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Topic: Ricardians

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	Ricardians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Ricardians is a collective term for those interested in rehabilitating the posthumous reputation of King Richard III of England from detractors; principal amongst whom is William Shakespeare, whose play paints Richard in such an unpleasant light.
		Ricardians can occasionally, however, prove dogmatic and rigid in their thinking and sometimes use outmoded and discredited evidence to support the view of a blemish-free Richard.
		Ricardian fiction would include Josephine Tey's The Daughter of Time, based around very outmoded research by George Markham.
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/r/ri/ricardians.html (189 words)

	James Tyrrell
		He was beheaded on May 6, 1502, and his confession, if it happened, was never made public.
		Although serious historians have never given much credence to the Tyrrell story, Ricardians have exploited the confusion over the date of the pardon in order to point the finger at King Henry.
		Thomas B. Costain and others have made much of Henry VII's pardoning Tyrrell in 1486, because he seems to have done so twice: There are records of a "general pardon" on 16 June (as was customary for someone clearing up his records when leaving office) and another one on 16 July.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ja/James_Tyrrel.html (675 words)

	Raymond V. McNally / Three Theories of Rent
		The third advances a theory that represents a sharp break from the Ricardian concept and differs also from the neo-Ricardian in that it insists upon an accurate description of economic life as it is today.
		The Ricardians, however, claim that men of equal ability use different grades of land, and it is this false assumption that prevents them from adequately explaining the phenomenon of rent.
		To claim that the private collection of rent leaves men no alternative but to get off the earth (something which by their very nature they cannot do) is to assume that there is a scarcity of land in the aggregate, either natural or artificial.
	www.cooperativeindividualism.org /mcnally-raymond_theories-of-rent.html (3731 words)

	Editor - Lit Lib, Literature of Liberty, July/September 1979, vol. 2, No. 3 ToC: The Online Library of Liberty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Ricardian economic procedures, according to the Schumpeter-Knight historiography, are diametrically opposed to the spirit of general equilibrium.
		The Ricardian system is represented by a two-commodity model involving a wage-good (corn) and a luxury-good, the latter identified with the standard of value ("gold").
		Mill evidently did not believe that the standard Ricardian position failed to provide an adequate response to the radical challenge; and he saw nothing in that position—even in the labor theory as interpreted by himself—that served the purposes of the socialists.
	oll.libertyfund.org /Home3/HTML.php?recordID=0353.07 (12949 words)

	The Classical Ricardians
		At the core of the "Classical Ricardian" School was the trio of true disciples -- James Mill, J.R. McCulloch and Thomas de Quincey.
		It was in an effort to stop economics from becoming a mish-mash of theories that John Stuart Mill (1848) wrote his famous textbook, restating the Ricardian Classical doctrines fully and explicitly.
		This counter-revolution didn't happen, but there was a revival of interest and research in the Classical Ricardian tradition which continues to progress today under the banner of the "Neo-Ricardian" school.
	cepa.newschool.edu /het/schools/ricardian.htm (1383 words)

	[No title]
		It was this Ricardian analysis that later gave rise to Karl Marx’s perfectly logical conclusion that since all value was the product of the quantity of labor hours, then all interest and profit obtained by capitalists and employers must be “surplus value” unjustly extracted from the true earnings of the working class.
		He also enormously advanced the economic analysis of capital; for in contrast not only to Ricardians but to most economists of the present day, he saw that “capital” is not simply a homogeneous blob,6 or a given quantity.
		One was the Ricardian demonstration of the way in which government and the banking system habitually expand money and credit, driving prices up (the boom) and causing an outflow of gold and a subsequent contraction of money and prices (the bust).
	www.libertarianpress.com /rothbard/essential/toc.htm (11120 words)

	Battle Reports
		Screened by peasant levies, the Ricardian cavalry were within charge range, and in the bottom of the third turn, proceeded to smash into Stanley's infantry, with the militia cleverly moving to screen the flanks of the cavalry.
		The Ricardian forces on the hill, despite the loss of Brackenbury, somehow managed to get themselves all turned around, and moved into a defensive position.
		Although nothing to turn the tide of battle, it was a heartening moment for the Ricardians to see the Lord Stanley wounded and the first of Henry's noble supporters fall.
	www.warmongerclub.com /battlereports/battle5.html (3247 words)

