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	Richard II of England - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Richard II (January 6, 1367 – February 14, 1400) was the son of Edward the Black Prince, Prince of Wales, and Joan "The Fair Maid of Kent".
		Richard had the Earl of Arundel, leader of the Lords Appellant, arrested, but Richard's small army led by de Vere was overpowered by the forces of the Lords Appellant outside Oxford, and Richard was apprehended in the Tower of London.
		Richard also lacked the thirst for battle of his grandfather: his Scottish campaign in 1385 was not decisive, and he signed a 28-year truce with France in 1396 which was hugely unpopular at home in spite of the dividends that peace brought to the kingdom.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Richard_II_of_England (1751 words)

	Richard II (play) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Richard II is a play by William Shakespeare, based on the life of King Richard II of England.
		However, the scene of Richard's forced abdication is absent from the first three editions of the play, and was not printed in full until 1623, long after Elizabeth's death.
		The subject of the quarrel is Bolingbroke's accusation that Mowbray killed Richard's uncle the Duke of Gloucester.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Richard_II_(play) (1214 words)

	SparkNotes: Richard II: Summary
		Richard II, written around 1595, is the first play in Shakespeare's second "history tetralogy," a series of four plays that chronicles the rise of the house of Lancaster to the British throne.
		Richard II, who ascended to the throne as a young man, is a regal and stately figure, but he is wasteful in his spending habits, unwise in his choice of counselors, and detached from his country and its common people.
		Richard is imprisoned in the remote castle of Pomfret in the north of England, where he is left to ruminate upon his downfall.
	www.sparknotes.com /shakespeare/richardii/summary.html (445 words)

	History of the Monarchy > The Plantagenets > Richard II
		Richard II Richard II - reproduction of a painting in Westminster Abbey by an unknown artist.
		Richard took his revenge in 1397, arresting or banishing many of his opponents; his cousin, Henry of Bolingbroke, was also subsequently banished.
		Richard pursued policies of peace with France (his second wife was Isabella of Valois); Richard still called himself king of France and refused to give up Calais, but his reign was concurrent with a 28 year truce in the Hundred Years War.
	www.royal.gov.uk /output/Page67.asp (447 words)

	§11. Early Chronicle Plays: "Richard II, King John, Richard III". VIII. Shakespeare: Life and Plays. Vol. 5. The ...
		The chronicle plays, King John, Richard II and III and Henry IV, which are certainly early because mentioned by Meres, introduce a new division of Shakespeare’s work, to which we shall take the liberty of adding Henry VI pro tanto.
		In the case of all these plays, with the possible exception of Richard II (both the Richards were actually published in 1597), there were previously existing pieces on the subject; whether in all cases these were the actual pieces that we have is another question.
		Richard III, too, in the famous wooing scene, has a scene of character, as distinguished from a mere display of it, which is unmatched elsewhere.
	www.bartleby.com /215/0811.html (1075 words)

	Richard II. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In 1381, when Richard was 14, there occurred the uprising known as the Peasants’ Revolt, led by Wat Tyler and John Ball.
		In 1397–98, Richard suddenly took his revenge on the lords appellant: Gloucester, Arundel, and Warwick were themselves “appealed” of treason and respectively murdered, executed, and banished; Norfolk and Hereford too were banished after a mysterious quarrel between them.
		Richard was imprisoned in Pontefract Castle and there died, very possibly murdered, in 1400.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ri/Richard2.html (698 words)

	King Richard II from 1377 to 1399 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Richard II was the son of Edward, the Black Prince, who at the time of his death in 1376 was Edward III's heir.
		Richard's life was obviously endangered, but he faced the rebels alone and persuaded them to disperse.
		Richard became embittered when in 1388 many of his friends were tried by the Merciless Parliament, led by the Duke of Gloucester, and executed as traitors.
	www.inspirationalimports.com /Kings_Queens_of_England/richardII.htm (182 words)

