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	Richard II (play) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Richard II is a play written by William Shakespeare around 1595 and based on the life of King Richard II of England.
		Some argue that another play, referred to as Richard II, Part One, was written by Shakespeare before this play and comes before the story of the Richard II of this article, referred to by some as being Part Two.
		The play was published during the reign of the childless Elizabeth I of England, and the succession was an important political concern.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Richard_II_(play) (1342 words)

	SparkNotes: Richard II: Summary
		Richard II, written around 1595, is the first play in Shakespeare's second "history tetralogy," a series of four plays that chronicles the rise of the house of Lancaster to the British throne.
		Richard II, who ascended to the throne as a young man, is a regal and stately figure, but he is wasteful in his spending habits, unwise in his choice of counselors, and detached from his country and its common people.
		Richard is imprisoned in the remote castle of Pomfret in the north of England, where he is left to ruminate upon his downfall.
	www.sparknotes.com /shakespeare/richardii/summary.html (458 words)

	Richard II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Richard II of England (1367–1400), King of England
		Richard II, Part One, a play by Samuel Rowley or William Shakespeare, a prequel to Richard II
		Richard II of Normandy (966–1027), Duke of Normandy
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Richard_II (142 words)

	Play Synopsis - Richard II
		This play opens with King Richard II and his uncle John of Gaunt trying to convince Henry Bolingbroke (Gaunt's son) and Thomas Mowbray (Duke of Norfolk) to settle a quarrel, wherein Bolingbroke accuses Mowbray of murdering Richard's brother the Duke of Gloucester (Thomas of Woodstock).
		Richard II cannot calm them so he allows them to compete in a joust, then stops the joust while it is starting and sentences the two to banishment from England - Mowbray forever and Bolingbroke for five years.
		Consequently, Richard II flees to Flint Castle with Aumerle, the Earl of Salisbury, Sir Stephen Scroop and Bishop Carlisle.
	www.onlineshakespeare.com /richard2syn.htm (649 words)

	Richard II
		Richard II belongs to the ‘second tetralogy’, or group of four plays, that deals with the Wars of the Roses, a period of civil war between the aristocratic ‘houses’ (or families) of York and Lancaster from 1399 to 1485.
		The play deals at length with the dual problems of the origin authority and the circumstances under which authority may be challenged.
		The metaphor of vision prefigured by Bushy matures as Richard destroys the mirror and his singular identity is shattered into a multitude of reflective fragments.
	wings.buffalo.edu /AandL/english/faculty/stott/r2rs.htm (666 words)

	AisleSay (Chicago): RICHARD II
		But Richard II is, first and foremost, a political play: it describes a battle between the nation's lords and the monarch's favorites that was replaying itself at the time of its first production, during a shaky moment in Queen Elizabeth's reign.
		Similarly, she has Richard, though dependent on the approval of others, unable to grasp what they say or have much meaningful to say in return, because their concerns are political and his personal.
		Perhaps Gaines views Richard as Richard Nixon, a leader who had to be called to account but whose forced resignation paved the way for 25 years' worth of political disruption.
	www.aislesay.com /CHI-RICHARD-II.html (723 words)

	Richard II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Just as Richard, in the deposition scene, looks at himself in the mirror to be able to understand his own story, the play can be a mirror that can enable the artists and audiences of each era to understand their own age.
		Richard has many magnificent speeches throughout the play; but he doesn’t have a soliloquy, and he is never even alone on stage, until we see him in his prison cell in the penultimate scene of the play, only a few moments before he is assassinated.
		Richard II is the story of a man whose only personal identity is the one that comes from his political power and his role in a political world.
	www.english.upenn.edu /~cmazer/richnote.html (1207 words)

	Richard II Summary & Essays - William Shakespeare
		Sixteenth-century critics often viewed the play as a politically dangerous commentary on the monarchy, and it was not until the eighteenth century that the play began to generate literary, rather than political, interest.
		The main issues in the play are all rather interrelated and focus on the nature of kingship; whether Richard is deposed by Bolmgbroke or deposes himself; and the characterization of Richard and Bolmgbroke.
		Richard is often accused of being overly concerned with himself, his personal gain, and the luxuries he enjoys as king.
	www.enotes.com /richard-ii (1077 words)

	Richard II
		Richard's appearance on the ramparts of the castle (using the balcony of the theatre) allows the dramatist to symbolize the king's loss of status as he literally comes down to meet his rival.
		Richard II is an ambitious example of another variety of big scene, the ensemble-scene, in which a massive effect is obtained by the presence on stage of a large number of actors, several of whom have prominent speaking parts.
		Richard expresses the view (in III, ii) that the crown is inalienable: "Not all the water in the rough rude sea/Can wash the balm off from an anointed king".
	www.eriding.net /amoore/shakespeare/richard2.htm (15050 words)

	Amazon.ca: Richard Ii: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Richard II begins with a portrait of Richard as a pompous, arrogant and self-regarding sovereign, with little sense of his people or his political responsibilities.
		Richard's speeches become increasingly lyrical and poetic as his supporters desert him, until he finally takes on the stature of the pilloried Christ in the climax of the play, the deposition scene, one of the most politically risky scenes in all of Shakespeare.
		Richard II was incompetent, wastefully extravagant, overtaxed his nobles and peasants, ignored his senior advisors, and lavished dukedoms on his favorites.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0140707190 (1243 words)