	The Case Against Henry VII
		Now Ricardians have frequently pointed out that Edward IV was not used to having his will crossed in these matters, and it seems to have been a point of pride with him never to force anyone.
		Henry, then, is very touchy about his claim to the throne; he wants to take away all that might possibly tend in Richard's favour so as to make himself shine by contrast.
		The Ricardian case is that Henry has a motive, while Richard is the legitimate king, already on the throne, with no need to kill his nephews.
	ricardiana.tripod.com /Monarchs/henry.html (878 words)

	Hobgoblin Journal
		Whereas Ricardo saw money as the ‘medium’ of exchange, the Ricardian socialist, John Gray, imagined that it would be easy to replace money with ‘time-chits’ measured by labour-time, which could be used to buy commodities whose values would be likewise measured by the labour-time.
		The problem with this, in Marx’s view, was that Ricardians assumed there was no conflict between the private labour of the workers and social labour under the rule of capital.
		Whether Ricardian or not, in the notions of honourably-intentioned ‘anti-Globalisation’ campaigners today there is a similar underlying assumption of identity between ‘private’ associated labour and the social labour of the world economy.
	www.thehobgoblin.co.uk /journal/6Black.htm (3943 words)

	w: UAPB HET (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This is in contrast with the "Neoclassical" paradigm that emerged in the 1870s after the "Marginalist Revolution" of William Stanley Jevons, Carl Menger and Leon Walras, and has since risen to dominate modern economics almost exclusively.
		Henry Fawcett (1863), John E. Cairnes (1874) and Henry Sidgwick (1883) kept the Ricardian flame alive nearer to the end of the century, in the teeth of the Marginalist Revolution.
		The dominance of the Ricardian school in Britain does not mean it was unchallenged.
	www.uapb.edu /busmg/classes/historycwi.htm (2100 words)

	Introduction--Exploitation and the Political Means
		Some "utopians" (including Proudhon, the Owenites, and some Ricardian socialists), it is true, saw the labor theory as a call for a mandated set of rules (like Labor Notes, or modern proposals for government backing of a LETS system).
		This school included, especially, the market-oriented Ricardian socialist Thomas Hodgskin, and the later individualist anarchists in America; they saw capitalism as exploitative to the extent that unequal exchange prevailed, under the influence of the State.
		Thomas Hodgskin, the greatest of the Ricardian socialists, argued that the exploitation of labor in his time resulted from the legal privileges of capitalists and landlords.
	mutualist.org /id58.html (6775 words)

	Econ 502 Midterm Exam for F99 (Tesfatsion)
		Explain carefully why advocates of the Ricardian equivalence hypothesis argue that an increase in the government deficit does not necessarily mean that real interest rates will rise.
		The Ricardian equivalence hypothesis with regard to debt neutrality is the claim that -- under certain conditions -- a switch between tax financing (tau) and debt financing (DB/P) for a given level of government expenditures G will have no effect on real aggregate demand.
		Consequently, private sector agents (assumed to be forward looking) will simply compensate by saving or dissaving out of their modified income receipts as necessary in order to support their original consumption and investment choices.
	www.econ.iastate.edu /classes/econ502/tesfatsion/502mef99.htm (2627 words)

	The Society - History
		It has inspired Ricardians all over the world and below are a few appreciations of the novel by members of the Society.
		The Daughter of Time we learn the complexities of Ricardian research and are introduced to the main characters, those we love to hate, like John Morton and those we distrust, like Henry Stafford.
		The calm and barrenness of the hospital room provide stark contrast to the fast-moving and colourful political events of 1483 to 1485 and the shifting sands of loyalty and yet somehow they empathise with Grant's objective analysis of the historical situation.
	www.richardiii.net /dot.htm (1225 words)

