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	Thermidor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Thermidorian Reaction, Revolution of Thermidor, or simply Thermidor refers to the coup of 9 Thermidor (27 July 1794) in which Maximilien Robespierre was guillotined and the Reign of Terror ended.
		Lobster Thermidor was one of the last meals served on the RMS Titanic.
		Thermidor is also the name of a story revolving around the end of the French Revolution in Neil Gaiman's The Sandman (comic book series), issue #29.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thermidor (342 words)

	Thermidorian Reaction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		With Robespierre the sole remaining strong man of the Revolution (following the assassination of Jean-Paul Marat, and the executions of Georges Danton and Jacques Hébert), his apparently total grasp on power was, in fact, increasingly illusory, especially insofar as he seemed to have support from factions to his right.
		The prime mover, however, for the events of 9 Thermidor was a Montagnard conspiracy, led by Jean Lambert Tallien and Bourdon de l'Oise, which was gradually coalescing, and was to come to pass at the time when the Montagnards had finally swayed the deputies of the Right over to their side.
		On 9 Thermidor, in the Hall of Liberty in Paris, Saint-Just was impugned by Tallien whilst he was reading a report to the Committee of Public Safety, and who then went on to denounce the tyranny of Robespierre.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction (1146 words)

	French Revolution - Search View - MSN Encarta
		During the course of the Revolution, France was temporarily transformed from an absolute monarchy, where the king monopolized power, to a republic of theoretically free and equal citizens.
		The effects of the French Revolution were widespread, both inside and outside of France, and the Revolution ranks as one of the most important events in the history of Europe.
		Certain defenders of the Revolution have argued that the Reign of Terror was, under the circumstances, a reasonable response to the military crisis of 1793.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761557826__1/French_Revolution.html (8216 words)

	Russian Revolution - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The revolution was the culmination of a long period of repression and unrest.
		The Russian Revolution of 1905 began in St. Petersburg on Jan. 22 (Jan. 9, O.S.) when troops fired on a defenseless crowd of workers, who, led by a priest, were marching to the Winter Palace to petition Czar Nicholas II.
		The Roles of Lenin and Stalin in the Russian Revolution.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-russianr1.html (2078 words)

	The Marxist Case for Revolution Today (1989) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Russian revolution’s Thermidor and its tragic aftermath, the horrors of Stalinism, reproduced the same revulsion towards revolutions, first in the late nineteen-thirties and the forties, then, after a temporary reprieve in the sixties and the early seventies, on a generalized scale from the middle seventies on.
		The historical-social origins of that passivity are well-known: the defeats of the international revolution; the pressure of scarcity of consumer goods and of lack of culture born from the relative backwardness of Russia; the consequences of the Stalinist terror; a disappointment of historical dimensions, leading to a lack of historical alternatives to the bureaucracy’s rule.
		It is an undeniable fact that the existence of the USSR in spite of the bureaucratic dictatorship and theory of “peaceful coexistence,” objectively contributed to the victory and eventually the consolidation of the Chinese revolution and the downfall of the colonial empires in the subsequent decades.
	ernestmandel.org /en/works/txt/marxist_case_for_revolution_today.htm (11566 words)

	Thermidor - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		THERMIDOR [Thermidor], 11th month of the French Revolutionary calendar.
		The coup of 9 Thermidor (July 27, 1794) marked the downfall of Robespierre and the end of the Reign of Terror.
		Thermidor: the beginning of the end of the second Russian revolution?(Thermidor marked the historic end of the French Revolution)
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-thermido.html (297 words)

	Russian Revolution
		The Russian Revolution - On November 7, Russians celebrate the anniversary of the violent upheaval that overthrew the...
		Russian Revolution: The Revolution of 1905 - The Revolution of 1905 The Russian Revolution of 1905 began in St. Petersburg on Jan. 22 (Jan. 9,...
		Russian Revolution: Causes - Causes The revolution was the culmination of a long period of repression and unrest.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0842739.html (194 words)

