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Topic: Retroviruses

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endogenous retrovirus

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	Retrovirus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Some retroviruses have integrated into the germ line and are as such passed on to the next generation.
		Studies of retroviruses led to the first demonstrated synthesis of DNA from RNA templates, a fundamental mode for transferring genetic material that occurs in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
		Certain groups speculate that the processes followed by retroviruses (that is, RNA>DNA>RNA>Protein) may be the key to the evolution of DNA; thus, that in the "primordial soup", retroviruses evolved to create DNA from the RNA templates, and it was subsequently adopted by cellular organisms due to the increased chemical stability of DNA.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Retrovirus (520 words)

	Medmicro Chapter 62
		Retroviruses exist, therefore, in two forms; as RNA-containing virions which bud from a producing cell and can infect another cell, and as DNA proviruses which may be active or silent.
		Retroviruses have a common mode of viral replication that is based on the function of the reverse transcriptase molecules (Fig.
		The acutely transforming animal retroviruses cause malignant transformation by their onc genes which were originally derived from cellular growth genes, but are no longer under cellular control and rather are under the control of the viral promoter.
	gsbs.utmb.edu /microbook/ch062.htm (6940 words)

	HIV & AIDS - Retroviruses as Carcinogens and Pathogens; Expectations and Reality
		Retroviruses (without transforming genes) are thought to cause leukemia's and other cancers in animals and humans because they were originally isolated from those diseases and because experimental infections of new-borns may induce leukemia's with probabilities of 0 to 90%.
		Because of the long latent periods, these retroviruses are said to be "slow" viruses (13, 16), although their mechanism of replication is exactly the same as that of their fast and efficient relatives with onc genes that transform cells as soon as they infect them (5, 19) (Table 1).
		Since the genetic repertoire of all retroviruses without onc genes, including that of the AIDS viruses (28), is exhausted by genes that are essential for virus replication (13,24), a hypothetical oncogenic or AIDS function would have to be indirect or it would have to be encoded by one of the essential genes.
	www.virusmyth.net /aids/data/pdcancer.htm (19745 words)

	Duesberg on AIDS- Retroviruses as Carcinogens and Pathogens
		Retroviruses (without transforming genes) are thought to cause leukemias and other cancers in animals and humans because they were originally isolated from those diseases and because experimental infections of newborns may induce leukemias with probabilities of 0 to 90%.
		Because of the long latent periods, these retroviruses are said to be "slow" viruses (13, 16), although their mechanism of replication is exactly the same as that of their fast and efficient relatives with oncgenes that transform cells as soon as they infect them (5, 19) (Table 1).
		Since the genetic repertoire of all retroviruses without oncgenes, including that of the AIDS viruses (28), is exhausted by genes that are essential for virus replication (13, 24), a hypothetical oncogenic or AIDS function would have to be indirect or it would have to be encoded by one of the essential genes.
	duesberg.com /papers/ch1.html (16875 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - New retroviruses jump from monkeys to humans
		Retroviruses such as HTLV or HIV insert their genetic material into a host cell's DNA.
		But the identification of two entirely new human retroviruses from one study, along with a previous discovery by the same group that simian foamy viruses can jump from monkeys to humans, may be ominous.
		He says the next issue to tackle is whether these new retroviruses reach a "dead end" in hunters, or are capable of human-to-human transmission.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn7073 (590 words)

	Retroviruses
		The retroviruses are RNA viruses, but they replicate by means of a DNA intermediate.
		Retroviruses have unusually high incidents of mutations because the enzyme they use to transcribe the RNA to DNA, reverse transcriptase, has no error-correcting function, nor does it have an editing enzyme to change the code frequently in order to copy without making mistakes.
		To be even more specific, it is a class of retroviruses known as lentiviruses, associated with chronic arthritis and anemia, and known to cause slowly progressive fatal diseases.
	www.innvista.com /HEALTH/MICROBES/viruses/retrovir.htm (921 words)

	Retroviruses. Table of Contents
		Historical Introduction to the General Properties of Retroviruses
		Reverse Transcriptase and the Generation of Retroviral DNA
		Retrotransposons, Endogenous Retroviruses, and the Evolution of Retroelements
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=rv.TOC (50 words)

	retrovirus. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The life cycle is completed when the viral DNA in selected daughter cells makes an RNA copy of itself that covers itself in a protein coat and leaves the cell.
		Retroviruses sometimes destroy the cells whose DNA they alter, as with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, and sometimes cause them to become cancerous, as with the viruses that cause certain leukemias.
		Lentiviruses are retroviruses that cause slowly progressing diseases, such as AIDS.
	www.bartleby.com /65/re/retrov.html (179 words)

