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	Revolutionary Tribunal -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		With M.J.A. Hermann as president and Fouquier-Tinville as public prosecutor, the tribunal terrorized the (An advocate of the principles of monarchy) royalists, the refractory priests and all the actors in the counter-revolution.
		Soon, too, it came to be used for personal ends, particularly by (French revolutionary; leader of the Jacobins and architect of the Reign of Terror; was himself executed in a coup d'etat (1758-1794)) Robespierre, who employed it for the condemnation of his adversaries.
		Before 22 Prairial the Revolutionary Tribunal had pronounced 1,220 death-sentences in thirteen months; during the forty-nine days between the passing of the law and the fall of Robespierre 1,376 persons were condemned, including many innocent victims.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/re/revolutionary_tribunal.htm (227 words)

	Jean-Baptiste Carrier - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He voted for the execution of King Louis XVI of France, was one of the first to call for the arrest of the duke of Orleans, and took a prominent part in the overthrow of the Girondists (on May 31).
		He established a revolutionary tribunal, and formed a body of desperate men, called the Legion of Marat, to dispose quickly of the masses of prisoners heaped in the jails.
		He was recalled by the Committee of Public Safety on February 8, 1794, took part in the attack on Robespierre on the 9th Thermidor, but was himself brought before the Revolutionary Tribunal on the 11th and guillotined on the 16th of November 1794.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Carrier (423 words)

	Encyclopedia: Revolutionary Tribunal
		The Revolutionary Tribunal (French: Tribunal révolutionnaire) was a court which was instituted in Paris by the Convention during the French Revolution for the trial of political offenders, and became one of the most powerful engines of the Terror.
		With M.J.A. Hermann as president and Fouquier-Tinville as public prosecutor, the tribunal terrorized the royalists, the refractory priests and all the actors in the counter-revolution.
		The excesses of the Revolutionary Tribunal increased with the growth of Robespierre's ascendancy in the Committee of Public Safety; and on June 10, 1794 was promulgated, at his instigation, the infamous Law of 22 Prairial, which forbade prisoners to employ counsel for their defence, suppressed the hearing of witnesses and made death the sole penalty.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Revolutionary-Tribunal (824 words)

	THE REVOLUTIONARY TRIBUNAL - LoveToKnow Article on THE REVOLUTIONARY TRIBUNAL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		With M. Hermann as president and Fouquier-Tinville as public prosecutor, the tribunal terrorized the royalists, the refractory priests and all the actors in the counter-revolution.
		Before 22 Prairial the Revolutionary Tribunal,had pronounced 1220 death-sentences in thirteen months; during the forty-nine days between the passing of the law and the fall of Robespierre 1376 persons were condemned, including many innocent victims.
		The Revolutionary Tribunal was suppressed on the 3ist of May 1795.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /R/RE/REVOLUTIONARY_TRIBUNAL_THE.htm (333 words)

	The French Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The establishment of the revolutionary Government-that is to say, the co-ordination of emergency measures under the sole direction of the committee-was carried out in two stages, and for reasons of two different kinds: firstly, in September and October 1793, for reasons mainly political; and afterwards, in November and December 1793, for reasons mainly economic.
		But the Girondins, who had had the establishment of this tribunal forced upon them, soon took their revenge by the election of the commission of six, which was alone to have the right to cite accused persons before the political tribunal.
		The Revolutionary Tribunal was established at a time when the news of the insurrection in the Vend6e had not yet reached Paris, and was originally intended to be the only one for the whole of France.
	www.coloradocollege.edu /dept/PS/Finley/PS425/reading/FrenchRev.html (7231 words)

	Read about Revolutionary Tribunal at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Revolutionary Tribunal and learn about ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Danton, the Convention decreed that there should be established in Paris an extraordinary criminal tribunal, which received the official name of the Revolutionary Tribunal by a decree of October 20, 1793.
		The excesses of the Revolutionary Tribunal increased with the growth of Robespierre's ascendancy in the
		The lists of prisoners to be sent before the tribunal were prepared by a popular commission sitting at the museum, and signed, after revision, by the Committee of General Security and the Committee of Public Safety jointly.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Revolutionary_Tribunal (384 words)

	Law of Suspects - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Law of Suspects is a term which is used to refer to an enactment passed on September 17, 1793 during the course of the French Revolution.
		It allowed for the creation of revolutionary tribunals to try those who were suspected of treason against the Republic and to punish those convicted with death.
		The corollary of this was that both enforcement and justice subsequently became synonymous with revolutionary governance.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Law_of_Suspects (173 words)

	Revolutionary Tribunal -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		French Tribunal Révolutionnaire, court that was instituted in Paris by the National Convention during the French Revolution for the trial of political offenders.
		French Revolutionary lawyer who was public prosecutor of the Revolutionary Tribunal during the Reign of Terror.
		Contains a comprehensive outline of the function of the tribunal and the procedure by which appeals are made as well as example scenarios involving defacto relationships, disability support, and study allowance.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9063364?tocId=9063364&ref=OTDTDIH (792 words)