	The Sources
		Ricardians claim that this taints the sources, as Henry VII's throne was rather shaky and he had every reason to try to strengthen it and to weaken the character and claims of the man he took his throne from.
		That's as may be, but the Tudor sources have problems that no one can deny, whatever motives may have caused those problems.
		Clearly the Ricardians have a point when they criticise the sources.
	monarchsofengland.tripod.com /src.html (351 words)

	riii
		She freely admitted her acquaintance with the subject was very limited when asked to provide a similar talk by a forceful organiser of a medieval fair a few years ago, but since then the subject has provided her with non-stop fascination and a passion that shines through.
		All of the Ricardians present had plenty of questions and plenty of input too about their favourite cathedrals, and we all pored over the many illustrations that Miranda provided.
		We have had confirmation that all local Ricardian Branches have approved of the nomination of New Zealand Branch Secretary, Robert Smith, as Australasian Vice President and we were able to advise the UK executive accordingly.
	www.riiinsw.com /news.htm (3934 words)

	The Richard III and Yorkist History Server (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Excerpts from her history of England, a hilarious juvenile send-up of the Ricardian controversy, written in November 1791 when she was sixteen.
		Colley Cibber, The Tragical History of King Richard III as it is Acted at the Theatre Royal, eighteenth-century adaptation of Shakespeare's play used by most of the premier actors of the nineteenth century.
		Sharon D. Michalove, "The Reinvention of Richard III." Paper presented at the conference 'Reinventing the Middle Ages and the Renaissance: Constructions of the Medieval and Early Modern Periods,' sponsored by the Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, February 17, 1995, in Tempe, Arizona.
	www.r3.org /bookcase (1478 words)

	VALUE AND PRICE IN MARX'S CAPITAL
		What all these Ricardian type solutions have in common is a failure to grasp Marx's method in'Capital' and little or no understanding of the categories of value and price.
		The later Ricardians toiled 'painfully to deduce undeniable empirical phenomena by simple formal abstraction directly from the general law, or to show by cunning that they were in accordance with that law'.
		The second error implicit in the schema, but general to the Ricardian standpoint, is that changes in the structure of Department III (luxury goods/non-basics) do not affect the average rate of profit.
	members.tripod.com /ww_bbs/rcg/vpmc.htm (18135 words)

	HAS GEORGISM BEEN HIJACKED BY SPECIAL INTERESTS?
		The Socialists agreed with the Ricardians (and for that matter with the Physiocrats and with the fiscal systems of classical Greece and Rome) that groundrent should be the basis for taxation.
		The abolition of landed property in the Ricardian sense, that is, its conversion into State property so that rent is paid to the State instead of to the landlord, is the ideal, the heart's desire, which springs from the deepest, in most essence of capital.
		But by converting it into rent [which is paid to the State] the capitalists as a class appropriate it and use it to defray their State expenses, thus appropriating in a roundabout way what cannot be retained directly.
	www.progress.org /cg/hudson104.htm (5783 words)

	[No title]
		On close inspection Sraffa’s Marx is fundamentally the Marx of the Theorien über den Mehrwert and particularly that of the ‘disintegraton of the Ricardian school’ which Sraffa tried to redress in Production of Commodities and in particular by squaring the small circle covered by the price theory.
		Again on the subject of the disintegration of the Ricardian school (in relation to the Dialogues of Three Templars on Political Economy), Marx observes that logic and thought in political economy was still a serious matter then (but adds that De Quincey’s subsequent work, The Logic of Political Economy, is weaker).
		The concluding remark on the Ricardian school is: “This whole account of the Ricardian school shows that it declines at two points: 1) Exchange between capital and labour corresponding to the law of value; 2) Elaboration of the general rate of profit.
	cfs.unipv.it /opere/lunghini/marx.doc (2792 words)

	Research
		Tobin and Modigliani both analyze the decision to hold money; Nell, following Wicksell and the early Quantity Theorists, is concerned with the pattern according to which it is spent, to determine how much money is required to ensure that all transactions are fully ‘monetized’.
		For Mundell, Keynesians contribute the multiplier effect of federal budgets for stabilization; Monetarists, monetary stability for encouraging growth-promoting investments; and the Ricardians, the importance of free trade and investment flows for maximizing social welfare.
		Nell draws in the same way on the Keynesians, but looks to the older Quantity Theorists for accounts of monetary circulation, and draws on the Ricardians for the theory of value while he looks to Schumpeter for an approach to innovation and competition.
	www.newschool.edu /gf/econ/faculty/nell/website/research.htm (3137 words)