	Richard II by William Shakespeare: A searchable online version at The Literature Network
		Richard II cannot calm them, so he allows them to compete in a joust, then stops the joust while it is starting and sentences the two to banishment from England Mowbray forever and Bolingbroke for five years.
		Consequently, Richard II flees to Flint Castle with Aumerle, the Earl of Salisbury, Sir Stephen Scroop, and Bishop Carlisle.
		The play’s central figure Richard, is characterised in terms of his conception of himself as king, and his tragedy as a man is inseparable from his tragedy as a ruler of a people, a people who must continue to suffer the consequences of that tragedy long after he himself has been released from it.
	www.online-literature.com /shakespeare/richardII (1851 words)

	DragonBear History: All That: Richard II
		Richard was crowned king at the age of 10 on the death of his grandfather, Edward III (1377), and a council of regents was appointed to rule until he came of age.
		Richard spent nine years nursing his grudge, accumulating a new coterie of favorites, and packing Parliament with his supporters; he also invented the handkerchief ("little pieces [of cloth] for the lord King to wipe and clean his nose," according to the Household Rolls).
		In 1399, John of Gaunt - Duke of Lancaster, Richard's uncle, the most powerful magnate in England, and sole source of political stability in the government - died; Gaunt's son and heir (and Richard's cousin), Henry Bolingbroke, was living abroad as one of the banished Lords Appellant.
	www.dragonbear.com /richard2.html (1412 words)

	Britannia: Monarchs of Britain
		Richard II, born in 1367, was the son of Edward, the Black Prince and Joan, the Fair Maid of Kent.
		Richard was but ten years old when he succeeded his grandfather, Edward III; England was ruled by a council under the leadership of John of Gaunt, and Richard was tutored by Sir Simon Burley.
		Richard travelled to Ireland in 1399 to quell warring chieftains, allowing Bolingboke to return to England and be elected king by Parliament.
	www.britannia.com /history/monarchs/mon33.html (710 words)

	Paper on Derek Jacobi Film of Shakespeare's RICHARD II
		Richard II uses the capabilities of film to remove many of the ambiguities that plague interpretation of that text.
		The din of Richard's fingertips drumming, his wide, staring eyes, the cuts from scene to scene as Richard's term of imprisonment and his speech both drive on, all combine to give an impression of growing madness, perhaps of a manic-depressive.
		Richard is portrayed as an ineffective ruler ripe for overthrow, and Bullingbrook as a more capable man boosted to power by the scheming of the Machiavellian Northumberland.
	www.io.com /~jlockett/Grist/English/richard-ii.html (1615 words)

	Observations on Richard II and Hamlet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Richard clearly is so much in love with himself, with the image of himself either as king or victim, that he has no contact at all with other people in any meaningful way, either with the subjects whom he is injuring or with his allies in the defense of the realm.
		But Richard and Hamlet, for all their remarkable command of language, remain unable fully to understand just how much their suffering and the considerable suffering they bring to others result from their characteristic ways of talking about the world (or if that is too simple, from something which prompts that language).
		Because Richard violates traditional degree, he creates a moral chaos, a political situation in which it is impossible to obtain a clear bearing and thus political questions become inevitably matters of power, and resolving political issues peacefully (as in the opening of the play) becomes impossible.
	www.mala.bc.ca /~johnstoi/eng366/lectures/richard2.htm (6897 words)

	Richard II
		First, Richard II was Chaucer's king for nearly all of that poet's career(s), and Richard's uncle, John of Gaunt, was Chaucer's patron and friend.
		Richard II is a stylized tragedy of young eloquent king betrayed by supporters, compelled into resigning the crown, humiliated, imprisoned, and murdered.
		King Richard II asks his uncle John of Gaunt if he has investigated the matter concerning his son, Henry (Harry) Herford of Bolingbroke, who has charged Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, with treason.
	www.wsu.edu /~delahoyd/shakespeare/richardII.1.html (940 words)

	Ian Cleary's Extended Essay
		Richard II is a tyrant because he is implicated in the death of his uncle, the Duke of Gloucester, banishes Henry Bolingbroke, farms out the kingdom for taxation, and defies the law in his seizure of Bolingbroke's lands and possessions to finance his Irish campaign.
		Richard II frequently identified himself with Christ, for as an ordained monarch he is the Lord's minister on earth.
		Richard II and Edward II are men who are born to rule, and they feel that ordained monarchs, the state and the king are inseparable; what they have done is right by virtue of the fact that they are monarchs.
	www.ualberta.ca /~icleary/essay.html (4368 words)