	Search Results for "tribunal" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Spanish juzgado, tribunal, courtroom, from past participle of juzgar, to judge, from Latin idicre, from idex, idic-, judge.
		To appeal to in supplication; beseech: implored the tribunal to have mercy.
		She was sentenced to be guillotined for crimes against the state by a Revolutionary tribunal....
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=col61&x=10&y=12&query=tribunal (345 words)

	The Psychology of Revolution - CHAPTER V
		Although the Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris claimed only 2,625 victims, it must not be forgotten that all the suspects had already been summarily massacred during the ``days'' of September.
		This Tribunal sent indiscriminately to the scaffold all the accused persons arrested by reason of party hatred, and very soon, in the hands of Robespierre, it constituted an instrument of the bloodiest tyranny.
		The executions of the Revolutionary Tribunals in the provinces represented only a portion of the massacres effected in the departments during the Terror.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/socl/politicalscience/ThePsychologyofRevolution/chap18.html (2119 words)

	Law of 22 Prairial - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Law of 22 Prairial, also known as the loi de la Grande Terreur, the law of the Reign of Terror, was enacted on June 10, 1794 (22 Prairial of the Year II under the French Revolutionary Calendar).
		It extended the reach of the Revolutionary Tribunal, and limited the ability of the accused to defend themselves, broadening the scope of those who might be brought within the purview of revolutionary justice.
		The penalty for all offences under the jurisdiction of the Revolutionary Tribunal was death.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Law_of_22_Prairial (266 words)

	BIRON - LoveToKnow Article on BIRON (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		After for a while wasting his fortune in dissipation in various parts of Europe, he attracted attention by an essay on the military defences of Great Britain and her colonies (tat de defense d'Angleterre et de toutes ses possessions dans les quatres parties du monde).
		In 1789 he was returned as deputy to the states-general by the noblesse of Quercy, and attached himself to the revolutionary cause.
		He was thereupon accused by the notorious Carrier of incimsme and undue leniency to the insurgents, deprived of his command (July), imprisoned in the Abbaye and condemned to death by the Revolutionary Tribunal.
	80.1911encyclopedia.org /B/BI/BIRON.htm (769 words)

	The Jury of Honour: a weapon for the defence of revolutionary organisations (Part 1) \| International Communist Current
		It is for this very reason that one of the weapons used by the bourgeoisie to destroy revolutionary organisations is the infiltration of adventurers or agents provocateurs whose function consists of destroying this confidence (notably by circulating rumours and lies against-the organisation, against its militants and against its central organs elected by the congress).
		In fact, when a revolutionary organisation discovers the existence of such elements within itself, it is its responsibility to assure the protection of other organisations of the proletarian political milieu.
		In August 1912, a Revolutionary Tribunal of the Party was set up and expelled Radek not only because of the thefts he was accused of but above all because of his trouble-making, in particular exploiting on his own account the dissensions within Social Democracy.
	en.internationalism.org /icconline/jury_of_honour_01 (1672 words)

	JOSEPH CHALIER - LoveToKnow Article on JOSEPH CHALIER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Then Chalier became the orator and leader of the Jacobins of Lyons, and induced the other revolutionary clubs and the commune of his city to arrest a great number of Royalists in the night of the 5th and 6th of February 1793.
		Chalier demanded of the Convention the establishment of a revolutionary tribunal and the levy of a revolutionary army at Lyons.
		On the 15th of July, in spite of the order of the Convention, he was brought before the criminal tribunal of the Rhone-et-Loire, condemned to death, and guillotined the next day.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CH/CHALIER_JOSEPH.htm (1054 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: French Revolution
		At Avignon the Revolutionary Lécuyer, having been slain in a church, some citizens reputed to be partisans of the pope were thrown into the ancient papal castle and strangled (16-17 Oct., 1791).
		The measures taken by the Convention to substitute the Revolutionary calendar for the old Christian calendar, and the decrees ordering the municipalities to seize and melt down the bells and treasures of the churches, proved that certain currents prevailed tending to the dechristianization of France.
		The Commune of paris was suppressed, the Jacobin Club closed, the Revolutionary tribunal disappeared after having sent to the scaffold the public accuser Fouquier-tinville and the Terrorist, Carrier, the author of the noyades (drownings) of Nantes.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13009a.htm (7795 words)

	The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: Reign of Terror @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		REIGN OF TERROR [Reign of Terror] 1793-94, period of the French Revolution characterized by a wave of executions of presumed enemies of the state.
		Directed by the Committee of Public Safety, the Revolutionary government's Terror was essentially a war dictatorship, instituted to rule the country in a national emergency.
		Military mobilization, planned by Carnot, and based on the levée, a requisition of able-bodied males between the age of 18 and 25, was followed by a complete reorganization of the armed forces that paid dividends in the French Revolutionary Wars.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1E1:ReignTer&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (673 words)

