about the size of a suitcase, on the lunar surface.
		This is made even trickier by the fact that the beam will be about 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) wide by the time it reaches the Moon.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/1761407.stm (596 words)

	Optimization of a Michelson Interferometer
		Two parameters of the instrument are essential: the maximum optical path difference, which yields the spectral resolution of the instrument, and the diameter of the transmitted beam, which determines the throughput and hence the achievable signal-to-noise-ratio.
		The maximum allowable beam diameter is calculated as a function of the geometry and the orientation of the rotating retroreflector and the other optical components.
		The geometrical configuration and the orientation of all the optical components with respect to one another are also optimized for the maximum transmitted beam diameter when the required path difference is given.
	www.op.dlr.de /oe/ir/abstracts/haschberger93.html (211 words)

	Retroreflector apparatus for remote seismic sensing (US5289434)
		The system is adapted to reduce the effects of turbulence induced frequency fluctuations by using a retroreflector apparatus which converts a single sensing beam into a single return beam having two overlapping transversely polarized sensing signals; thus, turbulence induced noise will be common mode to both return signals and cancel at the receiver.
		The retroreflector apparatus is coupled to ground motions at a selected location where it separates the sensing beam into two polarized sensing signals, frequency modulates one of the polarized sensing signals to contain frequency components that represent selected ground motions, and combines the polarized sensing signals into the return beam.
		The return sensing signals are separated from the beam and combined by electronic and/or by optical heterodyning techniques to cancel common mode signals (including turbulence induced noise) on the sensing and return beam, thereby leaving a difference signal which represents the selected ground motions.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn10=US05289434 (502 words)

	The Hydrogen Maser Clock Project: A 10 ps Event Timer for Precise Time Transfer in Space (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The pulse is also reflected by a retroreflector array mounted on the spacecraft and is received at the LRS as a return pulse.
		The main components of the HMC time transfer system are the retroreflector array; an omnidirectional fiberoptic light collector; a photomultiplier tube and preamplifier; and the event timer, consisting of a constant-fraction discriminator and a time interpolation circuit (TIM) with a resolution of 10 ps.
		Laser pulses impinging on the retroreflector array are brought to a photomultiplier tube by an omnidirectional fiber optic light collector.
	cfa-www.harvard.edu /hmc/EventTmr.html (930 words)

	GBT Active Optics Systems and Techniques
		Twelve rangefinders on ground monuments will measure to retroreflector spheres and prisms attached to the elevation bearings and to the backup structure so that pointing errors due to wind pressure and thermal gradients can be measured; pointing corrections will be supplied to the telescope control system.
		Light returned by target retroreflectors is detected and the signal is mixed with the transmitted signal to detect the phase difference.
		There are six retroreflector prisms attached to the subreflector panels; their positions relative to the ellipsoid foci were determined by analysis of photogrammetric data.
	www.adass.org /adass/proceedings/adass99/O4-02 (2519 words)

	Confocal imaging system having a divided retroreflector page
		A confocal imaging system is equipped with a retroreflector, which oscillates with a high frequency, for increasing the data rate during the recording of distance values.
		A mirror system having a small mass is provided that, by use of an electrostatic drive, makes extremely rapid focusing movements or height detections possible in the case of a small mass.
		Een confocal weergavesysteem is uitgerust met retroreflector, die met een hoge frequentie, voor het verhogen van het gegevenstarief tijdens de opname van afstandswaarden oscilleert.
	www.patentalert.com /docs/001/z00132831.shtml (193 words)

	Definition of retroreflector - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
		Learn more about "retroreflector" and related topics at Britannica.com
		Find more about "retroreflector" instantly with Live Search
		See a map of "retroreflector" in the Visual Thesaurus
	www.m-w.com /cgi-bin/dictionary?va=retroreflectors (50 words)

	[No title]
		The lens retroreflectors must consist of a transparent plastic face (the lens) and an opaque back fused to the lens (under heat and pressure) around the entire perimeter to form a homogeneous unit permanently sealed against dust, water, and water vapor.
		For a plane surface Type II marker with lens retroreflectors, the retroreflector surface area must be at least 6.5 in2 (41.9 cm2).
		The sheet retroreflector material for all Type II markers must be securely fastened to the marker body so that it will not slip or loosen when exposed to the specified environmental conditions.
	www.faa.gov /airports_airtraffic/airports/resources/advisory_circulars/media/150-5345-39C/150_5345_39c.doc (3002 words)

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