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Topic: Rhinophrynidae

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	Rhinophrynidae
		The distribution of living members of the family Rhinophrynidae is indicated in red.
		Definition of the name Rhinophrynidae and thus a listing of synapomorphies for the taxon is problematic because name Rhinophrynidae has been applied consistently to several fossil taxa (Henrici, 1991) that are related to the single living taxon dorsalis.
		Therefore, Rhinophrynidae is defined to be a stem-based name for those pipoids that are more closely related to the taxon dorsalis than to †Palaeobatrachidae + Pipidae.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Rhinophrynidae (807 words)

	[No title]
		Pipoidea (Node H) Pipoidea was defined by Cannatella and Ford (1993) to be the most recent common ancestor of living Pipidae + Rhinophrynidae, and all its descendants.
		Pipoidea is diagnosed by several distinctive synapomorphies, including the absence of mentomeckelian bones (see comments below on Palaeobatrachidae), absence of lateral alae of the parasphenoid, fusion of the frontoparietals into an azygous element, greatly enlarged otic capsules, and a tadpole with paired spiracles, and lacking beaks and denticles (Orton Type 1 tadpole).
		Pipimorpha (Stem I) The new stem-based name Pipimorpha was defined by Ford and Cannatella (1993) to be those taxa that are more closely related to living Pipidae than to living Rhinophrynus.
	ag.arizona.edu /ENTO/tree/eukaryotes/animals/chordata/salientia/Salientia (2827 words)

	Toad - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Since taxonomy is meant to only reflect these evolutionary relationships, the aforementioned distinction of frogs and toads gives no clue to their classification.
		For instance, many members of the families Bombinatoridae, Discoglossidae, Pelobatidae, Rhinophrynidae, Scaphiopodidae, and some species from the Microhylidae family are commonly called "toads".
		However, the only family exclusively given the common name "toad" is Bufonidae, the "true toads".
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /wiki.asp?k=Toad (379 words)

	Frogs
		The family Pipidae of South America and Africa south of the Sahara is a highly specialized group; the African clawed toad, Xenopus laevis, is a member of this family.
		The southern Mexican Rhinophrynidae, with its single species, is related to pipids.
		The Pelobatidae, spadefoot toads of Europe, North America, and Southeast Asia, and the Pelodytidae, with only two species, are a distinct group.
	www.webspawner.com /users/petcentralfrogs (1684 words)

	Vertebrate Zoology - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Pipidae : Specialized aquatic frogs; Xenopus, and some Pipa species have aquatic larvae; other Pipa show direct development into juvs.
		Rhinophrynidae : A burrowing frog with aquatic larvae (1 species, Central America).
		Megophryidae: Terrestrial and semi-aquatic frogs; males of the Oriental genus Leptobrachium have a series of spines on the upper lip that extend around the head which are probably used in combat (80 species, mainland Asia and the Indoaustralian Archipelago).
	www.zoo.ufl.edu /courses/vertzoo/classif_amphibians.html (829 words)

	Amphibian Species of the World - Rhinophrynidae Günther, 1859 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Rhinophrynidae
		Maxson and Daugherty, 1980, Herpetologica, 36: 275-280, regarded the Rhinophrynidae, on the basis of molecular distances, as most closely related to Ascaphus (Ascaphidae).
		Please note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the American Museum of Natural History.
	research.amnh.org /herpetology/amphibia/references.php?f_id=205 (166 words)

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