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Topic: Rhizobium bacteria

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	Soil Bacteria \| NRCS SQ
		Bacteria are tiny, one-celled organisms – generally 4/100,000 of an inch wide (1 µm) and somewhat longer in length.
		Bacteria are especially concentrated in the rhizosphere, the narrow region next to and in the root.
		In the future, farmers may be able to inoculate seeds with anti-fungal bacteria, such as P. fluorescens, to ensure that the bacteria reduce pathogens around the seed and root of the crop.
	soils.usda.gov /sqi/concepts/soil_biology/bacteria.html (907 words)

	USDA Agricultural Research Service
		To get the bacteria to clean soils polluted by chemicals, scientists first had to give the microbes instructions.
		The scientists imagine coating the bacteria onto alfalfa seeds, and then planting the seeds in polluted soils.
		Scientists aren’t sure the bacteria and their plant partners will be the “magic bullet” in the war on wastes.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/kids/environment/story3/rhizobium.htm (596 words)

	Nature Works - Decomposers
		Bacteria are prokaryotic, which means they don't have a nucleus or a mitochondrea like other single-celled organisms.
		Bacteria are among the smallest forms of life on Earth.
		Rhizobium bacteria invade the root hairs of the plants.
	www.nhptv.org /natureworks/nwep11b.htm (402 words)

	Science Fair: The Effect of Rhizobium Leguminosarum on Pea Plants
		Once the bacteria enter these nodules, they convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia, a nitrogen compound that plants are able to use.
		Enzymes produced by the bacteria digest the cell walls of the root hair cells, and the bacteria enter the cytoplasm.
		Bacteria of the Rhizobia classification carry out biological nitrogen fixation, rearranging the molecules of nitrogen gas to form ammonia.
	www.geocities.com /organic_gardener/legume.html (2630 words)

	The Thinkers: Biologist focuses on intricate 'dance' of soil, crops (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Each nodule hosts an intricate dance between the plants and a soil bacteria known as rhizobium, and it is that process that Dr. Oke has spent several years studying.
		But the main source of this "nitrogen fixation" are soil bacteria, including the rhizobium bacteria, that set up little nitrogen conversion factories inside legumes.
		She has found two genes in rhizobium that seem to play a critical role in the formation of the nodules and the nitrogen conversion process, but her lab is still trying to figure out exactly how they work.
	www.post-gazette.com /pg/06248/719061-85.stm (907 words)

	Rhizobium Bacteria
		The Rhizobium - legume symbiosis Bacteria of the genus Rhizobium play a very important role in agriculture by inducing nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of legumes such as peas, beans, clover...
		Bacteria of the genus Rhizobium play a very important role in agriculture by inducing nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of legumes such as peas, beans, clover and alfalfa.
		They achieve this by playing host to rhizobium bacteria, which reside in root nodules attached to the roots of the bean crop.
	www.jrzb.com.cn /6622-rhizobiumbacteria.htm (273 words)

	Bacteria - MSN Encarta
		Immunization through vaccines is important in the prevention of infectious diseases caused by bacteria.
		Bacteria are the only organisms able to carry out this biochemical process known as nitrogen fixation.
		Bacteria in the genus Rhizobium, for example, form nodules (knobs) on the roots of beans and other plants in the legume family.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761574409_3/Bacteria.html (704 words)

	Evaluation of Interseeding Seeding-Date, Seeding-Rate, and Rhizobium-Inoculation Techniques
		Rhizobium bacteria are mixed with alfalfa seed and deposited into the soil at the same time the alfalfa seed is planted so that the bacteria are placed in the proximity of the developing seedling.
		The rhizobium bacteria could be purchased in an inoculum and mixed with the alfalfa seed in a tub (figure 1) at planting time, or the alfalfa seed could be shipped to a company that applied the rhizobium inoculum and a protective coating to the seed by an industrial process (figure 2).
		Rhizobium bacteria need to be mixed with the alfalfa seed at the time of seeding to permit nodulation of the alfalfa roots by the rhizobium bacteria.
	www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu /dickinso/research/2004/range04p.htm (3619 words)

	Waterose Lab: The Nitrogen Cycle: Isolation of Rhizobium and Azotobacter by Bacterial Cell Gram Stain
		The colony morphology of the Rhizobium from the crushed root nodule that was incubated on the Rhizobium agar plate at 30
		The bacteria cells were rods in chains, and dense clumps that stained Gram negative as indicated by the faint pink red colour of the rod membrane walls.
		The logical assumption is that the Rhizobium in the clover soil is responsible for the denitrification of the nitrate in the broth medium and converting the nitrate into nitrogen gas as evidenced in the tube.
	geocities.com /Waterose_Test/labs15.html (3947 words)

