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	Axel, Richard - MSN Encarta
		Richard Axel, born in 1946, American neuroscientist and cowinner of the 2004 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine.
		Axel, along with his former colleague Linda B. Buck, was honored for his discoveries concerning the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the sense of smell.
		Axel, working with Buck, who was then a postdoctoral student in his lab at Columbia, turned his attention to the molecular workings of these neurons.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_701703557/Axel_Richard.html (717 words)

	Richard Axel, M.D.
		In 1991, Axel, working with Buck—who was then a postdoctoral fellow in Axel's lab—discovered a family of roughly 1,000 genes that encode odor receptors lining the nasal cavity.
		Axel is also University Professor and Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and of Pathology at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons.
		Richard Axel's lab has performed experiments that suggest a model of receptor choice in which a single transacting element on chromosome 14 allows the stochastic activation of multiple OR genes independent of chromosome location, providing a mechanism for the singularity of receptor choice in olfactory sensory neurons.
	www.hhmi.org /research/investigators/axel_bio.html (696 words)

	Columbia University scientist wins 2004 Nobel Prize
		Richard Axel is University Professor, Columbia University, and Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center.
		Axel and Buck determined how neurons converge in the olfactory bulb, which gave them further insights into how smell is processed in the brain.
		Axel and his colleagues also developed gene transfer techniques that permit the introduction of virtually any gene into any cell, allowing the analysis of gene function in vivo.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-10/cuco-cus100404.php (850 words)

	Columbia News ::: University Professor Richard Axel Accepts Nobel Prize
		Richard Axel, University Professor at Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC), accepted the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine at the Nobel banquet held Dec. 10 in Stockholm.
		Axel is University Professor and investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the College of Physicians and Surgeons; he is also an investigator at the Kavli Institute for Brain Science at Columbia and a member of the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior at CUMC.
		Axel and Buck join a group of 70 other notable Columbians whose work has been recognized by the Nobel Foundation, including 19 in the category of physiology or medicine.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/news/04/12/richardaxel.html (241 words)

	Richard Axel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Richard Axel, M.D. (born July 2, 1946, New York City) is an American scientist whose work on the olfactory system won him and Linda B. Buck, a former post-doctoral scientist in his research group, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2004.
		In their later work, Buck and Axel have shown that each olfactory receptor neuron remarkably only expresses one kind of olfactory receptor protein and that the input of from all neurons expressing the same receptor is collected by a single dedicated glomerulus of the olfactory bulb.
		Axel's primary research interest is on how the brain interprets the sense of smell, specifically mapping the parts of the brain that are sensitive to specific olfactory receptors.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Richard_Axel (879 words)

	Richard Axel has won the 2004 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine
		Richard Axel of the Columbia University Medical Center has won the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Linda B. Buck of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center for clarifying how the olfactory system works.
		Buck was a postdoctoral fellow at Columbia when she and Axel jointly published the fundamental paper on the subject in 1991.
		Axel is University Professor at Columbia University and investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=5288 (817 words)

	USATODAY.com - Pair probing mystery of smell split Nobel Prize (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Richard Axel, 58, of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Columbia University in New York and Linda Buck, 57, of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, split the $1.36 million prize for their "pioneering" solution to the neurochemical riddle of how people discern individual odors.
		Axel said her "intensity and originality" convinced him that she would succeed, despite four years of effort.
		In their subsequent, separate research, Buck and Axel showed how the nasal cells are organized and how the brain weaves individual signals from these cells into patterns that we recognize as distinct odors.
	www.usatoday.com /news/nation/2004-10-04-nobel-prize_x.htm (786 words)

	Richard Axel and Linda Buck Awarded 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
		Axel and Buck discovered a large gene family, comprised of some 1,000 different genes (three per cent of human genes) that give rise to an equivalent number of olfactory receptor types.
		In 1991 Axel and Buck-who was then a postdoctoral fellow in Axel's lab-discovered a family of genes that encode the odorant receptors of the olfactory epithelium, a patch of cells on the wall of the nasal cavity.
		Finally, Buck came up with what Axel calls "an extremely clever twist." She made three assumptions that drastically narrowed the field, allowing her to zero in on a group of genes that appear to code for the odorant receptor proteins.
	www.medilexicon.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=14458 (928 words)

	Columbia College Today
		Richard Axel ’67, University Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Pathology, won the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Linda B. Buck of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center for their work explaining how the olfactory system works.
		Axel and Buck join the list of 70 other people who have taught, conducted research or studied at Columbia and have received the Nobel Prize since it was first awarded in 1901, including 19 in the category of physiology or medicine.
		In addition to being University Professor, Axel is an investigator for the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at PandS, an investigator for Columbia’s Kavli Institute for Brain Science and a member of the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior at the Medical Center.
	www.college.columbia.edu /cct/nov04/quads2.php (562 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > Science -- Two Americans win Nobel for studies of sense of smell
		STOCKHOLM, Sweden – American researchers Dr. Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck shared the 2004 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine on Monday for their work on the sense of smell – showing how, for example, a person can smell a lilac in the spring and recall it in the winter.
		American researchers Richard Axel and Linda Buck share the 2004 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their work on the sense of smell.
		Axel, 58, of Columbia University in New York, shared the prize with Buck, 57, of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/science/20041004-0605-nobelprizes.html (823 words)

