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	Rhynie Chert, Scotland
		The Rhynie Chert beds in Aberdeenshire in the north of Scotland are important fossil sites that reveal much about the evolution of life from the Early Devonian, approximately 408-360 million years ago.
		Europe resided near the equator, so the Rhynie Chert beds were in a tropical to subtropical climate and consisted mostly of flatlands and short-lived shallow pools of fresh water.
		Other significant discoveries from the fossils of the Rhynie Chert are the diverse fossils of fungi and record of their interactions with the surrounding plants.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /devonian/rhynie.html (1102 words)

	Paleobotany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An important early land plant fossil locality is the Rhynie Chert, an Early Devonian sinter (hot spring) deposit composed primarily of silica found outside the town of Rhynie in Scotland.
		The Rhynie Chert is exceptional due to its preservation of several different clades of plants, from mosses and lycopods to more unusual, problematic forms.
		Many fossil animals, including arthropods and arachnids, are also found in the Rhynie Chert, and it offers a unique window on the history of early terrestrial life.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Paleobotany (502 words)

	Rhynie chert - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Rhynie chert is the name for fossiliferous material from a uniquely well-preserved layer in one site near the village of Rhynie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland.
		Secondly, these cherts are famous for their exceptional state of ultrastructural preservation, with individual cell walls easily visible in polished specimens.
		Stomata have been counted and lignin remnants detected in the plant material, and the breathing apparatus of trigonotarbids (known as book lungs) can be seen in cross-sections.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rhynie_chert (263 words)

	Chert - Maps, Weather, and Airports for Chert, Spain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Chert is a common surface rock that is often a headache to farmers and Chert also forms the bulk of the gravel bars and beds that clog our streams.
		Chert is a sedimentary rock in the class known as chemical sedimentary rocks.
		Chert is a siliceous rock that is formed by circulating silica-rich Chert is the common name in North America, whereas the term flint is used in Europe.
	sitenational.com /?q=chert (479 words)

	Geological Society - News - Rhynie Chert fossils spring surprise
		Asteroxylon was discovered in the early years of the last century, in rocks of the famous Rhynie Chert, a formation in NE Scotland.
		Europe was near the equator, so the Rhynie Chert beds were in a tropical climate consisting mostly of flatlands and shallow pools of fresh water.
		Rhynie fossils were preserved when trapped in silica precipitated from hot spring fluids.
	www.geolsoc.org.uk /template.cfm?name=Asteroxylon (954 words)

	Lab IV - Early Land Plants (2)
		Chert is a finely crystalline silica that commonly forms in association with hot springs.
		Exactly how the Rhynie Chert of Scotland formed is still questionable, but it clearly represents an autochthonous deposition of plants in a swampy setting.
		Through the Rhynie Chert, we see which plants were living together and get some idea of how many taxa grew together in a community.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /IB181/VPL/Elp/Elp2.html (1073 words)

	Chert - The Rhynie Chert and its Flora (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Chert - The Rhynie Chert and its Flora
		The Plum Run Chert Quarries are located in section 31 of Smith Township, Plum Run Chert is dull brown or tan with tints of soft pink, mauve or yellow.
		Chert and flint are so similar that there is no sharp distinction Dark-colored nodules are called flint, and the light-colored variety is called chert.
	sznq.com /sznq/chert.html (265 words)

	[No title]
		Dr Trewin admitted that a complete centipede had not yet been found in the Rhynie chert but the discovery of fossilised leg joints which undoubtedly belonged to a centipede clearly indicated that such creatures lived in the herbage 400 million years ago.
		He pointed out that in order to unlock the secrets held within the Rhynie chert the investigator had to be a good invertebrate anatomist so that when a small piece of skeletal material was seen under a microscope it could be readily identified.
		Before leaving Rhynie, Dr Trewin reminded his audience of the incomplete fossil record currently available but pointed out that when the right conditions prevail, as at Rhynie, you find that these little terrestrial/freshwater ecosystems were established and recognisable 400 million years ago.
	www.invernessfieldclub.btinternet.co.uk /lectures/2002-03/Dec.htm (1707 words)

