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Topic: Richard Arkwright

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	Sir Richard Arkwright - LoveToKnow 1911
		SIR RICHARD ARKWRIGHT (1732-1792), English inventor, was born at Preston in Lancashire, on the 23rd of December 17 3 2, of parents in humble circumstances.
		Arkwright supplied this deficiency by the invention of the spinning-frame, which spins a vast number of threads of any degree of fineness and hardness.
		To support this new allegation, Arkwright's opponents brought forward, for the first time, Thomas Highs, or Hayes, a reed-maker at Bolton, who stated that he had invented a machine for spinning by rollers previously to 1768, and that he had employed the watchmaker Kay to make a model of that machine.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Sir_Richard_Arkwright (665 words)

	Richard Arkwright - MSN Encarta
		Arkwright is considered to be the father of Britain's factory system.
		Richard Arkwright (1732-92), British inventor and cotton manufacturer, who designed a spinning frame in which the cotton fiber was spun into thread.
		In 1769 Arkwright took out a patent for his spinning machine and set up his first mill, in which the power was supplied by horses.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761578828/Richard_Arkwright.html (273 words)

	Arkwright, Richard
		Richard Arkwright was born at Preston, Lancashire on 23 December 1732.
		Arkwright was one of the central figures of the Industrial Revolution in England and Scotland, a prime mover in the technological advances of the period and one of the founding fathers of the factory system.
		Arkwright, as the founder of the factory system, is often criticized for many of its abuses, particularly in terms of the health and safety of employees and child labour.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/biographies/MainBiographies/A/Arkwright/1.html (2088 words)

	Cromford Arkwright family
		Richard Arkwright was born in Preston, Lancashire, on 23 December 1732, the youngest of the seven surviving children of Thomas Arkwright, a taylor, and Ellen Hodgkinson.
		Richard Arkwright was born in Preston in 1732, the thirteenth child of a poor man. This did not seem a very fortunate beginning, and for many years he had a hard struggle.
		Richard Arkwright Junior was in his old age during the period of decline and died on 23rd April 1843 aged 87, so Peter Arkwright must have had the final decision on the mills' closure.
	www.pandyweb.freeserve.co.uk /arkwrights.html (7268 words)

	Richard Arkwright
		Arkwright was born in Preston, Lancashire, and experimented in machine designing with a watchmaker, John Kay, until, with Kay and John Smalley (died 1782), he set up the water frame, the first machine capable of producing sufficiently strong cotton thread to be used as warp.
		In 1773 Arkwright produced the yarn (âwater twistâ) for the first cloth made entirely from cotton; previously, the warp had been of linen and only the weft was cotton.
		A special act of Parliament was passed in 1774 to exempt Arkwright's fabric from the double duty imposed on cottons by an act of 1736.
	www.thehistorychannel.co.uk /site/encyclopedia/article_show/Arkwright/m0000194.html (461 words)

	BBC - History - Sir Richard Arkwright (1732 - 1792)
		Richard Arkwright was born in Preston in 1732, the son of a tailor.
		Arkwright was also the first to use James Watts' steam engine to power textile machinery, though he only used it to pump water to the millrace of a waterwheel.
		Nonetheless, Arkwright was knighted in 1786 and by the time of his death on 3 August 1792, Arkwright had established factories in Derbyshire, Staffordshire, Lancashire and Scotland, and was a wealthy man.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/historic_figures/arkwright_richard.shtml (393 words)

	Richard Arkwright - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sir Richard Arkwright (23 December 1732 – 3 August 1792) was an Englishman credited with the spinning frame — later renamed the water frame following the transition to water power.
		He was born in 1732 in Preston in the county of Lancashire, England and was the 13th and the youngest child of Thomas Arkwright (a barber) and Ellen Hodgkinson.
		Sir Richard Arkwright lived at Rock House in Cromford, opposite his original mill, but in 1788 he purchased an estate from Florence Nightingale’s father, William, for £20,000 and set about building Willersley Castle for himself and his family.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Richard_Arkwright (875 words)

	Richard Arkwright
		Richard Arkwright, the youngest of thirteen children, was born in 1732 in Preston, Lancashire, England.
		Arkwright's spinning frame, a significant advance from the spinning jenny of James Hargreaves, was developed in 1769, and the world's first water-powered cotton mill was built in 1771 at Cromford, Derbyshire (now one of the Derwent Valley Mills), creating one of the catalysts for the Industrial Revolution.
		Arkwright died in 1792 and was buried at St. Giles Church in Matlock.
	www.jgames.co.uk /title/Richard_Arkwright (1173 words)