	Zzzptm Dot Com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Revolutions tend to accompany changes in economic phases, from pre-industrial to industrial and from industrial to post-industrial.
		The revolutions in Eastern Europe in 1989 are perfect examples, as is the revolution in South Africa at the same time.
		American social revolutions in the 1960's and 1970's are also excellent examples of long-lasting revolutions with limited rollback in the thermidor phase.
	www.zzzptm.com /lss-003.html (1483 words)

	Chris Harman: Russia - How the Revolution was Lost (1968)
		The revolution, then, was really a dictatorship of the workers over other classes in the towns – in the major towns the rule of the majority in Soviets – and a dictatorship of the towns over the country.
		The realisation that a socialist revolution in Russia would be hopelessly lost in the peasant mass was one reason why all the Marxists in Russia (including Lenin, but excluding Trotsky and at first Parvus) had seen the forthcoming revolution as a bourgeois one.
		When he did come to accept and fight for the possibility of a socialist outcome for the revolution, it was because he saw it as one stage in a world-wide revolution that would give the minority working class in Russia protection against foreign intervention and aid to reconcile the peasantry to its rule.
	www.marxists.de /statecap/harman/revlost.htm (7877 words)

	Conspiracy Theory and the French Revolution
		Since 1989 is the 200th anniversary of the French Revolution this is an especially apt time to consider the conspiratorial theory of history presented in Mrs.
		For the early period of the Revolution, in 1789-1790, however, Mounier's observations are important, and he was inclined to play down the role of the Duc d'Orléans, who for Mrs.
		Mounier, Jean Joseph, On the Influence Attributed to Philosophers, Free-Masons, and to the Illuminati on the Revolution of France, facsimile reproduction with an introduction by Theodore A. DiPadove.
	www.ihr.org /jhr/v09/v09p109_Muirden.html (1688 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In the French revolution, there was a similar ballet of braggadocio as citizenship came to be defined, before Thermidor, ever more emphatically: declarations of rights in 1789, oath takings in 1790, a revolutionary war and universal suffrage in 1792, terror and direct democracy in 1793-94.
		Their demeanours on the Kremlin wall on May and Revolution Days showed they’d never faced competitive elections; their etched faces and stooping coats seemed to suggest that they either had piles or were senile.
		This was the great issue of the second Russian revolution, the underpinning of its agendas of democratisation and normalisation.
	www.cerc.unimelb.edu.au /bulletin/feb99a.htm (2326 words)

	Danton Case and Thermidor, The, Stanislawa Przybyszewska
		Stanislawa Przybyszewski is recognized as a major twentieth-century playwright on the basis of her trilogy about the French Revolution, of which The Danton Case and Thermidor are the principal parts.
		The Danton Case depicts the battle for power between two exceptional individuals: the corrupt sentimental idealist, Danton, and the incorruptible genius of the Revolution, Robespierre.
		Thermidor shows the final playing out of this drama, as Robespierre, left alone with the heroic absolutist Saint-Just, foresees the ruin of himself and his cause, and in his despair predicts that hatred, war, and capitalism will steal the Revolution and corrupt nineteenth-century man.
	nupress.northwestern.edu /title.cfm?ISBN=0-8101-0806-2 (99 words)

	Joseph Lakanal - LoveToKnow 1911
		Lakanal, who was a member of the commission, now began to work for the organization of higher education, and abandoning the principle of his Projet advocated the establishmentef state-aided schools for primary, secondary and university education.
		In October 1793 he was sent by the Convention to the south-western departments and did not return to Paris until after the revolution of Thermidor.
		His eloge at the Academy of Moral and Political Science, of which he was a member, was pronounced by the comte de Remusat (February 16, 1845), and a Notice historique by F. Mignet was read on the 2nd of May 1857.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Joseph_Lakanal (541 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: French Revolution
		The influence of freemasonry in the French Revolution proclaimed by Louis Blanc and by freemasonry itself is proved by the researches of M. Cochin.
		The clergy advocated almost as forcibly as did the Third Estate the establishment of a constitutional government based on the separation of the powers, the periodical convocation of the States General, their supremacy in financial matters, the responsibility of ministers, and the regular guarantee of individual liberty.
		Hitherto a large section of the lesser clergy had shown a certain amount of sympathy for the Revolution, but when it was seen that the episcopal members of the Assembly refused to take the oath, thus sacrificing their sees, a number of the priests followed this disinterested example.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13009a.htm (7774 words)