	[No title]
		Originally identified by float blocks conspicuously different from the Rhynie material, trenching and coring were undertaken in 1997 to locate this new chert in situ.
		Trenching revealed a lenticular pod of chert in association with highly altered mudrocks, believed to represent hydrothermally altered lacustrine sediments, and interbedded fluvial/lacustrine sands.
		A further aspect of this project is to elucidate the processes of mineralization and early diagenesis, particularly with respect to the remarkable preservation of the biota.
	members.lycos.co.uk /SFayers/PhD.html (205 words)

	rhynie chert
		Among all fossiliferous cherts worldwide, the Lower Devonian chert from Rhynie, Aberdeenshire, has provided the most spectacular contributions to paleobotany.
		It became apparent that the plants formerly denoted as rhyniophytes may represent diverging lines of development near decisive branching points and thus may be crucial for the completion of the still much disputed phylogenetic tree of plants.
		Something excitingly new was the discovery of large gametophytes of some Rhynie plants at Münster University, which started in 1980 and is still going on today.
	www.kieseltorf.de /english/rhynie_e.htm (313 words)

	Rhynie IV
		The Rhynie Chert also provided detailed information on the life cycles of Aglaophyton major and two other early land plants.
		The alternation of generations for fossil plants was first demonstrated on the basis of anatomically preserved Rhynie Chert material.
		Another Rhynie Chert plant - sporophyte Horneophyton lignieri / gametophyte: Langiophyton mackiei - has an axis with a terminal disc-shaped structure with a number of tube-like outgrowths bearing the archegonia.
	www.uni-muenster.de /GeoPalaeontologie/Palaeo/Palbot/rhynneu5.htm (467 words)

	Natural Selection: subject gateway to the natural world
		"Rhynie in the Grampian Region of Scotland has become famous as one of the most important palaebotanical localities in the world".
		This site describes the paleobotanical significance of the Rhynie Chert through a series of sections which include the Rhynie Chert Flora, the alternation of generations in early land plants, and the fungi and non-vascular plants.
		This resource is split into fifteen sections: topic coverage includes current research, geology, taphonomy, as well as, a glossary and a bibliography of "most of the texts and articles written on the Rhynie Chert.
	nature.ac.uk /browse/561.0941.html (473 words)

	From the Cover: Life history biology of early land plants: Deciphering the gametophyte phase -- Taylor et al. 102 (16): ...
		The sexual dimorphism of the Rhynie chert gametophytes is inconsistent
		Postfertilization stages in Rhynie chert gametophytes are unknown.
		from the Rhynie chert appear to be unisexual (Fig.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/102/16/5892 (4378 words)

	Chert - Rhynie Chert Pictures
		Jasper is basically chert which owes its red color to iron(III) inclusions.
		Chert outcrops as oval to irregular nodules in greensand, limestone, chalk,
		You may find a brief description of the significance of the Rhynie Chert in the paper 'The oldest land plants (2)'.
	listinter.com /?q=chert (242 words)

	flora (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The higher land plant remains have been identified by the presence of diagnostic features, such as cuticle (a waxy covering which protects the delicate parts of the plants to retain moisture), stomata (pores which allow the plant to absorb/remove gas and moisture), vascular tissue (to conduct water through the plant), and spores.
		The Rhynie Chert fauna includes animals which lived in both terrestrial and freshwater environments.
		The level of in-situ preservation in the Rhynie Chert is so good that information can be gathered about the interactions between the plants and animals.
	palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk /Palaeofiles/Lagerstatten/Rhynie/flora.html (331 words)

	List of web sites about Famous Localities: Rhynie Chert
		Rhynie Chert, Scotland - From the U.C. Museum of Paleontology
		The Rhynie Chert and its Flora - Details of the paleobotany from University of Münster.
		The Rhynie Chert Research Group - Ongoing research into the strtaigraphy, sedimentology and paleontology of an Early Devonian hot spring system.
	www.kub.it /dir/218640 (133 words)

	Rhynie Chert Encyclopedia Article @ ArtOfTexas.com (Art of Texas) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Rhynie Chert Encyclopedia Article @ ArtOfTexas.com (Art of Texas)
		This page contains quite a lot of relevant information about Rhynie chert.
		More Rhynie Chert Page Titles on this Site
	www.artoftexas.com /encyclopedia/Rhynie_chert (313 words)

	Rhynie Chert Learning Resource
		This module is intended to give an overview of all aspects of our present knowledge of the Rhynie chert.
		Many sections are further sub-divided to give detail on particular aspects of the Rhynie chert flora and fauna.
		Click here to find other links on the Rhynie chert and related topics.
	www.abdn.ac.uk /rhynie/intro.htm (183 words)

