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Topic: Rhizobium

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	Evaluation of Interseeding Seeding-Date, Seeding-Rate, and Rhizobium-Inoculation Techniques
		Rhizobium bacteria are mixed with alfalfa seed and deposited into the soil at the same time the alfalfa seed is planted so that the bacteria are placed in the proximity of the developing seedling.
		The rhizobium bacteria could be purchased in an inoculum and mixed with the alfalfa seed in a tub (figure 1) at planting time, or the alfalfa seed could be shipped to a company that applied the rhizobium inoculum and a protective coating to the seed by an industrial process (figure 2).
		Rhizobium bacteria need to be mixed with the alfalfa seed at the time of seeding to permit nodulation of the alfalfa roots by the rhizobium bacteria.
	www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu /dickinso/research/2004/range04p.htm (3619 words)

	Role of endogenous Phenolic compounds under infection of pea roots by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae
		Rhizobium and the impact of “soluble” phenolic compounds extracted from different root sectors prior to inoculation and at the initial stage of infecting, as well as determination of the content of “insoluble” phenolic compounds forming links with cell structures.
		Rhizobium is constrained by certain phases of roots development and the short cells life cycle – targets sensitive for bacteria [3].
		Rhizobium at the initial period of the infection is only possible in case of disturbances in the formation of infection threads and bacteria penetration from the latter into the root cells.
	www.acadjournal.com /2004/V12/Part2/p2 (3345 words)

	Nexus Research Group - Rhizobium in New Zealand
		Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii strain ICMP2163::Tn5 was able to spontaneously transfer its pSym to the non-nodulating Rhizobium loti soil isolate NR40 in sterile soil microcosms containing Ramiha hill soil or Ashurst silt loam soil at pH 6.0 or higher.
		Rhizobium population genetics: effect of clover variety and inoculum dilution on the genetic diversity sampled from natural populations.
		Influence of RP4 on nodulation and nitrogen fixation by strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viceae.
	www.nexusresearchgroup.com /microbiology/rhiz1994.htm (5289 words)

	Effects of Different Salt Concentrations on the Growth of Rhizobium (Osmoadaptation)
		Rhizobium is an important microbe because of its impact and interaction with the host plant.
		Rhizobium is capable of osmoadaptation; it can tolerate high salt concentrations, the growth tends to be inversely proportional to salt concentration.
		Rhizobium is studied in this experiment to determine the effects of different salt concentrations on the organism, the results of which might also help to observe the related effects on the interaction between plant and Rhizobium.
	www.mtsu.edu /~scientia/journals/vol1/issue2/rafiq.html (1423 words)

	Innoculation of Legumes
		The native Rhizobium is probably not in sufficient numbers to adequately nodulate the crop or may not be efficient in fixing nitrogen.
		Rhizobium is a living organism and will not survive long if left exposed to air, heat, cold or light if inoculation is considered necessary, use the previously discussed methods and don't waste money on pre-inoculated seed.
		Rhizobium inoculate is a living culture of bacteria and must be handled as such.
	www.csun.edu /~hcbio027/biotechnology/lec10/lindemann2.html (1345 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Rhizobium inoculants; Proposed Exemption from the Requirement of a Tolerance
		Toxicological Profile The inoculants that are the subject of this exemption are pure stains of bacteria in the genera Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium or Bradyrhizobium (hereafter referred to as Rhizobium).
		Rhizobium species are found naturally in soil and are agriculturally important as they form a symbiosis with the roots of leguminous plants such as green beans, alfalfa and soybeans.
		It is unlikely that any Rhizobium inoculants that are the subject of this exemption would be developed which express rhizobitoxine due to the adverse effects they have on the host plant.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/1999/May/Day-19/p12589.htm (2319 words)

	Sterile, Peat-Based Inoculants
		Rhizobium inoculants can provide an economic return to the farmer in all planting situations.
		Once the inoculated seed are planted and start to germinate, the high concentration of inoculant Rhizobium cells on the seed surface are able to quickly form effective nodules on the developing root hairs.
		Although it is often difficult to statistically prove whether or not Rhizobium inoculants are beneficial in terms of an increase in bean yield, over 26 official trials report a mean net cost benefit of +$16.40 / acre.
	www.histick.com /faq.htm (1306 words)

