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	Wikinfo \| Turing test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Described by Alan Turing in the 1950 paper "Computing machinery and intelligence", it proceeds as follows: a human judge engages in a natural language conversation with two other parties, one a human and the other a machine; if the judge cannot reliably tell which is which, then the machine is said to pass the test.
		The test was inspired by a party game known as the "Imitation Game", in which a man and a woman go into separate rooms, and guests try to tell them apart by writing a series of questions and reading the typewritten answers sent back.
		The name "Turing test" may have been invented, and was certainly publicized, by Arthur C. Clarke in the 1968 science-fiction novel 2001: A Space Odyssey.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Turing_test (1408 words)

	Long Bets [ 1: By 2029 no computer - or "machine intelligence" - will have passed the Turing Test. ]
		The test is to be put into practice under a set of detailed conditions which rely on human judges being connected with test subjects (a computer and a person) solely via an instant messaging system or its equivalent.
		For those Turing Test Sessions called for by Ray Kurzweil or his designee or another member of the Turing Test committee (other than the final one in 2029), the person calling for the Turing Test Session to be conducted must provide (or raise) the funds necessary for the Turing Test Session to be conducted.
		At the end of the interviews, each of the three Turing Test Judges will indicate his or her verdict with regard to each of the four Turing Test Candidates indicating whether or not said candidate is human or machine.
	www.longbets.org /1 (5252 words)

	Reverse Turing test - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The judges of the test are typically not aware in advance that a reverse Turing test is occurring, and the test subject attempts to elicit from the 'judges' (who, correctly, think they are speaking to a human) a response along the lines of "is this really a human?".
		Since Turing test judges are sometimes presented with genuinely human subjects, as a control, it inevitably occurs that a small proportion of such control subjects are judged to be computers.
		The same situation may also be described as the human "failing the reverse Turing test", because to consider the human to be a subject of the test involves reversing the roles of the real and control subjects.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reverse_Turing_test (857 words)

	Turing test - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Turing replies by stating that this is confusing laws of behaviour with general rules of conduct, and that if on a broad enough scale (such as is evident in man) machine behaviour would become increasingly difficult to predict.
		Trying to pass the Turing test in its full generality is not, as of 2005, an active focus of much mainstream academic or commercial effort.
		Another variation of the Turing test is described as the Subject matter expert Turing test where a computer's response cannot be distinguished from an expert in a given field.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Turing_test (2263 words)

	the Turing test and intelligence - abelard
		A.M. Turing (1912 – 1954) in 1950 suggested a test (full text available on this site), since widely known as ‘the Turing test’ as a yardstick for determining whether a computer were to be regarded as ‘intelligent’[2].
		Turing being a rather superior sort of fellow, I will assume that he was rather more confident and objective than average Jo and, therefore, that he meant intelligent in the ‘my, that is impressive’ mood, rather than the previously noted more common form, “they must be bright because they agree with me”.
		Turing, clearly one of the great thinkers and contributors to the advance of knowledge this century, achieved one of the more important functions of the creative scientist, he asked interesting questions.
	www.abelard.org /turing/tur-hi.htm (3714 words)

	[No title]
		In essence, Turing proposed to test whether the artifact was indistinguishable from a person with regard to what he took to be the pertinent property, verbal behavior.
		Failure on a single test therefore cannot be taken to be indicative of anything at all; the statistical approach moves the test in the direction of testing a disposition or capacity, rather than a singleton behavior.
		Finally, Turing's original view is reiterated by others: the Test should not be taken as criterial at all, but as a replacement for the question, and one with useful outcomes.
	www.mtome.com /Services/KWIC/turing-2-Introduction.txt (3536 words)

	dennett reading (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The chess Turing test remains meaningful in assessing chess software; musical Turing tests and poetic Turing tests are immeasurably elucidating, as much about their respective arts as about computation.
		The Turing test is too severe; intelligence has to be undecidable or it violates the halting problem, so let's work on confidence intervals rather than accept/reject.
		The Turing test could be improved in so many very basic experimental ways; try working on the input side as a start.
	www.eskimo.com /~hyena/dennett.html (808 words)