	Rhizobium leguminosarum
		Bacteria of the genus Rhizobium play a very important role in agriculture by inducing nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of legumes such as peas, beans, clover and alfalfa.
		The expression of "nodulation" genes in the bacteria is activated by signals from plant roots and as a result the bacteria synthesise signals that induce a nodule meristem and enable the bacteria to enter this meristem via a plant-made infection thread.
		This is known as 'quorum sensing' and this laboratory is coordinating an EU Consortium on 'Rhizosphere Communication' to investigate the extent to which specific plant-growth-promoting bacteria use AHL-based quorum sensing regulation of important physiological traits, and the degree of cross-talk with plant pathogens.
	www.jic.bbsrc.ac.uk /SCIENCE/molmicro/Rhizo.html (796 words)

	Role of endogenous Phenolic compounds under infection of pea roots by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae
		Rhizobium and the impact of “soluble” phenolic compounds extracted from different root sectors prior to inoculation and at the initial stage of infecting, as well as determination of the content of “insoluble” phenolic compounds forming links with cell structures.
		Phenolic compounds, highly active in respect of bacteria were shown to inhibit their growth in propagation at lower concentrations that phenolic compounds of lower activity, as the threshold concentration of the former is lower than that of the latter.
		Rhizobium at the initial period of the infection is only possible in case of disturbances in the formation of infection threads and bacteria penetration from the latter into the root cells.
	www.acadjournal.com /2004/V12/Part2/p2 (3345 words)

	Special Message from Eric Kindberg, Organic Farmer
		Rhizobium bacteria were used by humans in legume based crop rotations for thousands of years in every part of the world.
		Rhizobium bacteria are essential to all life on earth and a, really the, critical component in world agricultural ecology health.
		Rhizobium bacteria "fixing" of nitrogen is the most basic biological process used to produce the world's human food and fiber supply.
	www.fastq.com /~dwaz/alert.html (1987 words)

	Seed Inoculation
		Properly inoculated seeds have thousands of bacteria per seed; however, only one bacterium is needed to infest a seedling's root.
		Bacteria on seed in hot soil die, a few at a time.
		If there are questions about the viability of bacteria on inoculated seed due to the length of storage or storage conditions, then seed should be reinoculated.
	alfalfa.okstate.edu /pub/stand-949/seed.htm (837 words)

	PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY AND PEA ROOTS SENSITIVITY TO RHIZOBIUM INFECTION
		Bacteria were inoculated from the obtained suspense on the solid agar medium at 0.05 ml per Petri dish.
		Intensity of bacteria penetration inside the root was determined by the quantity of grown colonies.
		It is important to note that it is in Rhizobium infection sensitive root sectors that IAA content increases (table 6) with IAA prolonging cells expansion inoculated plants /9,11/, whereas in the root sector non-sensitive to infection IAA content increase is not observed.
	www.acadjournal.com /2004/V13/Part2/p3 (1818 words)

	bacteria
		Bad breath may be a result of active bacteria breaking down foodstuffs caught in our teeth and in tooth decay.
		One example "strep throat" is caused by streptococcus bacteria, a long chain (strep) of round (coccus) bacteria.
		That is they kill the bacteria in the mouth and thus prevent plaque and tooth decay from occurring.
	www.und.nodak.edu /dept/jcarmich/102lab/labshtml/bacteria.html (1025 words)

	Clover Inoculation Guide
		To ensure that the best strain of Rhizobium bacteria is present for each clover species, inoculant is applied to the clover seed before planting (inoculation process).
		Inoculant is finely ground peat moss which acts as a carrier for the Rhizobium bacteria.
		Inoculants which also include an adhesive to hold the inoculant to the seed and aid in keeping the bacteria alive in dry soil are superior to inoculants without an adhesive.
	overton.tamu.edu /clover/guide/inoctext.htm (122 words)

	Bacteria
		Bacteria are the oldest, the simplest, and the most numerous forms of life.
		Even though there are 2.5 billion bacteria in one gram of soil, you may never see a single bacteria in your entire life.
		If, for some reason, bacteria could not do their job, or suddenly and inexplicably disappeared, imagine what a mess we would be in.
	www.amnh.org /nationalcenter/youngnaturalistawards/1998/bacteria.html (1094 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Rhizobium inoculants; Proposed Exemption from the Requirement of a Tolerance
		Toxicological Profile The inoculants that are the subject of this exemption are pure stains of bacteria in the genera Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium or Bradyrhizobium (hereafter referred to as Rhizobium).
		Rhizobium species are found naturally in soil and are agriculturally important as they form a symbiosis with the roots of leguminous plants such as green beans, alfalfa and soybeans.
		It is unlikely that any Rhizobium inoculants that are the subject of this exemption would be developed which express rhizobitoxine due to the adverse effects they have on the host plant.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/1999/May/Day-19/p12589.htm (2319 words)

	Backyard Gardener - Growing Legumes to Increase Soil Nitrogen, December 1, 2004
		Rhizobium bacteria can convert nitrogen gas from the air in the soil and transform it into ammonium (NH4), which can be used by the plant.
		This process is called nitrogen fixation because the Rhizobium bacteria “fix” the nitrogen by converting it from the unavailable form found in the atmosphere to a form which plants can use.
		When legumes are inoculated with the proper strain of Rhizobium bacteria, they produce large, pink nodules on the roots of the host plant.
	ag.arizona.edu /yavapai/anr/hort/byg/archive/growinglegumestoincreasesoilnitrogen.html (676 words)