	Richard II
		Richard enters with his groupies and Gaunt rails that Richard is sick, surrounded by political leeches, and functioning not as a king but as a landlord of England.
		Richard is peeved and Gaunt is led off where moments later he'll have died.
		When Richard exits with his queen Isabella (who really would have been only 10 years old at the time) and the others, Northumberland, Willoughby, and Ross bewail the state of the kingdom.
	www.wsu.edu /~delahoyd/shakespeare/richardII.2.html (727 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: RICHARD II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		richard ii chronicles the events that began the so-called war of the roses, the 14th century civil war between two branches of the royal family.
		richard ii is the first part of shakspeare's history tetralogy that continues in henry the iv, parts 1 and 2, and concludes in henry v.
		Richard II, the weak and unwise King of England, is trapped amongst a group of flattering sycophants.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0671722832?v=glance (1008 words)

	Richard II
		Richard II: Character and Legacy - Character and Legacy Richard is possibly the most enigmatic of the English kings.
		Richard II: Conflicts with the Barons - Conflicts with the Barons In 1382, Richard married Anne of Bohemia, to whom he became very much...
		Richard II: Early Life - Early Life After his father's death (1376) he was created prince of Wales and succeeded his...
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0841802.html (246 words)

	Richard II Summary & Essays - William Shakespeare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Richard II itself was not listed in the Stationers' Register until August 29, 1597.
		Queen Elizabeth was compared to Richard because of her lack of an heir and due to what some subjects viewed as her inclination toward heavy taxation and indulgence of her favorites.
		Richard is often accused of being overly concerned with himself, his personal gain, and the luxuries he enjoys as king.
	www.allshakespeare.com /richard-ii (907 words)

	The Richard III and Yorkist History Server
		Colley Cibber, The Tragical History of King Richard III as it is Acted at the Theatre Royal, eighteenth-century adaptation of Shakespeare's play used by most of the premier actors of the nineteenth century.
		Sharon D. Michalove, "The Reinvention of Richard III." Paper presented at the conference 'Reinventing the Middle Ages and the Renaissance: Constructions of the Medieval and Early Modern Periods,' sponsored by the Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, February 17, 1995, in Tempe, Arizona.
		Jeremy Potter, "Richard III's Historians: Adverse and Favourable Views" This text, by former chairman Jeremy Potter, was prepared for the Society's exhibition (1991), "To Prove a Villain," which was on display in the foyer of the Olivier Theatre in London during Sir Ian McKellen's production of Shakespeare's "Richard III", and later at Warwick Castle.
	www.r3.org /bookcase (1454 words)

	The Tragedy of King Richard the Second
		King Richard II begins with Henry Bolingbroke accusing the Duke of Norfolk, Mowbray for the Duke of Gloucester's death, the brother of King Richard II.
		To settle the dispute, King Richard II decides to let the men joust, only to later decide that they shall both be banished (Mowbray for life, Bolingbroke for five years) instead.
		With Richard losing the throne, and his the Queen sent back to her native France, Aumerle, the son of the Duke of York, plots against Henry IV, planning on poisoning him at Oxford.
	absoluteshakespeare.com /plays/richard_II/richard_II.htm (509 words)

	London Theatre Guide Richard II 2003
		The purpose of an all-male production of Richard II is less clear, on the other hand, for this, unlike Twelfth Night, is not a play about gender dynamics and role-playing or cross-dressing.
		Richard’s tragic catastrophe allows a prepared-for opportunity to rise to dignity and an awareness of his own limitations.
		Rylance’s is an amiable Richard throughout, whose unsuitability for the role of kingship grows to his greatest asset as he becomes a greater man. His final soliloquy in prison becomes a model exploration of mortality and lost chances, arising almost naturally out of traits witnessed earlier.
	www.londontheatre.co.uk /londontheatre/reviews/richardii03.htm (1199 words)