	News Indexed by Topic - TURING TEST
		In 1950, Turing wrote a paper that proposed a test in which a person in one room would ask questions of both a human and a computer in another to try to determine which of the respondents was human.
		Turing invoked the notion of a 'universal machine' that could be given instructions to perform a variety of tasks.
		Visual tests in a sense turn that theory on its head, assuming that a machine is defined by its inability to perform a task that is easy for most humans to accomplish.
	www.aaai.org /AITopics/newstopics/turing.html (14002 words)

	www.xuzo.com - What is a captcha (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Turing test to tell computers and humans apart trademarked by Carnegie Mellon University) is a type of challenge-response test used in computing to determine whether or not the user is human.
		This term, however, is ambiguous because it could also mean a Turing test in which the participants are both attempting to prove they are the computer.
		The first discussion of automated tests which distinguish humans from computers for the purpose of controlling access to web services appears in a 1996 manuscript of Moni Naor from the Weizmann Institute of Science, entitled "Verification of a human in the loop, or Identification via the Turing Test".
	xuzo.com /computers/software/what-is-a-captcha.html (1561 words)

	CAPTCHAs :: Software Development :: Vancouver - Toronto, Canada
		A captcha (an acronym for "completely automated public Turing test to tell computers and humans apart") is a type of challenge-response test used in computing to determine whether or not the user is human.
		A common type of captcha requires that the user type the letters of a distorted and/or obscured sequence of letters or digits that appears on the screen.
		Because the test is administered by a computer, in contrast to the standard Turing test that is administered by a human, a captcha is sometimes described as a reverse Turing test.
	www.softwaredevelopment.ca /captchas.shtml (397 words)

	SecuriTeam Blogs » Revenge of the Captcha! (Reverse Captcha, Ransom Notes and Image Spam)
		This is an interesting variation on the Turing test, in which humans generate and grade tests that most humans can pass, but current computer programs cannot pass.
		It tests for a human being a human, only that the computer avoided is not a remote attacker (multiple attackers), but a local centralized filter.
		See, a Captcha may be a reverse Turing test of sorts, but it is used currently in the wild.
	blogs.securiteam.com /index.php/archives/741 (1263 words)

	Dean's Scholars Honors Program: Directory
		The DS Directory has been protected with a type of Reverse Turing Test know as a Captcha.
		This process is called a Reverse Turing Test, because it uses a computer to test a subject (you) and determine if that subject is human.
		In a normal Turing Test, the opposite occurs - a human tests a subject to determine if it is a computer.
	cns.utexas.edu /ds/directory.php (170 words)

	Long Bets [ 15: By 2050 no synthetic computer nor machine intelligence will have become truly self-aware (ie. will ...
		Even if a computer passes the Turing Test it will not really be aware that it has passed the Turing Test.
		As John Searle and others have pointed out, the Turing Test does not actually measure awareness, it just measures information processing---particularly the ability to follow rules or at least imitate a particular style of communication.
		I propose a reversal of the Turing test for determining whether a computer is aware (and forgive me in advance if anyone else has already proposed this somewhere, I would be happy to give them credit).
	www.longbets.org /15 (3276 words)

	Halfbakery: Reverse reverse Turing test
		The famous Turing test entails that a computer(program) that can pose succesfully as a human during a blind conversation signifies a valid artefact of Artificial Intelligence.
		The reverse reverse Turing test goes as follows.
		The reverse reverse Turing test is a game and therefore inherently pointless.
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/Reverse_20reverse_20Turing_20test (702 words)

	A Coffeehouse Conversation on the Turing Test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Alan Turing, in his article, indicated that his "Imitation Game" test should take place through some sort of remote Teletype linkup, but one thing he did not indicate explicitly was at what grain size the messages would be transmitted.
		Various modifications of the Turing Test idea will undoubtedly be suggested as computer mastery of human language increases, simply to serve as benchmarks for what programs can and cannot do.
		This is a fine idea, but it does not diminish the worth of the original Turing Test, whose primary purpose was to convert a philosophical question into an operational question, an aim that I believe it filled admirably.
	www.cse.unr.edu /~sushil/class/ai/papers/coffeehouse.html (13821 words)

	Dirk Riehle: Successfully fighting wiki spam
		So a reverse Turing Test it had to be.
		A Turing Test is a test that distinguishes man from machine.
		The reverse Turing Test was supposed to protect the Save button.
	www.riehle.org /blogs/industry/2005/2005-04-05.html (712 words)

	Botz-4-Sale: Surviving Organized DDoS Attacks That Mimic Flash Crowds
		Kill-Bots is the first system to employ graphical tests to distinguish humans from automated zombies, while limiting their negative impact on legitimate users who cannot or do not want to solve them.
		Finally, the zombies cannot solve the graphical test and the attacker is not able to concentrate a large number of humans to continuously solve puzzles.
		When presented with a graphical test, legitimate users may react as follows: (1) they solve the test, immediately or after a few reloads; (2) they do not solve the test and give up on accessing the server for some period, which might happen immediately after receiving the test or after a few attempts to reload.
	nms.lcs.mit.edu /~kandula/data/killbots_paper (8792 words)