	DLC-ME \| The Microbe Zoo \| Dirtland \| Root Cellar
		One example of a microbe living inside plant roots is Rhizobium, which lives inside the roots of plants such as peas and clover.
		Rhizobia (singular is rhizobium) are bacteria that form a symbiosis with the roots of certain plants called legumes.
		Rhizobium can live independently in the soil, or they can form a symbiosis with plants.
	commtechlab.msu.edu /sites/dlc-me/zoo/zdrmain.html (1419 words)

	Waterose Lab: The Nitrogen Cycle: Isolation of Rhizobium and Azotobacter by Bacterial Cell Gram Stain
		The colony morphology of the Rhizobium from the crushed root nodule that was incubated on the Rhizobium agar plate at 30
		The Rhizobium agar is species specific with yeast extract to provide a source of organic nitrogen and mannitol as the carbon source in the growing media.
		The logical assumption is that the Rhizobium in the clover soil is responsible for the denitrification of the nitrate in the broth medium and converting the nitrate into nitrogen gas as evidenced in the tube.
	www.geocities.com /waterose_test/labs15.html (3947 words)

	PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY AND PEA ROOTS SENSITIVITY TO RHIZOBIUM INFECTION
		Nevertheless, Rhizobium invasion in the legume roots takes place in the course of a highly harmonious infection process that does not provoke the protection reaction of the host and bacteria pass along the infection thread towards the “target cell” /7/.
		It is important to note that it is in Rhizobium infection sensitive root sectors that IAA content increases (table 6) with IAA prolonging cells expansion inoculated plants /9,11/, whereas in the root sector non-sensitive to infection IAA content increase is not observed.
		Therefore, the data acquired allow to conclude that one of the self-regulations mechanisms of pea roots nodulation under infection by Rhizobium may be set in the regulation of the activity of peroxidase, which acts selectively and conditions the mechanism of nodulation self-regulation controlling the number of nodules in the root.
	www.acadjournal.com /2004/V13/Part2/p3 (1818 words)

	Nitrogen Fixing Rhizobium,Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria,Nitrogen Fixing Rhizobium Manufacturer,Phosphate Solubilizing ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Bionics Rhizobium inoculants are known to fix 50-500 kg nitrogen/hectare depending upon the legume crop and fertility status of the soil.
		Rhizobium enters the root hairs of the plant, multiplies and forms pinkish nodules.
		Rhizobium resides in these nodules in bacterial form and fix atmospheric nitrogen, there by help boost plant growth vigor and strength.
	www.indiamart.com /bionicstechnology/fertilizers.html (1656 words)

	Rhizobia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Sinorhizobium, and Azorhizobium - known as rhizobia - are symbiotic nitrogen fixers that can be found in the roots of plants and especially in legume plants.
		Rhizobium can use the amino acids from the plant to shut down their ammonium assimilation; however, the bacteria must provide the plant with ammonium in order to obtain the amino acids.
		In A, the arrows point to the tip of the infection thread and the nucleus with a column of cytoplasm between them; in B the terminated infection thread as well as the tip of the thread is easily discernable.
	biology.kenyon.edu /Microbial_Biorealm/bacteria/proteobacteria/Rhizobia/Rhizobia.htm (1880 words)

	Rhizobium
		Rhizobium enters the roots of the legumes either through root hair or directly at the point of emergence of lateral roots.
		It is reported that Rhizobium strains capable of infecting a legume releases a specific polysachnarides that induces more pectolytic activity by the root that accounts for cross innoculation specificities.
		On the contrary ineffective strains of Rhizobium form ineffective nodules which are generally small and contain poorly developed bacteriod tissue showing accumulation of starch in host cells which don’t contain Rhizobium.
	www.indiaagronet.com /indiaagronet/manuers_fertilizers/contents/rhizobium.htm (1117 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Rhizobium Inoculants; Exemption From the Requirement of a Tolerance
		The petition requested that 40 CFR 180.1001(c) be amended by establishing an exemption from the requirement of a tolerance for residues of Rhizobium inoculants.
		The inoculants that are the subject of this exemption are pure stains of bacteria in the genera Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium or Bradyrhizobium.
		The exclusion of Rhizobium strains with altered antibiotic resistance from this tolerance exemption discourages the use of antibiotic resistance genes, especially those genes with resistance to clincally important antibiotics.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/1999/October/Day-15/p26862.htm (2970 words)