	Sir Richard Arkwright - page 3
		Arkwright's lasting achievement, perhaps, was in doing for cotton what others had done for silk - and with the potential market for cheap cotton products so much bigger, his efforts at Cromford, elsewhere in Derbyshire, and in Lancashire and Scotland inevitably triggered that quantum leap in national productivity that became known as the Industrial Revolution.
		Historians have pointed out that, although his machinery ideas were "borrowed," Arkwright did at least invent the factory system, the organisation and regimentation of labour in one specialised workplace giving the employer total control over the product and the means and cost of production.
		Unlike others, Arkwright did refuse to employ children under the age of seven or eight, but that did not stop him building Cromford like a fortress and using clever, physchological techniques to keep his work-force in fear.
	www.cottontimes.co.uk /arkwright03.htm (439 words)

	Reference for Richard Arkwright - Search.com
		Richard Arkwright's father, Thomas Arkwright, was a tailor in Preston, Lancashire, England.
		Sir Richard Arkwright lived at Rock House in Cromford, opposite his original mill, but in 1788 he purchased an estate from Florence Nightingale’s father, William, for £20,000 and set about building Willersley Castle for himself and his family.
		The youngest of thirteen children, Sir Richard Arkwright was born in Preston on 23rd December 1732.
	www.search.com /reference/Richard_Arkwright (1280 words)

	Richard Arkwright, Cotton Entrepreneur, England, United Kingdom
		Richard Arkwright was born 23 December 1732 at Preston in Lancashire, the youngest of 13 children of Thomas and his wife Ellen.
		Arkwright conceded that he was the improver rather than the inventor of the process for producing a coarse thread on spindles.
		Arkwright's real contribution to the invention of mechanical spinning is not clear as there are competing claims and several authors have been partisan in making their claims for and against Arkwright.
	www.thornber.net /cheshire/ideasmen/arkwright.html (3353 words)

	PlanetPapers - Sir Rich Arkwright
		Sir Rich Arkwright was born on December 23, 1732 at Preston in the county of Lancaster.
		Soon after the trial, Arkwright published "The Case." The object of "The Case" was to obtain from the Legislature an act of Parliament to guarantee Arkwright the pattent-right which had been invalidated by the trial in 1781.
		Richard Arkwright is due some credit, for without him, the water frame would probably had a very slow and tedious introduction, or might have perished all together.
	www.planetpapers.com /Assets/43.php (879 words)

	Richard Arkwright and the Spinning Jenny
		Arkwright was a stubborn and enthusiastic man, and he was provoked beyond measure by this conduct of his wife, from whom he immediately separated.
		The patent was secured in the name of "Richard Arkwright, of Nottingham, clockmaker," and it is a circumstance worthy of note, that it was taken out in 1769, the same year in which Watt secured the patent for his steam-engine.
		Arkwright was even denounced as the enemy of the working people; and a mill which he built near Chorley was destroyed by a mob in the presence of a strong force of police and military.
	www.victorianweb.org /technology/inventors/arkwright.html (1425 words)

	The New Student's Reference Work/Arkwright, Sir Richard - Wikisource
		Richard Arkwright was at the time thirty-three years old.
		Arkwright saw that Hargreave's jenny could spin eight threads at once, but that the yarn was still inferior.
		Arkwright brought his workmen under a factory roof, compelled cleanliness, order and regularity of hours, and establishes standards in quality and quantity of fabrics produced.
	en.wikisource.org /wiki/The_New_Student's_Reference_Work/Arkwright,_Sir_Richard (1003 words)

	Richard Arkwright
		Richard's parents were very poor and could not afford to send him to school and instead arranged for him to be taught to read and write by his cousin Ellen.
		Arkwright also recruited other local craftsman to help, and it was not long before the team produced the Spinning-Frame.
		Arkwright's Spinning-Frame was too large to be operated by hand and so the men had to find another method of working the machine.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /IRarkwright.htm (1439 words)

	Richard Arkwright - a pioneer of the factory system at Cromford Mill in Derbyshire
		Richard Arkwright, a pioneer of the factory system, was born in 1732 in Preston, son of a barber.
		In 1768, Arkwright and a clockmaker from Warrington, called John Kay, looked at ways of producing a working model and perfected a roller spinning machine which came to be known as the spinning frame and later the water frame.
		Arkwright was resolved to use water power and in 1771 began to build a water powered mill at Cromford in Derbyshire.
	www.derbyshireuk.net /arkwright.html (575 words)