	The oldest land plants (2)
		The Rhynie Chert was discovered in 1912 by the gologist Dr. W.
		The Rhynie Chert is also full of fungal hyphae (threads) and spores.
		The Rhynie Chert is of equal importance for the understanding of the oldest land plants as the Burgess Shale for animal life.
	www.xs4all.nl /~steurh/eng/old2.html (1113 words)

	Biological Diversity 5
		Reconstruction of Aglaophyton major (A-C) and Lyonophyton rhyniensis, another Rhynie Chert plant thought to be the gametophyte of Aglaophyton.
		Die Rhynie Chert Flora This site, in German, offers pictures illustrating the vascular nature, trilete spores, and stomata that characterize Rhynia as a vascular plant.
		Rhynie Chert, Scotland From the folks at the University of California Museum of Paleontology, this site offers a closer look at the Rhynie Chert in Scotland, a significant fossil site with undisputed vascular plant fossils.
	www.estrellamountain.edu /faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_5.html (2710 words)

	Chert - Chert Use in the Mesolithic of Northern England (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Chert - Chert Use in the Mesolithic of Northern England
		Brown chert gravel fills in the narrow space between sidewalk and fence.
		The approximately 3420 million-year-old Strelley Pool Chert is a laminated grey The Strelley Pool Chert is typically 30 m thick and consists of a basal
	caiyuanpei.com /ciap/chert.html (261 words)

	rhyniechert (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Rhynie chert is one of the most famous plant fossil localities in the world.
		, is a hand specimen of Rhynie chert showing numerous stem-like axes and other structures in various planes of section.
		Princeton chert and middle Miocene Yakima Canyon chert, as well as Pennsylvanian coal ball floras, the Rhynie chert contains a mixture of floral elements, but of very early, primitive land plants.
	lsweb.la.asu.edu /kpigg/rhyniechert.htm (117 words)

	Rhynie Chert Pictures
		We visited Dr. A.G.Lyon, who lived in Rhynie and who did extensive research on the plant remains in the Rhynie Chert.
		Hans de Kruyk from Leerdam made 72 slides from these four pieces of chert, which turned out to give a marvellous view of the contents of the silicified marsh of Rhynie.
		In 2001 we got the disposal of fifty thin sections of Rhynie Chert, manufactured in 1922 and bought in that year by the University of Groningen (NL).
	www.xs4all.nl /~steurh/engrhyn/erhynie.html (309 words)

	A cyanolichen from the Lower Devonian Rhynie chert -- Taylor et al. 84 (7): 992 -- American Journal of Botany
		A cyanolichen from the Lower Devonian Rhynie chert -- Taylor et al.
		A cyanolichen from the Lower Devonian Rhynie chert
		evidence of a lichen symbiosis from the Rhynie chert.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/abstract/84/7/992 (386 words)

	MavicaNET - Rhiniopsida
		Website of the Rhynie Chert Research Group based at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland.
		Pictures from the Rhynie Chert: a good overview of the flora of this locality with many pictures.
		The Rhynie Chert Research Group located in Munster University.
	www.mavicanet.com /lite/gle/17028.html?sortby=6 (156 words)

	Rhynie Chert Fossils for Sale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		All the specimens listed represent thin sections of chert.
		A cover slip is placed over the finished sample for protection.
		section form can the exceptional details of the Rhynie Chert be seen.
	www.rhyniechert.com /fossilsforsale.html (139 words)

	IngentaConnect Table Of Contents: Transactions: Earth Sciences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		A new univalve crustacean from the Early Devonian Rhynie chert hot-spring complex
		A catalogue of the type and figured specimens of Hexapoda from the Rhynie chert (early Devonian) at The Natural History Museum, London, UK
		Spores of the Rhynie chert plant Horneophyton lignieri (Kidston and Lang) Barghoorn and Darrah, 1938
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/rse/tes/2004/00000094/00000004 (322 words)

	Perithecial ascomycetes from the 400 million year old Rhynie chert: an example of ancestral polymorphism -- Taylor et ...
		Perithecial ascomycetes from the 400 million year old Rhynie chert: an example of ancestral polymorphism -- Taylor et al.
		Perithecial ascomycetes from the 400 million year old Rhynie chert: an example of ancestral polymorphism
		the Early Devonian (400 mya) Rhynie chert; the fungus occurs
	www.mycologia.org /cgi/content/abstract/97/1/269 (298 words)

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