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Topic: Revision of borders of Poland (1945)

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	Curzon line (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Curzon Line and territorial changes to Poland, 1945 It is often said that the Curzon Line represented an ethnic border between Poles to the west and Belarusians and Ukrainians to the east.
		The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 said that the eastern border of Poland would be "subsequently determined." The lands lying between Poland and its eastern neighbours were inhabited by a mixed population of Poles, Lithuanians, Jews, Ukrainians and Belarusians, with no single group being a majority.
		After 1945, most of the Polish population of the area east of the new Soviet-Polish border fled or was expelled to Poland, and the area today is almost entirely Belarusian (in the north) or Ukrainian (in the south).
	curzon-line.iqnaut.net (1186 words)

	Art in Poland 1949-1999, Anda Rottenberg
		The First All-Poland Exhibition of Art (in March 1950), which was to testify that a new creative methodology was adopted in Poland, turned into a clear success scored by the PZPR Political Bureau.
		In Communist Poland a very important role was played by places which were marked by art in that they tried to maintain the widest possible autonomy in confrontation with the command policy pursued by party authorities.
		This “revision” was usually conducted collectively (by the groups known as Łódź Kaliska, Łódź Fabryczna /both being the names of railway stations in Łódź/, or Strych /the Attic/), by such means which, without any ado, disclosed the pathos of "artism." The groups aimed at "disrupting" and mocking the official artistic life.
	www.artsmw.org /heartlandproject/aspects/essays/rottenberg.html (13358 words)

	Facts about Poland
		Poland today is ethnically almost homogeneous (98% Polish), in contrast with the World War II period, when there were significant ethnic minorities--4.5 million Ukrainians, 3 million Jews, 1 million Belorussians, and 800,000 Germans.
		Most Germans left Poland at the end of the war, while many Ukrainians and Belorussians lived in territories incorporated into the then-U.S.S.R. Small Ukrainian, Belorussian, Slovakian, and Lithuanian minorities reside along the borders, and a German minority is concentrated near the southwest city of Opole.
		Independence for Poland was one of the 14 points enunciated by President Woodrow Wilson during World War I. Many Polish Americans enlisted in the military services to further this aim, and the United States worked at the postwar conference to ensure its implementation.
	www.factsmonk.com /facts_about_poland (2779 words)

	Curzon Line - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Curzon line was similar to the border between the Soviet Union and the Nazi Germany agreed secretly to in the Ribbentrop-Molotov pact.
		It is sometimes said that the Curzon Line represented an ethnic border between Roman Catholic Poland to the west and Russian Orthodox Ukraine and Belarus to the east.
		The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 said that the eastern border of Poland would be "subsequently determined." The lands lying between Poland and its eastern neighbours were inhabited by a mixed population of Poles, Lithuanians, Jews, Ukrainians and Belarusians, with no group being a majority.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Curzon_line (1742 words)

	Poland (06/05)
		Poland's September 2001 parliamentary elections saw the center-left SLD triumph and form a coalition with the Polish Peasant Party (PSL) and leftist Union of Labor (UP), with Leszek Miller (SLD) as Prime Minister, Cimoszewicz as Foreign Minister, and Oleksy as Sejm Marshall (Speaker of Parliament).
		Poland was the first former centrally planned economy in central Europe to end its recession and return to growth in the early 1990s.
		Poland continues to be a regional leader in support and participation in the NATO Partnership for Peace Program and has actively engaged most of its neighbors and other regional actors to build stable foundations for future European security arrangements.
	www.state.gov /outofdate/bgn/p/47536.htm (4554 words)

	Poland's concerns in the wake of joining the European Union
		She stated that the size of Poland's contribution to the EU budget must be no less than 2.5 to 3 bln euros per annum.
		In the 1980s Poland enjoyed a surplus trade balance with the European Community, which in the 1990, the first transition year, was equal to approximately 1 bln euros.
		Poland's public opinion must be able to bring the corrupt politicians to account and practice a system of positive selection of elites.
	www.sfpol.com /polconinwako.html (1731 words)

	Postwar Hungary
		Gombos advocated a one-party government, revision of the Treaty of Trianon, withdrawal from the League of Nations, anti-intellectualism, and social reform.
		In April 1945, after Soviet troops had rid Hungary of the Nazis, the government moved from Debreceu to Budapest, and a second, expanded Provisional National Assembly was chosen.
		In 1945 the government also carried out a radical land reform, expropriating all holdings larger than fifty-seven hectares and distributing them to the country's poorest peasants.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/HungPW.html (3996 words)