	Richard Arkwright - encyclopedia article - Citizendium
		Arkwright's achievement was to combine power, machinery, semi-skilled labor, and a new raw material (cotton) to create, more than a century before Ford, mass production.
		Arkwright was born at Preston, Lancashire, on Dec. 23, 1732, the youngest son of a large and poor family.
		Arkwright's achievements were widely recognized; he served as high sheriff of Derbyshire and was knighted in 1786.
	en.citizendium.org /wiki/Richard_Arkwright (783 words)

	Richard Arkwright
		Richard Arkwright, whose eighteenth-century water frame was a key invention in the shift from hand to power spinning in the transformation of the textile industry."
		Richard Arkwright, the hairdresser turned manufacturing entrepreneur and later knighted for his alteration of the textile industry in Derbyshire in the late 1760s.
		“Richard Arkwright thus became accepted as the pioneer of cotton spinning in factories, not only because he had better machines, but also because he was more effective at tackling the problems of discipline and organization.
	web.rollins.edu /~jsiry/Arkwright.html (310 words)

	Richard Arkwright Biography (1732-1792)
		Sir Richard Arkwright is generally considered the inventor of the first automated process for spinning cotton yarn.
		With Arkwright's machine, cotton threads could be made strong enough to serve as both warp and weft, producing for the first time in Englandcloth made entirely of cotton.
		The nine firms sued by Arkwright argued that the language of his patents was too vague and claimed credit for technology that had existed for years; Arkwright, who had arranged for the language to do that very thing, was found to have no case.
	www.madehow.com /inventorbios/11/Richard-Arkwright.html (815 words)

	Sir Richard Arkwright: Britain Unlimited - British History Online
		Arkwright realised that horse power was not enough to power his machinery and investigated water power.
		Arkwright and his partners finally persuaded the Government to remove the crippling import tariff on raw cotton, which had been imposed earlier in order to protect the woolen industry.
		Arkwright's employees worked mainly from six in the morning to seven in the evening and unlike many other factory owners who used children of five he said that they should be over six years old.
	www.britainunlimited.com /Biogs/Arkwright.htm (697 words)

	Richard Arkwright
		Richard Arkwright was born on December 23, 1732, in Preston, Lancashire, to a poor family.
		Arkwright was so impressed by Kay's machine that he hired the man to build it for him.
		Arkwright's bold plans to expand his business by building more factories led to the breakup of his business partnership, but his mills were immensely successful, and he expanded as far north as Scotland.
	www.britainexpress.com /History/bio/arkwright.htm (488 words)

	Arkwright and Cartwright
		The significance of Richard Arkwright's invention of the spinning machine for the Industrial Revolution is outlined in a companion webpage.
		Richard Arkwright got a model of Highs' Water Frame from John Kay, and developed the spinning machine from it ("This was the germ of Mr.
		Arkwright was charged with the duty of presenting an address of congratulation from the hundred of Wirksworth, on which occasion he received the honour of Knighthood.
	www.grimshaworigin.org /WebPages/ArkCartw.htm (3595 words)

	Arkwright, Richard - You and Yesterday \| You and Yesterday
		Sir Richard Arkwright (23 December 1732 – 3 August 1792) was an Englishman credited with the spinning frame — later renamed the water frame following the transition to water power.
		Arkwright moved to Nottingham, formed a partnership with local businessmen Jedediah Strutt and Samuel Need, and set up a mill powered by horses.
		The 1775 patent sparked a major war between Arkwright and other cotton manufacturers, who were well aware of the question-mark over his claim to have invented the machinery.
	www.youandyesterday.co.uk /articles/Arkwright,_Richard (936 words)

	::Richard Arkwright::
		Originally a wig maker, Arkwright is considered by some historians to be an inventor but others consider him to be a man who used other peoples inventions for his own purposes and that he should be considered more a brilliant business man rather than a pure inventor.
		Arkwright was not popular in Preston as those who were skilled hand-spinners were frightened that they might lose their jobs to the new machine invented by Arkwright.
		It was this market that Arkwright targeted and he became a very wealthy man. He had got into this market first though his tendency to 'borrow' other peoples ideas caught up with him in 1785 when his patent for his spinning frame was withdrawn by the courts.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /ark.htm (463 words)

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