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Topic: Rh

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	What Is Rh Incompatibility?
		Rh antibodies are harmless until the mother's second or later pregnancies.
		Today, when a woman with the potential to develop Rh incompatibility is pregnant, doctors administer a series of two Rh immune-globulin shots during her first pregnancy.
		Although Rh incompatibility rarely causes complications in a first pregnancy and does not affect the health of the mother, if Rh antibodies develop, they can be potentially dangerous during subsequent pregnancies.
	kidshealth.org /parent/pregnancy_newborn/pregnancy/rh.html (866 words)

	Rh Disease and Pregnancy
		If you are an Rh negative woman and you are carrying an Rh positive child during your first pregnancy, the chance of becoming sensitized and causing a problem for the baby is small.
		Rh disease is one of those rare opportunities to really make a difference for many mothers and their babies.
		Rh immunoglobulin is an antibody derived from human blood products, which is injected into one of your muscles, usually an arm or buttock.
	my.webmd.com /content/article/4/1680_51841 (3630 words)

	► Rh incompatibility
		Rh incompatibility is a condition which develops when there is a difference in Rh blood type between that of the pregnant mother (Rh negative) and that of the fetus (Rh positive).
		The jaundice of Rh incompatibility, measured by the level of bilirubin in the infant's bloodstream, may range from mild to dangerously high levels of bilirubin.
		Hydrops fetalis is a complication of a severe form of Rh incompatibility in which massive fetal red blood cell destruction (a result of the Rh incompatibility) causes a severe anemia resulting in fetal heart failure, total body swelling, respiratory distress (if the infant has been delivered), and circulatory collapse.
	www.umm.edu /ency/article/001600.htm (528 words)

	What does it mean to be Rh-negative? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Your Rh status describes whether or not you have a protein on the surface of red blood cells.
		An injection of Rh immunoglobulin or RhoGam (preformed antibodies), is routinely given late in pregnancy and after delivery or after a miscarriage or an abortion to an Rh-negative mom who has not yet been sensitized.
		Rh disease used to cause problems ranging from severe newborn jaundice and the need for blood transfusions to preterm miscarriages and stillbirths.
	www.babycenter.com /expert/2709.html (868 words)

	rh
		Being Rh negative simply means your blood does not insert the allele that instructs your body to put the RH positive antigen on your red cells.
		The woman is blamed for Rh incompatability, and professionals refer to "Rh negative women and their babies", never to "Rh positive men and their babies", even though it is just as much the father's genes and the mothers that is the cause of the problem.
		There is a Rh negative mom from Hawaii, Jennifer Smit, a personal friend of Hygeia Halfmoon, who has a Rh positive husband, she chose to forgo the RhoGAM shot until after the baby was born when she could determine for herself if she needed a shot at all.
	thebirthsource.homestead.com /rh.html (8836 words)

	Human Blood: Rh Blood Types
		However, Rh blood type incompatibility is still the leading cause of potentially fatal blood related problems of the newborn.
		The first time an Rh- woman becomes pregnant, there usually are not incompatibility difficulties for her Rh+ fetus.
		Without the use of Rho-GAM, an Rh- woman is likely to produce larger amounts of Rh+ antibodies every time she becomes pregnant with an Rh+ baby because she is liable to come in contact with more Rh+ blood.
	anthro.palomar.edu /blood/Rh_system.htm (965 words)

	Rh Disease - Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
		The Rh factor is a protein that is found on the covering of the red blood cells.
		If a father’s Rh factor genes are + +, and the mother’s are + +, the baby will have one + from the father and one + gene from the mother.
		If a father’s Rh factor genes are + +, and the mother’s are — —, the baby will have one + from the father and one — gene from the mother.
	www.chop.edu /consumer/your_child/condition_section_index.jsp?root_id=0&id=-8957 (1328 words)

	Rhodium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For Rhesus factor or Rh factor, see Blood type.
		Rhodium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Rh and atomic number 45.
		A rare silvery-white hard transition metal, rhodium is a member of the platinum group, is found in platinum ores and is used in alloys with platinum and as a catalyst.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rhodium (733 words)