	"Rhizobium gone native: Unexpected plasmid stability of indigenous Rhizobium leguminosarum "
		To explore the role of lateral transfer in the evolution of bacterial systems not under intensive, human-mediated selection, we examined the association of genotypes at plasmid-encoded and chromosomal loci of native Rhizobium, the nitrogen-fixing symbiont of legumes.
		To this end, Rhizobium leguminosarum strains nodulating sympatric species of native Trifolium were characterized genetically at plasmid-encoded symbiotic (sym) regions (nodulation AB and nodulation CIJT loci) and a repeated chromosomal locus not involved in the symbiosis with legumes.
		In addition, a nonrandom distribution of Rhizobium genotypes across host plant species and sampling site demonstrates the importance of both factors in shaping Rhizobium population dynamics.
	www.biotech-info.net /rhizobium_native.html (286 words)

	H.P.Spaink,Molecular Basis,Host,Rhizobium
		Bacteria belonging to the genera Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium and Azorhizobium, collectively called rhizobia, are able to invade the roots (or adventitious roots) of their leguminous host plants where they trigger the formation of a new organ called the root nodule (reviewed in Spaink, 1989).
		Since Rhizobium strains containing a FITA nodD gene are apparently no longer limited in host range by the flavonoids produced by the host plants they are very suitable for studying other factors which limit the host range of Rhizobium or which limit the bacteroid development in non-host plants.
		However, it is not clear whether the inability of the original Rhizobium strains to nodulate the tropical legumes is due to the absence of an inducing signal or is due to the presence of anti-inducing compounds.
	wwwimp.leidenuniv.nl /~spaink/ANTOVAN1.HTML (3201 words)

	The Bioline EPrints Archive - Response of Common bean to Rhizobium inoculation and fertilizers. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The three factors: Rhizobium inoculation at two levels and fertilizers-N and P each at three levels were factorially combined to give 18 treatments.
		Significant interaction effects (P=O.05) were observed for NXP on the stand count after emergence and for Rhizobium inoculation XP on stand count after emergence, stand count at harvest and the bean grain yields.
		Rhizobium inoculation alone did not significantly affect any of the measured variables in both seasons.
	bioline.utsc.utoronto.ca /archive/00002252 (281 words)

	Nitro-Fix inoculants
		For example, soybeans are nodulated by Rhizobium japonicum, clovers by Rhizobium trifolii and alfalfa by Rhizobium melliloti.
		Just as one seed variety may out perform another, certain strains of Rhizobium are superior in their ability to nodulate and fix nitrogen.
		Nitro-Fix inoculants are peat-base preparations of Rhizobium bacteria which, when applied to the seed of legumes, form a symbiotic relationship with the legume root, converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia which is usable by the legume.
	www.tracechemicals.com /trace/nitrofix.asp (617 words)

	Genetics of plasmids in Rhizobium japonicum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Because the rhizobia are the nitrogen-fixing component of the legume symbiosis and must also be able to successfully form nodules, improving the capabilities of the symbiotic association requires a genetic system for manipulating the bacterial genes that are involved in symbiosis.
		Examples of desirable traits not presently found in Rhizobium include strains that are more competitive in the presence of indigenous rhizobia, strains that fix greater quantities of nitrogen over longer periods of time, and strains that form nodules which are not susceptible to inhibition by combined nitrogen.
		Transfer of antibiotic resistance is probably a valid model for plasmid transfer in Rhizobium, regardless of the function of the genes transfer-red, since plasmids described in other bacteria often display similar characteristics with respect to host range and transfer, irrespective of the gene products formed by the plasmids.
	www.ag.uiuc.edu /~stratsoy/ispob_db/lor_html/142.html (2231 words)