	About the Author
		Axel’s clinical experience and first-hand knowledge of how to build, support and nurture a daughter’s self esteem has garnered him the reputation as a pioneer in developing programs and approaches to healthy family relationships.
		Richard Axel is a psychotherapist with more than twenty-five years experience as a clinician specializing in the needs of dysfunctional families and in the psychological damage suffered by women with a history of insufficient fathering.
		Axel is the founder of Family Solutions, a multi-service parenting center in Manhattan, providing parenting skills workshops and support groups for dual and single families, as well as individual counseling.
	www.fatherslove.com /author.htm (148 words)

	cooltech.iafrica.com \| coolscience Nobel winners unlock sense of smell
		Two US researchers, Richard Axel and Linda Buck, were on Monday awarded the Nobel Medicine Prize for pioneering work on our most enigmatic sense, that of smell, which helps us survive and enjoy some of life's subtlest pleasures.
		Axel (58) works at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at New York's Columbia University, and Buck (57) at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre in Seattle, Washington.
		Normally, the Nobel committee notifies the winners, but Axel said he was shocked to learn the news from the radio's reporter — in the middle of the night, California-time — as no one had called him yet.
	cooltech.iafrica.com /science/351288.htm (767 words)

	Sense of Smell: NOBEL PRIZE RECOGNIZES-GROUNDBREAKING SENSE OF SMELL RESEARCH-
		Prior to Buck and Axel’s breakthrough work, the sense of smell remained the most mysterious of our senses and very little, if anything was understood about the basic principles for recognizing and remembering all the odors that cross our paths each day.
		Axel and Buck found that each olfactory receptor cell is highly specialized for a small number of odors – each cell possesses only one type of odorant receptor and each receptor can detect only a small number of odors.
		Axel and Buck have worked together and independently during their extensive careers to expand our knowledge about one of our most important senses.
	www.senseofsmell.org /feature/nobel (398 words)

	Kavli Foundation - News & Events (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		New York, New York, October 4, 2004 —; Richard Axel, M.D. of Columbia University Medical Center has won the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Linda B. Buck, Ph.D., of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center for clarifying how the olfactory system works.
		Buck was a postdoctoral fellow at Columbia when she and Dr. Axel jointly published the fundamental paper on the subject in 1991.
		Richard Axel is University Professor, Columbia University; Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center; Investigator, Kavli Institute for Brain Science at Columbia University; and Member of the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University Medical Center.
	www.kavlifoundation.org /news/pr_100504_col.html (845 words)

	Columbia University Scientist, Former Fellow Win 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for Research on Olfactory ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		NEW YORK, Oct. 4 /U.S. Newswire/ -- Richard Axel, M.D. of Columbia University Medical Center has won the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Linda B. Buck, Ph.D., of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center for clarifying how the olfactory system works.
		Dr. Richard Axel is University Professor, Columbia University, and Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center.
		Axel and Buck join a group of 72 notable Columbians whose work has been recognized by the Nobel Foundation, including 21 in the category of physiology or medicine.
	releases.usnewswire.com /printing.asp?id=37438 (927 words)

	The Scientist : Olfactory research wins Nobel
		Richard Axel, of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Columbia University, NY, and Linda B. Buck from Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Wash., have been awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
		The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet said the two researchers were being recognized for their discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system.
		"Richard Axel and Linda Buck Awarded 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine," Howard Hughes Medical Institute press release, October 4, 2004.
	www.the-scientist.com /news/20041004/04 (556 words)

	Peter Cooper/Stuyvesant Town (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A Stuyvesant Town resident of 22 years, Axel is the founder and Clinical Director of Family Solutions Parenting Center in Manhattan and a pioneer in developing approaches to healthy family relationships.
		The father of two daughters, he has first-hand knowledge of how to build, support and nurture a daughter’s self esteem.To write this comprehensive book, he draws upon more than 25 years of clinical experience as a specialist in the psychological damage suffered by women with a history of insufficient fathering.
		Axel directly by telephone 212-529-5568 or at richardaxel@hotmail.com.
	www.pcvst.com /comm_detail.asp?id=1310018 (158 words)

	The Cloudforest Cafe
		The gray ones are, the brown ones aren't by Axel on 12/29/05
		Mulch and drip irrigation by Axel on 12/20/05
		Axel, I came to this post again, to suggest just what you already have, How did plants travel about and who hybrid them to what we have today.
	www.cloudforest.com /cafe/archive2005.html (3913 words)

	The World-Wide Web Virtual Library: Physiology & Biophysics (Biosciences)
		Axel is University Professor at Columbia's College of Physicians and Surgeons and Buck is currently a Member at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle.
		Axel, a graduate of Columbia College with the M.D. from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, is University professor at Columbia and an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
		She was a postdoc in Axel's Lab, moving on to the Department of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School and rising to Professor there; she joined the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center as Member in 2002.
	neocortex.med.cornell.edu /VL-Physio (778 words)

	Neuroscience for Kids -Smelly Research Equals Nobel Prize
		Richard Axel, MD, a professor at Columbia University (New York, NY) and
		Axel and Buck tackled an area of research in which little was known previously: how the sense of smell, or olfaction, works.
		By using chemicals in the lab to trace the pathways involved in smell, the researchers have been able to map how certain smells trigger the olfactory receptors, and how the information is conveyed by neuronal signals to the olfactory bulb and on to other parts of the brain.
	staff.washington.edu /chudler/nobel04.html (1190 words)

	HHMI researchers Richard Axel and Linda Buck win 2004 Nobel Prize
		The Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute announced this morning that the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Richard Axel, an HHMI investigator at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Linda Buck, an HHMI investigator at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center.
		In 1991 Axel and Buck--who was then a postdoctoral fellow in Axel's lab--discovered a family of genes that encode the odorant receptors of the olfactory epithelium, a patch of cells on the wall of the nasal cavity.
		This means that, at least in the rat, 1 out of every 100 genes is likely to be engaged in the detection of odors." This staggering number of genes reflects the crucial importance of smell to animals.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-10/hhmi-hrr100404.php (871 words)

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