	Allowable RH Fluctuations
		The RH was adjusted by slightly heating the air to maintain between 55 and 60% RH, which earlier experiments had shown was the effective average in the then un-air conditioned Gallery.
		A sample of cottonwood held at constant length while the RH is lowered from 48 to 23% RH develops the same stress as a sample which is allowed to shrink while drying and then stretched to the original length.
		Keeping the dimension constant and lowering the RH results in the same stress as allowing the sample to shrink freely as the RH is lowered, and then stretching it to the original length.
	palimpsest.stanford.edu /waac/wn/wn17/wn17-1/wn17-108.html (2922 words)

	Rh Disease
		If a woman is Rh negative and her mate is Rh positive, and they make babies, there is a potential for compatibility problems between the mother and her developing child.
		It is very common for Rh negative mothers to become sensitized to Rh positive cells as a result of the delivery of an Rh positive child, though these days steps are taken to prevent this from happening.
		Rh disease babies are born with a lot of problems, some of them pretty serious.
	www.cod.edu /PEOPLE/FACULTY/FANCHER/RhFactor.htm (816 words)

	Rh - Blood Groups - SCARF Exchange
		Rh is the most complex of the blood groups systems, embracing over 45 distinct antigens, the absence or presence of which combine to exhibit an individual's Rh blood group type.
		The Rh antigens appear to be red cell specific, appearing early during development of red blood cells, and have not been found on other body tissues.
		The importance of the Rh antigens in the erythroid membrane is exemplified by the fact that in many examples of auto-immune hemolytic anemia, auto-Rh antibodies are frequently found.
	jove.prohosting.com /~scarfex/blood/4.html (430 words)

	Screening: D (Rh) Incompatibility (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Rationale: The USPSTF found good evidence that Rh (D) blood typing, anti-Rh (D) antibody testing, and intervention with Rh (D) immunoglobulin, as appropriate, prevents maternal sensitization and improves outcomes for newborns.
		The USPSTF recommends repeated Rh (D) antibody testing for all unsensitized Rh (D)-negative women at 24-28 weeks' gestation, unless the biological father is known to be Rh (D)-negative.
		Rationale: The USPSTF found fair evidence that repeated antibody testing for unsensitized Rh (D)-negative women (unless the father is also known to be Rh [D]-negative) and intervention with Rh (D) immunoglobulin, as appropriate, provides additional benefit over a single test at the first prenatal visit in preventing maternal sensitization and improving outcomes for newborns.
	www.ahrq.gov /clinic/uspstf/uspsdrhi.htm (203 words)

	Rh Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Rh disease occurs during pregnancy when there is an incompatibility between the blood types of the mother and baby.
		Problems with the Rh factor occur only when the mother's Rh factor is negative and the baby's is positive.
		When an Rh negative mother has a baby that is Rh positive, problems can develop if the baby's red blood cells cross to the Rh negative mother.
	www.healthsystem.virginia.edu /uvahealth/peds_hrpregnant/rhdiseas.cfm (1339 words)

	Discovery Health :: All About Rh Disease
		However, an Rh-negative woman is at risk of having a baby with Rh disease if she conceives a baby with an Rh-positive father and the baby inherits the father's Rh-positive blood type.
		Rh disease is a condition caused by an incompatibility between the blood of a mother and that of her fetus.
		This is a disease that destroys an unborn baby's blood cells, potentially resulting in newborns being born with jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) and anemia.
	health.discovery.com /centers/pregnancy/americanbaby/rhdisease.html (421 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Rh incompatibility
		Rh incompatibility is a condition which develops when a pregnant woman has an Rh-negative blood type and the fetus she carries has Rh-positive blood type.
		Rh incompatibility can cause symptoms ranging from very mild to fatal.
		Rh incompatibility develops only when the mother is Rh-negative and the infant is Rh-positive.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/001600.htm (787 words)

	eMedicine - Rh Incompatibility : Article by Leon Salem, MD, MS, FACEP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Rh incompatibility, also known as Rh disease, is a condition that occurs when a woman with Rh-negative blood type is exposed to Rh-positive blood cells, leading to the development of Rh antibodies.
		Once produced, maternal Rh immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies may cross freely from the placenta to the fetal circulation, where they form antigen-antibody complexes with Rh-positive fetal erythrocytes and eventually are destroyed, resulting in a fetal alloimmune-induced hemolytic anemia.
		Although the Rh blood group systems consist of several antigens (eg, D, C, c, E, e), the D antigen is the most immunogenic; therefore, it most commonly is involved in Rh incompatibility.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic507.htm (2683 words)