	The Accumulation of Capital: Ch 11
		Here, however, we are interested in the controversy between Sismondi and the Ricardians which proved the most fruitful from the theoretical point of view.
		The Ricardian’s dodge is obvious: he has chosen to ignore the circulation of money and to pretend that commodities are immediately bought and paid for by commodities.
		In the end, the Ricardian was at a loss to answer Sismondi’s scepticism concerning the possibility of realising the surplus value.
	www.marxists.org /archive/luxemburg/1913/accumulation-capital/ch11.htm (3236 words)

	SSRN-Capital Stock, Savings and Public Debt: Are Brazilians Ricardians? by Adolfo Sachsida, Pedro Carneiro
		This article uses annual data for the Brazilian economy to verify the impact of the federal debt, government spending and government transfers on Brazilian capital stock and domestic savings.
		This framework can be viewed as a test of the Ricardian Equivalence Theorem.
		The most important result is that the agents answer to changes in the public debt in a way stronger than the suggested by the Ricardian Equivalence Theorem.
	dx.doi.org /10.2139/ssrn.271814 (321 words)

	The Richard III and Yorkist History Server (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Links to Ricardian sites in Britain can be found in our travel section, together with general travel and tourism links and member photos.
		Ricardian Fiction -- articles from the Winter 97-98 issue of the Ricardian Register.
		Put up by a freelance Ricardian, this monthly calendar shows significant dates (births, deaths, battles, etc.) for the principal characters in the Ricardian drama.
	www.r3.org /link.html (1254 words)

	RICHARD'S BURIAL--DECISIONS AND DILEMMAS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		When Ricardians think of the events of Bosworth Field and the outcome of Richard's final, ultimately futile battle charge, the story usually ends with the hasty crowning of the usurper, Henry Tudor.
		Apparently in 1612 Robert Herrick, Mayor of Leicester, had in his home "...a handsome stone pillar, a metre high, on which was inscribed: 'Here lies the body of Richard III some time King of England." As Herrick's house was built on the remains of Grey Friars, perhaps this report has some merit.
		Ricardians know that they cannot go to a particular abbey or chapel between the hours of x and y and see the king's actual tomb.
	home.cogeco.ca /~richardiii/burial.html (3055 words)

	Reading Richard III
		However, they do contain facts, and the marshaling of fact and the development of reasoning from them is an integral part of the Ricardian mystery.
		The context of Richard III’s life, his actions, probably his hopes and ambitions, his accomplishments, and his failures, the reasons and results, can be found in a multiplicity of books, ranging from those dealing with generality to those treating of narrow specificity.
		I think that after reading all, any Ricardian could consider himself or herself to have a good working knowledge of the military background to Richard III’s life.
	www.richard111.com /reading_richard_iii.htm (1061 words)

	Wlewis_Review
		In fact, the arc of his character from 21st Century captive to a bout of ‘survivor guilt’ through admiration by his ‘new’ peers for his ‘new’ accomplishments makes for a great read.
		I heartily endorse this work unequivocally, and further adjure your efforts to read and submit for publishing this work as it has appeal for all readers of sci-fi, armchair historians, romance, etc. Further, I am particularly impressed that neither a Catholic nor a Jew nor a Christian would find anything offensive or ‘preachy’ about Ms.
		Lewis, a member of The Richard III Society, American Branch, is himself an aspiring writer and has been published in The Ricardian Register (American Branch quarterly), Lit Kicks Literary Journal, and others.
	members.cox.net /r3inthistime/Wlewis_Review.html (431 words)

	Atlantis
		A zep was lifting one house straight into the air, and two houses had been connected to cargolifters through previously hidden connectors in the facade.
		A gang of very young Ricardians scurried around, always appearing where they were needed for small jobs thanks to their wearables — a microcredit here, a microcredit there, and soon it would add up to real money carrying boxes, guiding trucks or checking connectors.
		They began among the migrant workers of the Ricardians but the idea caught on; formal family networks became an added level of security and contacts.
	www.nada.kth.se /~asa/Game/BigIdeas/atlantis.html (5685 words)

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