	China: the Struggle Within: Mao Didn't Wait for Thermidor
		Even if the cultural revolution should falter and temporarily come to a halt as a result of considerable resistance from the revisionist and rightist forces, it would still be a significant historical achievement.
		Thermidor in the French Revolution went as far as it could but the new bourgeois relations developed, the productive forces developed, commerce and industry flourished, the exploitation of the workers was accelerated, the productivity of labor heightened and science and industry began to make giant steps forward.
		Undoubtedly Mao saw the development of Thermidor in the Soviet Union and its debilitating effects both in the economic field as well as in the arena of political life in general.
	www.workers.org /marcy/cd/samwith/within/pcnvrt13.htm (1017 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Curiously, one of the arguments in favour of this point of view is that, ten years on, the August revolution lost its value as a "legitimising resource".
		As to the February revolution, its analogues are now being sought not in August 1991, but in upheavals of a much more distant past.
		The events after the February Revolution, which, in Yakov Gordin's precise definition, "ended with a restoration of the autocratic system in its Petrine variant", are the most striking confirmation of this.
	www.nz-online.ru /index.phtml?aid=5010269 (2499 words)

	French Revolution chronology
		The rulers of Austria and Prussia agree to halt the French Revolution.
		In Paris, rumors abound of imminent invasion, the collapse of the Revolution, and of conspiracies mounted by imprisoned aristocrats.
		During this time, the Terror was made official policy up to the ninth of Thermidor (July 27, 1794), when Robespierre and his supporters lost their dominant position in the Committee of Public Safety and in the Convention, were accused, and executed.
	www.unlv.edu /faculty/gbrown/hist462/resources/chrono.htm (5200 words)

	The Revolution in Higher Education Richard Hofstadter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In discussing the revolution that took place in American higher education between 1870 and 1910, it is impossible to meet the expectations created by the currently fashionable set of mind, which demands that the cultural situation be portrayed as constantly in a state of decline.
		These men led the university revolution, created its models, and set its tone; and while they were rapidly building modem universities and fostering advanced studies in the East, James Burrill Angell was working, though with less success, to carry the impetus of the university idea into the largest of the state universities at Michigan.
		It is significant that of the three vanguard institutions in the university revolution, two were endowed by millionaires with Quaker backgrounds, who well understood the evils of sectarian oppression, while the third was Harvard with its relaxed Unitarian tradition.
	beatl.barnard.columbia.edu /learn/documents/HofstatderRevn.htm (7524 words)

	BCG Publications
		Executives at established companies shouldn't assume that the New Economy's recent set back or shift means a return to business as usual.
		Rather, it is merely another step in the long-term evolution of powerful forces of economic transformation.
		This essay discusses the forces driving the Internet revolution and addresses the importance of future strategy.
	www.bcg.com /publications/publications_search_results.jsp?PUBID=611 (75 words)

	French Rev Summary
		There were the urban poor, the powder keg of Revolution, who were usually hungry and usually ready to riot.
		By Thermidor (July) 1794, the Parisian populace was sick of the Terror.
		On 9 Thermidor, Robespierre and his colleagues were overthrown and the next day they were guillotined like so many others.
	www.angelfire.com /ca6/frenchrevolution89/revsummary.html (3102 words)