	Retroviruses
		Retroviruses have received much attention in recent years (even before the discovery of the first human retrovirus in 1981), but they have a long history:
		Retroviruses use the cellular transcriptional machinery for expression (although a few encode additional transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory factors - HTLV and HIV).
		Retroviruses are under active development as vectors for gene therapy.
	www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk /3035/Retroviruses.html (2206 words)

	Retroviruses
		Twenty-two contributors have produced a research reference source on retroviruses that is daunting in its size and comprehensiveness.
		"The historical importance of retroviruses in the discovery of cancer genes is now widely appreciated, but many of the recent spectacular revelations about the molecular basis of cancer have occurred in other venues--such as human genetics, cell signaling, and developmental biology--rather than virology.
		"Although it is not possible to understand any aspect of retroviruses, or the retroviral life cycle, in isology, the chapters are intended to be sufficiently complete to be read independently in any order." Referrals are made from one chapter to another when important associated material is provided.
	www.aegis.com /pubs/books/1998/BK980857.html (460 words)

	Human endogenous retroviruses.
		One of the unique features of retroviruses is their ability to integrate their genetic information in the genomes of their host cells, including the germ line, and to persist there as so-called proviruses.
		Although the function or bioiological role of endogenous retroviruses still remains to be elucidated, they have been detected in almost all vertebrate species examined.
		Endogenous retroviruses persist in cellular DNA, are transmitted through the germ line, and possess a transposon-like structure (2) which enables them to integrate at any position of the cellular genome.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1989/mar/M8930104.html (421 words)

	Retroviruses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The genome of retroviruses consists of RNA not DNA.
		In February 1997 it was reported that pig cells contain a retrovirus capable of infecting human cells (at least, in vitro).
		Several cancers in animals are caused by retroviruses that have, at some earlier time, picked up a proto-oncogene from their mammalian host and converted it into an oncogene.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/R/Retroviruses.html (501 words)

	Retroviruses Shows That Human-Specific Variety Developed When Humans, Chimps Diverged
		University Of Georgia Study Indicates Possible Ancient Origin For Retroviruses, The Class To Which HIV Belongs (October 15, 1999) -- Viruses are Trojan Horses, reproducing in animals and plants with sometimes deadly consequences.
		The discovery that human-specific retroviruses emerged at the same time other researchers believe humans and chimps diverged was startling.
		Equally interesting, however was the discovery that the oldest subfamily of HERV elements is closely related and gave rise to the youngest and most recently active group of these elements.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2002/08/020802075138.htm (1067 words)

	Retrovirus Replication
		Process by which retroviruses use a host cell to replicate.
		Retroviruses contain viral RNA and several copies of reverse transcriptase (DNA polymerase).
		An example of this process is illustrated in the replication of the retrovirus, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus).
	www.accessexcellence.org /AB/GG/retrovirus.html (143 words)

	CLASS MEETING 26 RETROVIRUSES AND ONCOGENES
		The discovery that cellular genes moved into retroviruses are responsible for transformation was a revolution in the thinking about the disease and won the Nobel Prize for Varmus and Bishop.
		Remember that retroviruses have one of the strongest promoters know in their LTRs, that are generated during reverse transcription.
		This means that the ongogenic proteins in retroviruses are produced at an extremely high level.
	www.biol.vt.edu /faculty/lederman/biol4664/text/text27.html (1257 words)

	Endogenous retroviruses - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are vestiges of ancestral viral infection that have been incorporated into a host's genome.
		ERVs are identifiable due to the presence of sequences that code (or once coded) for viral proteins, including gag (structural proteins), pol (viral enzymes), and env (surface proteins), as well as telltale long terminal repeats.
		Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) provide phylogenetic information in two ways: (i) by comparison of integration site polymorphism and (ii) by orthologous comparison of evolving, proviral, nucleotide sequence.
	wiki.cotch.net /wiki.phtml?title=Endogenous_retroviruses (759 words)