	History of Poland (1945–1989) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Poland enjoyed a period of relative stability over the next decade, but by the mid-1960s, Poland was experiencing increasing economic, as well as political, difficulties.
		Poland, still a predominantly agricultural country compared to Western nations, suffered catastrophic damage to its infrastructure during the war, and lagged even further behind the West in industrial output in the War's aftermath.
		After the war, however, Poland's minorities were all but gone, due to the 1945 revision of borders, and the Holocaust that resulted in the extermination of the vast majority of Poland's Jews.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989) (10214 words)

	History of Poland (1945–1989) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As a further sign that the end of Soviet influence in Poland was nowhere in sight, the Warsaw Pact was signed in the Polish capital of Warsaw on May 14, 1955, to counteract the establishment of the Western NATO.
		In 1975, Poland and almost all other European countries became signatories of the Helsinki Accords and a member of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the creation of which marked the high point of the period of "détente" between the Soviet Union and the United States.
		The situation was similar to that of earlier periods of Polish resistance to foreign occupation, such as the partitions of Poland of the 19th century and the German occupation of 1939–1944, except that the regime made no serious attempt to suppress the opposition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945-1989) (10214 words)

	Biology Revision (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		When the first change is made, the revision level is changed to "B" and so on.
		Revision Control System 1: etrieval, logging, identification, and merging of revision s.
		Belief revision 1: '''Belief revision ''' is the changing of ones beliefs after acquirin 3: Belief revision is researched in Artificial Intelligence in t 13: * http: www.beliefrevision.org/
	www.vermontreview.com /edge/45662-biology%20revision.html (553 words)

	Canadian History: 1945-1990 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This overview has outlined the evolution of Quebec since 1945 and its demands to protect its cultural identity as a part of Canada and obtain increased autonomy over its political affairs.
		Numerous French immigrants between 1945 and 1960 arrived in Canada and settled in urban areas, specifically in Quebec, Canada's largest French-speaking province, but others went to various provinces throughout Canada.
		Even though federal immigration policy in the 1950s favoured British newcomers, its overall allowance of limited ethnic nationalities showed that Canada was becoming somewhat of a multicultural nation with citizens of numerous cultural backgrounds.
	members.tripod.com /~pbarsa_96/hist7.html (4633 words)

	BRONIOWSKI v. POLAND - 31443/96 [2004] ECHR 274 (22 June 2004)
		In that connection, the Government also stated that, on account of the delimitation of the Polish-Soviet State border – and despite the fact that Poland was “compensated” by the Allies with former German lands east of the Oder-Neisse line – Poland suffered a loss of territory amounting to 19.78%.
		As in the case of the change in Poland's borders, this type of obligation can certainly not be treated as a sovereign decision by the Polish State authorities.
		It should be mentioned at this point that similar burdens in connection with the consequences of the war were also borne by other States, but in no case, with the exception of Germany, was the weight of the burden comparable to the one the Polish State had to bear.
	www.worldlii.org /eu/cases/ECHR/2004/274.html (15203 words)

	Chronology 1945
		Regarding Poland, the Allies redrew the borders of Poland, limiting the country's eastern frontier to the Curzon Line of 1919 and ceding the provinces in the east to the Soviet Union.
		In compensation, Poland's western borders were extended to the Oder-Niesse Line in eastern Germany, pending a final peace settlement.
		Acting under a charter negotiated in London in August 1945, an Inter-Allied Tribunal opened a war crimes trial in Nuremberg on November 20th to determine the fate of 24 major National Socialist leaders.
	www.indiana.edu /~league/1945.htm (6177 words)

	Poland Maps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The parliament, consisting of 460 members of the Sejm and 100 members of the upper house, or Senat, was elected in September 2001 in free and fair elections in which 15 political parties participated.
		Poland graduated from USAID assistance in 2000 and paid the balance of its U.S.-held Paris Club debt in 2005.
		Poland, a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and European Union, applies the EU’s common external tariff to goods from other countries--including the U.S. In the year since it joined the EU, Poland has experienced an overall growth in exports of 30%.
	mapup.com /europe/poland.html (3517 words)

	Human Rights (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Specialized treaties allow international norms to address unique problems of particular groups such as prostitution and trafficking in the case of women, custody issues in the case of children, and the loss of territory by indigenous peoples.
		Nongovernmental organizations such as Human Rights Watch and Doctors without Borders are extremely active at the international level in the areas of human rights, war crimes, and humanitarian aid.
		The July 2006 revision of the section on International Human Rights Law and Organizations was accomplished with the very capable help in research and writing of Betsy Lamm, a law student at Arizona State University.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/rights-human (15493 words)