	Mangement of Rh Disease and Isoimmunization
		If her unborn child is Rh positive the antibody may cross the placenta and bind to fetal red cells which will be destroyed by the fetal spleen.
		Nonetheless sensitization to Rh antigens (non-D) is still responsible for the largest proportion of hemolytic disease in the newborn (HMD)[1].
		The reduced risk of Rh sensitization with ABO incompatibility may result from the rapid clearance of incompatible red cells thus reducing the overall exposure to D antigen.
	www.obfocus.com /high-risk/Rh_disease/rh_diseasepr.htm (1650 words)

	Rh Blood Group
		If a mother who is Rh negative (rr) is carrying a fetus who is Rh positive (Rr, must be a heterozygote), the mother has the capacity to produce immune antibodies to the Rh antigens on the fetal RBC.
		This may lead to the death of fetal RBC late in the pregnancy when the mother loads the fetus with a sampling of her antibodies in a process known as "passive immunity".
		If her fetus was A or B and Rh positive, her anti-A and anti-B antibodies would clear the fetal RBC and she would not have a chance to make antibodies against the Rh antigens on the fetal RBC.
	www.people.virginia.edu /~rjh9u/rhsys.html (397 words)

	[No title]
		Rh incompatibility occurs when a woman is Rh-negative, but her fetus has inherited Rh-positive blood from the father.
		Rh negative mothers should be followed closely by their obstetricians during pregnancy.
		If the father of the infant is Rh positive, the mother is given a mid-term injection of RhoGAM and a second injection within a few days of delivery.
	healthlibrary.epnet.com /getcontent.aspx?siteid=41ff75a6-df58-11d3-ad19-00508b91a0dd&docid=/dci/rh& (692 words)

	Rh Testing and RhoGAM
		In cases of Rh incompatibility, a baby's red blood cells have a substance called the Rh D factor, and the mother's blood cells do not.
		Rh incompatibility occurs only if you are Rh negative and your baby is Rh positive.
		If you are Rh negative and have antibodies against the Rh D factor, Rh incompatibility may be a problem.
	folsomobgyn.com /rh_testing_and_rhogam.htm (727 words)

	Rh factor
		Rh factor, protein substance present in the red blood cells of most people, capable of inducing intense antigenic reactions.
		The red blood cells of the 85% (later found to be 85% of the white population and a larger percentage of fls and Asians) contained the same factor present in rhesus monkey blood; such blood was typed Rh positive.
		The blood of the remaining 15% lacked the factor and was typed Rh negative.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/sci/A0841716.html (605 words)

	Blood test for Rh status and antibody screen
		Early in your pregnancy you'll have your blood tested to determine your blood type and your Rh status — that is, whether you have the Rh (Rhesus) factor, a protein that some people have on the surface of their red blood cells.
		That's why Rh incompatibility is usually not a problem for your first baby: If your blood doesn't mix until you're in labor, the baby will be born before your immune system has a chance to produce enough antibodies to cause any problems.
		The shot (Rh immunoglobulin) actually consists of a small dose of antibodies (collected from blood donors) that serve to kill any Rh-positive blood cells in your system before they prompt your immune system to develop its own antibodies.
	www.babycenter.com /refcap/pregnancy/prenatalhealth/1480.html (1947 words)