	Rhizobial Symbiosis
		These large cells are heavily infiltrated by Rhizobium bacteria and may sometimes show large cytoplasmic vacuoles as well.
		Dissemination of rhizobial bacteria in soil is world-wide.
		A large number of Rhizobium species are cited with regard to their historical features.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/artfeb01/rhizo.html (751 words)

	Nitro-Fix inoculants
		Legumes are unique plants which have the ability to work with certain bacteria (rhizobia) to gather available nitrogen from the soil atmosphere and convert it to usable ammonia nitrogen.
		Rhizobia bacteria are able to enter the legume root and establish a nodule which basically becomes a factory for ammonia production.
		Nitro-Fix inoculants are peat-base preparations of Rhizobium bacteria which, when applied to the seed of legumes, form a symbiotic relationship with the legume root, converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia which is usable by the legume.
	www.tracechemicals.com /trace/nitrofix.asp (617 words)

	Page Title (Site not responding. Last check: )
		But with the advent of bioengineering as a viable technology, it was realized that microbes living in soil and groundwater have been adapting to consume environmental compounds for millennia without any help.
		One of the best sources for such bacteria are the polluted sites themselves, as they offer a native flora that has been in the process of adapting to the new, polluted conditions.
		These bacteria are a type that performs "nitrogen-fixing" duties, enriching the local soil around the alfalfa roots and thus helping to keep the plant healthy.
	www.nd.edu /~aostafin/benl/2002/page9.html (463 words)

	LEGUME NITROGEN FIXATION AND TRANSFER
		Rhizobia bacteria provide the legume plant with nitrogen in the form of ammonium and the legume plant provides the bacteria with carbohydrates as an energy source.
		Rhizobia bacteria are very susceptible to high temperatures, so the inoculant should be kept in a cool dry location away from direct sunlight.
		Rhizobia bacteria begin dying as soon as the inoculated seed are planted.
	overton.tamu.edu /clover/cool/nfix.htm (1520 words)

	The transition of Rhizobium fredii lipopolysaccharides induced by soybean root exudation
		Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria and is composed of O-antigen (O-Ag), core oligosaccahride, and lipid A. In the nitrogen fixing bacteria Rhizobium, it has been suspected of playing a role in early symbiotic processes.
		Bacteria were grown in TY medium at 28°C until the late log phase.
		The nodD gene of Rhizobium leguminosarum is autoregulatory and in the presence of plant exudate induces the nodA,B,C genes.
	ejournal.sinica.edu.tw /bbas/content/1999/1/bot41-08.html (3047 words)

	s9chap2 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The gram negative bacteria Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium and Azorhizobium associate with leguminous plants (members of the bean family), the gram positive bacteria Frankia associate with certain fast growing trees, and cyanobocteria associate with some aquatic ferns.
		In the Rhizobium-legume symbiotic process, the bacteria infect the roots of the plant and a structure known as a nodule is formed.
		Once the nodule is established, the differentiated bacteria (they become non-motile bacteroids) living in the infected plant cells, reduce atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia which is excreted to the plant cell and is, in turn, assimilated to organic nitrogen (proteins and amino acids) by the plant.
	www.soils.agri.umn.edu /academics/classes/soil2125/doc/s9chap2.htm (1973 words)

	Nitrogen Fixation - Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives
		Rhizobium bacteria have a symbiotic relationship with legumes to convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to a plant-available form.
		Sufficient numbers of effective rhizobium bacteria must be present to ensure that plants are well nodulated and able to meet the crop’s N needs.
		Since many soils do not contain sufficient numbers of rhizobium bacteria, inoculation is recommended to assure early formation of functioning nodules.
	www.gov.mb.ca /agriculture/soilwater/soilfert/fbd02s13.html (580 words)

	Peak Their Interest - Bacteria - Curriculum Center - DiscoverySchool.com
		While some bacteria can move on their own, others must be carried from one place to another.
		Bacteria even hitch rides on animals and use magnetism to point themselves in the right direction.
		Caused by the Rhizobium bacteria, the nodules absorb nitrogen from the soil.
	school.discovery.com /curriculumcenter/bacteria/peakinterest.html (324 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Rhizobium Inoculants; Exemption From the Requirement of a Tolerance
		The petition requested that 40 CFR 180.1001(c) be amended by establishing an exemption from the requirement of a tolerance for residues of Rhizobium inoculants.
		The inoculants that are the subject of this exemption are pure stains of bacteria in the genera Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium or Bradyrhizobium.
		The exclusion of Rhizobium strains with altered antibiotic resistance from this tolerance exemption discourages the use of antibiotic resistance genes, especially those genes with resistance to clincally important antibiotics.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/1999/October/Day-15/p26862.htm (2970 words)

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