	Protect Your Online Forms PC Magazine - Find Articles
		A reverse Turing test gates registration upon a task that's relatively easy for people but daunting for automated systems; often that task is to read and input a series of letters that have been deformed or obscured in ways that challenge OCR (optical character recognition) systems but remain intelligible to most human users.
		To avoid this, modify your random key selection so that the same key is never used twice and so that used keys are recorded and subsequent attempts to register with the same key are rejected.
		Keep in mind that even the best reverse Turing test is unlikely to be a panacea.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_zdpcm/is_200312/ai_ziff113682 (782 words)

	New kind of spider is in town - Cre8asite Forums
		The article suggested this was done for research purposes to test those websites who say they can detect whether it's a bot or a human who is doing the downloading.
		Fortunately, a reverse-Turing test isn't any more likely to be passed than a Turing test.
		Probably, but I've very carefully avoided telling you what to name the directory or how to word the links or warnings, because if everyone does their own thing when they implement it, even a smart spider is going to have a hard time avoiding the trap.
	www.cre8asiteforums.com /forums/index.php?showtopic=32850 (824 words)

	What's a Captcha? - Ask Leo!
		Captcha is an acronym for "completely automated public Turing test to tell computers and humans apart." It's even trademarked by Carnegie Mellon University.
		That's referred to as a form of "Turing test", after the computer scientist Alan Turing.
		A Captcha is a kind of "reverse Turing test".
	ask-leo.com /whats_a_captcha.html (1061 words)

	Pessimal Print: A Reverse Turing Test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Abstract: We exploit the gap in ability between human and machine vision systems to craft a family of automatic challenges that tell human and machine users apart via graphical interfaces including Internet browsers.
		Turing proposed [Tur50] a method whereby human judges might validate "artificial intelligence" by failing to distinguish between human and machine interlocutors.
		We show experimentally that judicious choice of these ranges can ensure that the images are legible to human readers but illegible to several of the best present- day optical character recognition (OCR) machines.
	csdl.computer.org /comp/proceedings/icdar/2001/1263/00/12631154abs.htm (249 words)

	SingShout Image Inc. TECHBICAL TERMS
		This term, however, is misleading because it could also mean a Turing test in which the participants are both attempting to prove they are the computer.
		A wiki is a type of website that allows users to add, remove, or otherwise edit all content very quickly and easily, sometimes without the need for registration.
		A weblog (usually shortened to blog, but occasionally spelled web log or weblog) is a web-based publication consisting primarily of periodic articles, most often in reverse chronological order.
	www.singshout.com /html/home_tech.htm (761 words)

	Human Authorization Addon (Captcha / reverse Turing test) - miniBB
		With this addon (also known as implementation of CAPTCHA ("Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart"), or reverse Turing test), you are able to force users to identify they are humans, not bots, robots, flood or spam scripts, and that way prevent spam on forums.
		In the best traditions of miniBB, addon provides simple, yet effective authorization of a common type: it's required that the user types the letters and digits combination, which is read from distorted picture, unavailable or difficult to read for recognition (OCR) programs.
		You can widely see, use and test this addon on our Test Forums, Live Support Forums and on our Contact Form.
	www.minibb.net /captcha.html (979 words)

	Identification via the Turing Test - Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		We propose using a ``Turing Test" in order to verify that a human is the one making a query to a service over the web.
		Thus, before a request is processed the user should answer as a challenge an instance of a problem chosen so that it is easy for humans to solve but the best known programs fail on a non-negligible fraction of the instances.
		We discuss several scenarios where such tests are desired and several potential sources for problems instances.
	www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il /~naor/PAPERS/human_abs.html (132 words)

	Blind World - Requested Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Since 1950, when British mathematician Alan Turing wrote an article called "Computer Machinery and Intelligence" for an Oxford philosophy journal, people have applied the term Turing test to any experiment in which subjects must distinguish between man and machine by exchanging information with the unknown entity.
		Such tests strive to determine whether a computer exhibits human intelligence, indicated, in Turing's view, by the machine successfully fooling subjects into believing it's human.
		Meanwhile, PARC has done many user tests with the system, and humans are able to read the degraded images with ease.
	home.earthlink.net /~blindworld1/NATIONAL/3-08-20-01.htm (794 words)

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