	Diagram of a Retrovirus
		Retroviruses are infectious particles consisting of an RNA genome packaged in a protein capsid, surrounded by a lipid envelope.
		Retroviruses contain RNA as the hereditary material in place of the more common DNA.
		In addition to RNA, retrovirus particles also contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase (or RTase), which causes synthesis of a complementary DNA molecule (cDNA) using virus RNA as a template.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AB/GG/diagram.html (151 words)

	Veterinary Virology - Retroviruses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Although the retroviruses possess a RNA genome, this molecule must be copied into DNA and then incorporated into the host's own genome before the virus can replicate.
		Occasionally, as we shall see with the feline retroviruses they may even be beneficial to their hosts.
		However, as with other viruses, perturbation of the relationship between the virus and its host, or infection of a new host, as was seen with the possible introduction of an immunodeficiency virus into human, leads to devastating disease.
	duke.usask.ca /~misra/virology/retrovirus/retro.html (1324 words)

	Retroviruses
		The family Retroviridae comprise a variety of enveloped RNA viruses, such as endogenous retroviruses, leukemia viruses, or HIV-1, the replicative strategy of which includes as essential steps reverse transcription of the virion RNA into linear double-stranded DNA and the subsequent integration of this DNA into the genome of the cell.
		All retroviruses contain genes for the proteins gag, pol, env, and (often) pro, whereas more complex retroviruses, such as HIV-1, contain additional regulatory proteins.
		Genotyping tool - uses the BLAST algorithm to identify the genotype of a query sequence; then aligns the query with a selected sequence, or with all sequences
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /projects/retroviruses (154 words)

	Feline Retroviruses
		The feline retroviruses have earned a rather dubious reputation for their ability to leave infected cats with an array of physical ailments.
		All retroviruses replicate in host animals in the same manner.
		The key to their ability to outmaneuver the immune system lies in their capacity to integrate DNA into the genome of infected cells.
	www.cathospitalofaustin.com /Library/feline_retroviruses.htm (563 words)

	Foamy Viruses Are Unconventional Retroviruses -- Linial 73 (3): 1747 -- The Journal of Virology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Retroviruses, and a majority of RNA viruses, encode nucleocapsid (NC) proteins which bind nonspecifically along the viral
		The FV genomic organization and mechanism of reverse transcription are highly similar to those of other retroviruses.
		a pathway distinct from that of retroviruses and hepadnaviruses.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/73/3/1747 (7311 words)

	Endogenous retroviruses - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Abstract:The genomes of modern humans are riddled with thousands of endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), the proviral remnants of ancient viral infections of the primate lineage.
		In this study, trees are constructed with the noncoding long terminal repeats (LTRs) of several ERV loci.
		Griffiths, D.J. Endogenous retroviruses in the human genome sequence.
	www.evowiki.org /index.php/Endogenous_retroviruses (759 words)

	Two new retroviruses—transmitted from animals—identified
		The study, which was first reported at the 12th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, is now published in the May 16, 2005, Online Early edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
		The discoveries of HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 show that, far from being rare events, retroviruses are actively crossing into human populations," said the study's lead author Nathan Wolfe, ScD, assistant professor in the Department of Epidemiology at the Bloomberg School of Public Health.
		The current study follows an earlier one conducted by Dr. Wolfe and researchers from the Cameroon Ministry of Health and CDC, which described the discovery of another primate retrovirus in hunters, the simian foamy virus (SFV) in the March 20, 2004, edition of The Lancet.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-05/jhub-tnr051305.php (662 words)

	9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections
		This activity is not sanctioned by, nor a part of, the 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections.
		The materials presented here were prepared by independent authors under the editorial supervision of Medscape, Inc., and do not represent a publication of the 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections.
		These materials and the related activity are not sanctioned by the 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections or the sponsors of the conference, and do not constitute an official part of that conference.
	www.medscape.com /viewprogram/1621 (230 words)

	Retroviruses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Retroviruses are composed of three subfamilies, two that infect humans.
		The Retroviruses are RNA viruses and their name is derived from the viral enzyme Reverse Transcriptase, which makes circular DNA from linear RNA.
		HIV is enveloped and displays a viral glycoprotein (gp120) that recognizes and binds to the CD4 receptor on T-helper cells.
	www.cehs.siu.edu /fix/medmicro/retro.htm (1170 words)

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