	Sample Chapter for Hesse, C.: The Other Enlightenment: How French Women Became Modern.
		Early in the spring of 1793, at the height of the revolutionary crisis in France, a middle-aged domestic cook named Jeanne-Catherine Clere frequented a Parisian café near her employer on the rue des Poules where she was in the habit of tippling a few and losing her senses.
		This book begins with the revolutionary conjuncture of Parisian women and political speech because the unhappy fate of eloquent women in revolutionary politics marked a critical cultural turning point for French women more generally: The demise of the oral was the first chapter in the story of their entry into the modern world.
		The moment she opened her mouth in the tribunal, she was interrupted by one of the judges and then silenced by deafening cries of "Long live the Republic, Down with the traitors," from the public galleries.
	www.pupress.princeton.edu /chapters/s7175.html (7718 words)

	History 3206 ::: Revolutionary and Napoleonic Europe
		The preponderance of those revolutionary ideals have given way to less lofty issues, as "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness," and "equality, liberty, and fraternity" have faded as ideals of the status quo.
		Among the most significant provisions was the establishment of a one-penalty-fits-all approach: "The penalty provided for all offenses under the jurisdiction of the Revolutionary Tribunal is death." Additionally, the Law facilitated the process of proclaiming defendants guilty by reducing the number of votes required for guilt.
		As in France itself, the revolutionaries of the colonies were seeking the establishment of liberty and equality.
	www.valdosta.edu /~raboyd/hist.3206.html (6902 words)

	PIERRE VICTURNIEN VERGNIAUD - LoveToKnow Article on PIERRE VICTURNIEN VERGNIAUD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		For a time, according to his habit, he refrained from speaking; but on the 25th of October he ascended the tribune, and he had not spoken long before the whole Assembly felt that a new power had arisen which might control even the destinies of France.
		When the institution of a revolutionary tribunal was proposed, Vergniaud vehemently opposed the project, denouncing the tribunal as a more awful inquisition than that of Venice, and avowing that his party would all die rather than consent to it.
		They were sent for trial to the Revolutionary tribunal, before which they appeared on the 27Ch of October.
	53.1911encyclopedia.org /V/VE/VERGNIAUD_PIERRE_VICTURNIEN.htm (1806 words)

	Clubs for the People
		The Revolutionary Tribunal shall divide itself into sections, composed of twelve members, to wit: three judges and nine jurors, which jurors may not pass judgment unless they are seven in number.
		The Revolutionary Tribunal is instituted to punish the enemies of the people.
		The penalty provided for all offenses under the jurisdiction of the Revolutionary Tribunal is death.
	www.columbia.edu /~iw6/docs/22law.html (651 words)

	Canadian Journal of History: visual rhetoric of Jean-Louis Prieur, The (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The most ambitious and successful of the commercial ventures that offered prints illustrating revolutionary events for sale to the public was the Tableaux historiques de la Revolution francaise, comprised of 144 engravings covering the period 20 June 1789 to 18 Brumaire of Year VII in the revolutionary calendar.
		He was born in Paris in 1759, may have studied under Cochin or Moreau the younger, and became actively involved in revolutionary politics; he was a Jacobin, a member of the Revolutionary committee in the Poissoniere Section, and in September 1793 he was appointed to the Revolutionary Tribunal.
		It was because of his role as a juror on the Revolutionary Tribunal that he was arrested after the uprising of 12 Germinal (1 April 1795) and went to the guillotine with Fouquier-Tinville and fourteen others on 7 May 1795.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_199712/ai_n8760186 (1192 words)

	The French Revolution and the Church II
		Georges Danton (1759-94), radical revolutionary leader, attempted to moderate activities of Revolutionary Tribunal during "the Terror." Lost power to Robespierre, executed in April, 1794.
		Maximilien Robespierre (1758- 94), leading Jacobin, elected to the Committee of Public Safety and dominated the revolutionary government during "the Terror." Attempted to establish a religion of reason and organized the "Festival of the Supreme Being." Overthrown and executed in July 1794.
		The dislocating experiences of revolutionary religion and the embittered history of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy provided foundations for the future: for the Catholic Church's largely hostility attitude to democratic and popular movements and for the public association - especially amongst the bourgeousie - of the clergy with political reaction.
	www.etss.edu /hts/hts3/notes6.htm (534 words)

	Revolutionary Terror - By the end of the year 1791, Europe was preparing to witness the end of a seemingly triumphant ...
		Revolutionary Terror - By the end of the year 1791, Europe was preparing to witness the end of a seemingly triumphant revolution in France.
		Below is a short sample of the essay "Revolutionary Terror - By the end of the year 1791, Europe was preparing to witness the end of a seemingly triumphant revolution in France.".
		On March 10th, the Revolutionary Tribunal was created in order to prosecute the enemies of the revolution (Sydenham, 190).
	www.coursework.info /i/29718.html (493 words)

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