	[No title]
		The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland, 1943-1947
		In interwar Poland, the Ukrainian nationalist OUN was a far smaller party than the moderate UNDO (Ukrains’ke Natsional’ne Demokratychne Ob’iednannia, Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance); when Poland was partitioned in 1939 the UNDO's policy of compromise lost its interlocutor and the party was quickly muscled aside by the OUN.
		Poland was the first state to recognize Ukraine in 1991, and the two states quickly agreed to a treaty on good relations in 1992.
	web.mit.edu /cis/www/migration/pubs/rrwp/9_resolve.html (10002 words)

	Sobaka :: By Any Other Name: Hungary, Apartheid and the Benes Decrees (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The 10 new countries are: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Cyprus.
		The Hungarians took their chance to do what they always wanted: a "Peaceful Revision of the Borders of Trianon." The Hungarians offered Czechoslovakia the possibility of plebiscites, not only in the disputed border areas, but in the whole of Slovakia and Ruthenia.
		It took part in the invasion of Poland in 1939, and supported Germany against the USSR and the Western Allies as well until the the very end of the war, notwithstanding the fact that some Slovak Army units joined the Slovak partisan uprising in late August, 1944.
	www.diacritica.com /sobaka/2003/benes.html (3310 words)

	Chronology 1944
		The Soviet government revised the Constitution of 1936, establishing separate commissariats of defense and foreign affairs for each of the Soviet Socialist Republics.
		The two leaders also agreed to Poland's borders, with the Curzon Line serving as Poland's eastern boundary and the Oder River the western border.
		The Assembly scheduled municipal and departmental elections for the 89 departments in February 1945.
	www.indiana.edu /~league/1944.htm (3645 words)

	Truman Library - Harry N. Howard Oral History Interview
		I think he showed it in that famous speech of January 25, 1945, in which he renounced his past isolationism as unsuited to the kind of world in which we were now living.
		On June 7, 1945, the Soviet Government indicated what it wanted in the Straits and by way of territory from Turkey, which was identical with what the Germans had been told in 1940.
		In the case of Turkey, it was not a matter of the use of guerrillas at all, but of military maneuvers and demonstrations, on the part of Soviet troops along the Turco-Soviet borders.
	www.trumanlibrary.org /oralhist/howardhn.htm (14460 words)

	Cold_War_Revision
		Give the USSR territory in Manchuria in return for their help against Japan.
		(1945) – the Communists executed the leaders of all the other parties.
		UN troops, mainly Americans led by General MacArthur, drove the Communists back to the Chinese border.
	www.johndclare.net /cold_war_revision.htm (842 words)

	Curzon line (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		After World War I, Poland became an independent country, and its secession was finalized by the Peace of Riga in 1921 at the end of the Polish-Soviet War, which left significant territories populated by Poles within the Soviet Union.
		It borders Russia to the northeast, Belarus to the north, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest and the Black Sea to the south.
		Lviv is located at geographical co-ordinates 49°50′45″N, 24°01′38″E, on the verge of the Roztocze Upland, approximately seventy kilometres from the Polish border.
	www.experiencefestival.com.cob-web.org:8888 /curzon_line (1128 words)

	SAC 1921-1945
		<>1921mr18:Poland gained recognition of independence by Treaty of Riga, which favored Poland (1/3 of the population in the new Poland were non-Poles)
		Germany, USA, France, England, Italy, Japan, plus Belgium, Czechoslovakia and Poland solemnly declared "that they condemn recourse to war for the solution of international controversies, and renounce it as an instrument of national policy in their relations with one another" [DPH:468-9]
		Pressed between colonial India and Iran (and eventually Pakistan), and at the strategic southern limit of Russian imperial expansion, Afghanistan was an artificial border drawn by great-power rivalry, and within it Uzbek, Pashtun (Pakistany) and Iranian peoples lived.
	www.uoregon.edu /~kimball/sac.1921.1945.htm (13167 words)

	December 2000
		Jerzy Kloczowski is Poland's most distinguished senior church historian.
		position in 1945 was much stronger than in 1939, which was to be of
		Church in Poland and all of Poland's Christians have entered a new phase and
	www.calvin.edu /academic/cas/akz/akz2012.htm (3462 words)

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