	Genome Biology \| Full text \| Genetic snapshots of the Rhizobium species NGR234 genome
		Rhizobium strain ANU265 [19], a strain of Rhizobium sp.
		Genomic DNA of Rhizobium strain ANU265 was prepared as in Perret and Broughton [51].
		Finnie C, Zorreguieta A, Hartley NM, Downie JA: Characterization of Rhizobium leguminosarum exopolysaccharide glycanases that are secreted via a type I exporter and have a novel heptapeptide repeat motif.
	genomebiology.com /2000/1/6/research/0014 (4445 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Rhizobia encompass a range of bacterial genera, including Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Allorhizobium, and Azorhizobium, which are able to establish a symbiosis with leguminous plants.
		Rhizobium bacteria and starter nitrogen fertilizer improved both yield and nodulation of common bean varieties in nitrogen degraded soil (Daba et al, 2002).
		Trifolium repens, white clover, is a leguminous plant that forms a mutualism with Rhizobium trifolii.
	www.willamette.edu /~dking/Word/cloverpaper.doc (977 words)

	INTERACTION BETWEEN WHITE CLOVER AND DIFFERENT RHIZOBIUM STRAINS IN TWO SOIL TYPES IN ICELAND - I.-L. Fagerli[29], J. ...
		Population HoKv9238 was inoculated with three strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii as single strain inoculum or as mixed inoculum.
		The grass in the Rhizobium treated plots still had no advantage over the grass in control plots, it is likely that nitrogen transfer was low the first year.
		Grass production was higher in the Rhizobium treated plots than in the control the second year, and mixed inoculum gave the highest production.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/006/AD236E/ad236e0s.htm (1004 words)

	ROOT HAIRS AND THE RHIZOBIUM/LEGUME SYMBIOSIS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In a model of Rhizobium infection (Ridge, 1993a), it is suggested that the initial action of Rhizobium is to perturb and then de-couple the cytoskeletal link that is connected to the root hair tip.
		The initiation of infection threads may occur when tip growth is thus sequestered by this appropriation of the cytoskeleton, and microfilaments are induced to unload their vesicle passengers at that site by temporary depolymerisation as rhizobia penetrate the root hair cell wall.
		Rhizobium may also cause the switching off of the cell wall 'plasticising' effect of normal tip growth (involvement of expansins?), but not the deposition of cell wall precursors, allowing the inward growth of an infection thread.
	mac122.icu.ac.jp /RLS/rhrls.html (718 words)

	DLC-ME \| The Microbe Zoo \| Dirtland \| Root Cellar \| Rhizobium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Rhizobium is a type of bacterium that lives in soil and around and inside of the roots of certain plants (legumes).
		This is Rhizobium in its free-living state in soil, surrounded by a halo of protective covering called a capsule.
		The image to the right is an animated GIF which shows the size of Rhizobium trifolii in comparison to other microorganisms.
	commtechlab.msu.edu /sites/dlc-me/zoo/zdrr0101.html (136 words)

	Rhizobium gone native: Unexpected plasmid stability of indigenous Rhizobium leguminosarum -- Wernegreen et al. 94 ...
		Rhizobium gone native: Unexpected plasmid stability of indigenous Rhizobium leguminosarum -- Wernegreen et al.
		Rhizobium gone native: Unexpected plasmid stability of indigenous Rhizobium leguminosarum
		loci of native Rhizobium, the nitrogen-fixing symbiont of legumes.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/94/10/5483 (4273 words)

	Rhizobium etli genome project. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Rhizobium genome is structured in two types of replicons, the chromosome and several large plasmids.
		As a general rule, most of the genes involved in the symbiotic processes are plasmid borne and this plasmid is therefore referred to as the symbiotic plasmid or pSym.
		Special emphasis has been made in the isolation and in the structural and functional characterization of the replicator regions of the plasmids and the chromosome with the aim to understand the role of plasmid replication, partition, incompatibility and recombination in the natural generation of new plasmids.
	www.cifn.unam.mx /rhizobium/rhizobium_genome_project.htm (302 words)

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