	Henry IV, Part 1: An Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Richard II tells the story of how Richard, the legitimate king of England, is overthrown by a civil rebellion launched by his powerful cousin, Henry Bolingbroke.
		Richard is a very negligent king, who commits a serious offense against tradition by confiscating Bolingbroke's inheritance, after having exiled him on something of a trumped-up charge for a crime which, the play strongly suggests, Richard himself committed (the murder of their common uncle).
		At the beginning of Richard II, everyone shares the same understanding of their political obligations: they have all sworn an oath of allegiance to the legitimate king, and he is (by common agreement and tradition) the arbiter of any disputes (the agent of justice).
	www.mala.bc.ca /~johnstoi/eng366/lectures/henry4.htm (13509 words)

	Shakespeare Resource Center - Richard II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Richard decrees that the two shall settle the matter in trial by combat, but revokes this option as the Norfolk and Bolingbroke are readying to attack each other.
		Upon Richard's return, he learns that Bolingbroke has not only returned to reclaim the lands he should have inherited upon his father's death, but that he has dispersed Richard's army and executed a pair of Richard's favorites.
		There, in a session of Parliament, Richard is made to confess crimes against the state, the end result of which he must forfeit his crown to Bolingbroke (who becomes King Henry IV).
	www.bardweb.net /plays/29.html (312 words)

	Richard II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Shakespeare’s main sources for Richard II was Raphael Holingshed’s Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland (1587) and Samuel Daniel’s First Four Books of the Civil Wars (1595).
		Richard II, like many of the histories, was cut down and treated primarily as a historical spectacle.
		At the beginning of the 20th century the original text was restored and more attention paid to the text as drama and to the poetry in the lines.
	www.shakespearedc.org /pastprod/r2facts.html (293 words)

	Richard II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Richard, by contrast, is a man entirely of poetry.
		"Richard II is the first of Shakespeare’s plays in which the chief character uses simile and metaphor as the natural expression of his mind and temperament, or to put it another way, there is in this play a superb union of character and style."
		It is better to think of Richard II as a chronicle rather than tragedy, and of Richard himself neither as hero nor as villain, but as victim, primarily of his own self indulgence, yet also of the power of his imagination."
	www.shakespearedc.org /pastprod/r2critic.html (361 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: King Richard II (Cambridge School Shakespeare) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Richard II was incompetent, wastefully extravagant, overtaxed his nobles and peasants, ignored his senior advisors, and lavished dukedoms on his favorites.
		Richard II has elements of a tragedy, but is fundamentally a historical play.
		Richard shows himself to be capable of ruling at times, but gains our contempt when he seizes his the honorable John of Gaunt's wealth.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521409462?v=glance (1848 words)

	Literature of Richard II's Reign and the Peasants' Revolt: Introduction
		King Richard, who was only fourteen, rode to Mile End on Friday, 14 June, to hear the rebels' demands, which included provisions for free labor contracts (doubtless a reference to the Statute of Laborers) and the right to rent land at fourpence an acre.
		Richard promised them justice, with the result that many Essex commons returned home; but other peasants broke into the Tower and executed, among others, Archbishop Sudbury and Robert Hales, Royal Treasurer and Prior of the Hospital of St. John's, who provided something like a flashpoint for the mob's fury.
		Richard II won widespread support among the estates in 1395 and 1396 after military successes in Ireland; but as early as 1397 his popular consensus began to unravel.
	www.lib.rochester.edu /camelot/teams/richint.htm (4362 words)

	Richard II Essay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		There is then a distinct irony when critics misinterpret Shakespeare's essentially accurate Richard II because they don't know enough history to understand it, because, in fact, they do not have the background which Shakespeare's original audience possessed and which he could safely take for granted.
		With Richard censoring all foreign mail and ordering his sheriffs to jail anyone who criticized him, Mowbray told Bolingbroke of Richard's intention to punish them for their part in Radcot Bridge.
		This is the Richard and the situation with which Shakespeare begins, and when John of Gaunt condemns his nephew while praising his country, he is separating Richard from that sacred Englishness which, alone, made the King an object of veneration.
	dsc.dixie.edu /shakespeare/rich2ess.htm (709 words)

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