	"the marxist case 4 revolution today" by ernest mandel
		Revolutions are doomed to fail: “Plus ça change, plus ça reste la même chose.” Two thousand years earlier, Greek and Chinese political philosophers had arrived at similar conclusions.
		But already before the outbreak of the revolution of 1789, the camp of the Englightenment had split between the basically skeptical and socially cautious, if not outright conservative, bourgeois like Voltaire (“cultivez votre jardin”)13 and the more radical petty-bourgeois ideologues like J.J. Rousseau, who would inspire the Jacobin revolutionists.
		The answer given to that problem by Rosa Luxemburg already in the beginning of the debate remains as valid today as it was at that time.32 The difference between the reformists and revolutionists does not at all lie in the rejection of reforms by the latter and the struggle for reforms by the former.
	www.geocities.com /youth4sa/mandel-rev.html (10962 words)

	Khrushchev's Thermidor
		Lenin: 'The goal of a victorious revolution consists in the realisation of all that which can be realised in one country to nurture, support and awaken the revolution in all countries'.
		History teaches that the proletarian revolution is victorious when the working class affirms its hegemony on the theoretical front, and vice versa loses its power when it loses this hegemony on the Party.
		The objective limits of a revolution (e.g., the presence of a large mass of small-landowning peasants, a micro-urban bourgeoisie, the superiority of 'mental' labour over 'physical' labour, the widespread ideology of exploitation from previous societies and the ferocious activity of the counter-revolution) constitute grave problems on the road to Socialism and Communism.
	www.revolutionarydemocracy.org /rdv3n1/khrnl.htm (4986 words)

	Thermidor
		The coup of 9 Thermidor (July 27, 1794) marked the downfall of
		Chapped lips: insolvency, the overclass, and Bush's thermidor.
		Batman and the joker: the thermidor of the bodily.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0848438.html (230 words)

	Iran, a Coming Revolution? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		If a revolution topples the Islamic fundamentalists, the event might very well fuel the forces of democratization and secularization throughout the Middle East.
		Esposito: Just as Iran's revolution signalled for many the power of the people to overthrow a secular authoritarianism, the fall of the current regime will signal the failure of religious authoritarianism and send a clear signal and example of the growing demand for democratization in much of the Middle East.
		The Iranian Revolution is at Thermidor, but the Saudi revolution has not even deposed the king.
	www.danielpipes.org /article/468 (4844 words)

	French Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This kind of revolution had never been tried before and it would not be seriously undertaken again until Lenin and the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia in 1917.
		But this only provided the ideas not the motivation for revolutionary upheaval; the deeper causes of both revolutions were rooted in changing social and economic conditions of the eighteenth century, the weaknesses of monarchical leadership, and mounting financial problems.
		The purpose of this unit is to study the significance of the French Revolution, understand its origins, see how France was transformed by revolution, and assess the importance of revolution as a tool for political modernization.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /modernera/french.htm (1840 words)

	History & info - French Revolutionary calendar (1793 - 1806)
		The poets contributed the name of the days, choosing the names of plants, domestic animals and tools; the months rhyme three by three, according to the "sonority" of the seasons.
		The Eiffel Tower shown at right was built in commemoration of the French Revolution, and was built for the Paris World's Fair in 1889.
		Each year was supposed to start on autumnal equinox (around 22 September), but this created problems as will be seen below.
	webexhibits.org /calendars/calendar-french.html (577 words)

	Foreign Policy Centre: Articles / Review - The Dot.com 'Revolution' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		For most people, the dotcom revolution is something that happened in 1999.
		It was, he argued, a historical inevitability that retail underwent a revolution every decade or so".
		A bulletin board-message quoted by Cellan-Jones reads: '"Lastminute.con [sic] may be well known amongst the Islington media luvvies as they're sipping their caffeine-free guacamole, but as far as most of the world's concerned it's "who gives a fuck.?" Quite.
	fpc.org.uk /articles/142 (1194 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com :: Iran, a Coming Revolution? by Jamie Glazov
		But where a revolution in Iran is good news for America, a revolution in Saudi Arabia is more likely to give us a Caliph Osama or a Caliph Omar.
		Question #5: In other words, if the Iranian theocracy in Iran falls, then we could have a situation analogous to the fall of communist regimes in 1989: the domino theory in reverse.
		If Islamic revolutions are coming, let them come.
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=3158 (4891 words)

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