	Medical References: Rh Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Rh disease of the newborn is caused by an incompatibility between the blood of a mother and her fetus.
		Since red blood cells containing the Rh factor are foreign to the mother’s system, her body tries to fight them off by producing antibodies against them.
		If the father is Rh-positive (or if his Rh status is not known), doctors now offer sensitized pregnant women amniocentesis, in which a needle is inserted into a woman’s abdomen to withdraw a small amount of amniotic fluid in order to determine whether the fetus is Rh-positive or Rh-negative.
	www.marchofdimes.com /professionals/681_1220.asp (1629 words)

	Rh-RhAG/Ankyrin-R, a New Interaction Site between the Membrane Bilayer and the Red Cell Skeleton, Is Impaired by ...
		with the stomato-spherocytosis phenotype of one Rh null
		Expression of murine Rh, RhAG, and actin was analyzed on permeabilized RBCs, as described under "Materials and Methods," using the MPC8 and mCTRhAG pAbs and phalloidin, respectively.
		Murine Rh and RhAG proteins (mRh and mRhAG) were detected by rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against the C-terminal regions of the human Rh polypeptides (MPC8) and the murine RhAG glycoprotein mCTRhAG, respectively.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/278/28/25526 (4890 words)

	RH Stevens Group, Freight Forwarding, Freight Forwarders, UK and European Road Haulage, Hauliers, Transport Services, ...
		RH Stevens Group, Freight Forwarding, Freight Forwarders, UK and European Road Haulage, Hauliers, Transport Services, Hazardous Chemicals Transportation, Containers, Bulk Powders, Bulk Liquids, Warehousing, Storage, Silo Evacuations.
		With well established long distance operations covering the whole of the United Kingdom, R.H. Stevens can handle anything from a single pallet to full loads on our closely controlled and efficient service utilizing our fleet of 44 tonne tractor units, curtain sided trailers, and 7.5 to 16 tonne rigid vehicles for urgent deliveries.
		The warehouse division of this company is responsible for the safe and efficient storage of goods and hazardous chemicals contained in modern buildings with 80,000 SQ.
	www.netconnected.com /rhstevens/services.htm (547 words)

	RH Positive Software for the long term care nursing homes. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		RH Positive is a national leader in providing fully integrated clinical and financial Windows based software for the Nursing Home, Assisted Living and other care facilities.
		RH Positive maintains the highest standards of quality in its’ Long Term Care software product line and is committed to exceptional support of our health care software products.
		Since 1975, RH Positive has been a reliable resource for our customers, and we continue to strive for high applicability and quality in both product and service to our Nursing Home, Assisted Living and other care facilities.
	www.rhpositive.com (272 words)

	Positive News for Rh Negative Women
		Three years ago, I was told that I was Rh negative and that when I become pregnant, I have the chance of dying, along with my baby.
		People who are Rh negative and are exposed to Rh positive red cells can become sensitized and start making antibodies that attack and destroy the Rh positive cells which are foreign to them.
		In the past, Rh sensitization, or erythroblastosis fetalis, was a major problem, injuring and killing many babies.
	my.webmd.com /content/pages/3/3608_1080 (600 words)

	Rh Factors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor.
		This Rh factor is connected to your blood type.
		Or, you might have O- blood which means that you have type O blood with a negative Rh factor.
	sln.fi.edu /biosci/blood/rh.html (228 words)

	Screening for Rh (D) Incompatibility: Recommendation Statement
		Administration of a full (300µg) dose of Rh (D) immunoglobulin is recommended for all unsensitized Rh (D)-negative women after repeated antibody testing at 24-28 weeks' gestation.
		Unless the biological father is known to be Rh (D)-negative, a full dose of Rh (D) immunoglobulin is recommended for all unsensitized Rh (D)-negative women after amniocentesis and after induced or spontaneous abortion; however, if the pregnancy is less than 13 weeks, a 50 µg dose is sufficient.
		The benefit of routine administration of Rh (D) immunoglobulin after other obstetric procedures or complications such as chorionic villus sampling, ectopic pregnancy termination, cordocentesis, fetal surgery or manipulation (including external version), antepartum placental hemorrhage, abdominal trauma, antepartum fetal death, or stillbirth is uncertain due to inadequate evidence.
	www.ahrq.gov /clinic/3rduspstf/rh/rhrs.htm (818 words)

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