	Richard II
		As Richard II loses his kingship and the play is turned on it’s head, the complex questions of who should hold power and why are played out in the fascinating story of captivating, historical characters.
		Richard II presents a Seattle audience the rare opportunity to see the first play of Shakespeare’s historical tetralogy.
		Richard II begins with ceremony and pomp and ends with blood and sorrow.
	www.greenstage.org /1998/richard2/index.shtml (526 words)

	Richard II: Commentary (7) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Richard creates an imaginary world of conflicting thoughts; even in the "better sort" of thoughts, bent on matters of God, there are conflicts in interpreting the Bible (11-17).
		And Richard dies, perhaps tragically, in part as a result of his own fallibility, in part as a result of an inevitable fall in fortune.
		But the prophecies in the play point towards events not covered in the time span of the play itself, and there are clear signs that further rebellion is ahead.
	www.engl.uvic.ca /Faculty/MBHomePage/ISShakespeare/R2Course/R2com7.html (876 words)

	Richard II
		Crowned at the age of 10 in 1377, Richard's early years under the guardianship of a regency council were spent finding places at Court for his favourites.
		But heavy taxation* to meet war debts made Richard extremely unpopular, and provided support for his uncle Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, who forced Richard to accept a new council--which immediately charged the king's unpopular favourites with treason.
		Richard's fear of conspiracy, and perhaps a desire for revenge, led to the arrest of Gloucester (Thomas of Woodstock), whose death while a prisoner was attributed to the king and heightened the nobility's animosity towards him.
	ise.uvic.ca /Library/SLT/history/richardii.html (309 words)

	London Theatre Guide Richard II 2003
		He plays the role, from the start, almost as a sketch for Hamlet, and indeed we see strong resemblances to Rylance’s celebrated interpretations of that part here in the history play.
		Rylance’s is an amiable Richard throughout, whose unsuitability for the role of kingship grows to his greatest asset as he becomes a greater man. His final soliloquy in prison becomes a model exploration of mortality and lost chances, arising almost naturally out of traits witnessed earlier.
		To watch them played, and played well, by mature men is to highlight not just the era’s grave gender distinctions, but also to underline how closely Rylance’s Richard embodies women’s traditional traits.
	www.londontheatre.co.uk /londontheatre/reviews/richardii03.htm (1199 words)

	The Richard III and Yorkist History Server
		Colley Cibber, The Tragical History of King Richard III as it is Acted at the Theatre Royal, eighteenth-century adaptation of Shakespeare's play used by most of the premier actors of the nineteenth century.
		Sharon D. Michalove, "The Reinvention of Richard III." Paper presented at the conference 'Reinventing the Middle Ages and the Renaissance: Constructions of the Medieval and Early Modern Periods,' sponsored by the Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, February 17, 1995, in Tempe, Arizona.
		Jeremy Potter, "Richard III's Historians: Adverse and Favourable Views" This text, by former chairman Jeremy Potter, was prepared for the Society's exhibition (1991), "To Prove a Villain," which was on display in the foyer of the Olivier Theatre in London during Sir Ian McKellen's production of Shakespeare's "Richard III", and later at Warwick Castle.
	www.r3.org /bookcase (1478 words)

	richard ii bbc excerpts
		In Act III (iii), Richard, in one of the most famous scenes of the play, appears on the walls of Flint Castle, first to parley with his mutinous cousin and soon-to-be-usurper Bolingbroke, later to come down from the walls and submit.
		I personally think the camera is very helpful in Richard's soliloquy at the end of the play as well: it's all about time passing and, by using mixes during the speech, I think we move it on in time.
		The play is famous for its verse but, says this crowned head of verse-speaking, "the verse is very ornamented and there are too many speeches of the same kind.
	www.linsdomain.com /Derek/articles/richard_ii_bbc_excerpts.htm (1476 words)

	Richard II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		King Richard II Richard is the king at the beginning of the play.
		He is assassinated by Exton at the end of the play.
		Isabel was actually a child, not the adult she is in the play.
	www.umich.edu /~shkspre/richardii/characters/richardii.htm (205 words)

	Talkin' Broadway Off-Broadway - Richard II - 3/11/01
		A number of yards beyond the stage of the Theatre at the West-Park Church, where Richard II opened last night, a gorgeous stained glass window seems to remind us, and the characters in Shakespeare's play, that God is ever present in our lives.
		Too often, the characters' words are lost in the cavernous gap that separates the playing area from the far wall of the sanctuary.
		Richard II is among the most challenging of those, and had the Frog & Peach Theatre Company succeeded with this production on its tiny stage with its glorious background, it would have been all the more remarkable.
	www.talkinbroadway.com /ob/3_11_01.html (632 words)

	English Channel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The channel has been a key natural defence for Britain, allowing the nation to intervene but rarely be dangerously threatened in European conflicts, mostly notable in the fight aganist Napoleon I of France during the Napoleonic Wars, and Adolf Hitler during the World War II.
		Nevertheless, the channel has been the scene of many invasions and attempted invasions, including the Roman conquest of Britain, the Norman Conquest in 1066, the Spanish Armada in 1588, and the Normandy landings in 1944.
		Sir Richard Branson, about to embark on his channel crossing in a floating car.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/English_Channel (1664 words)

	Richard II: Commentary (2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		When Richard II was first published it was called The Tragedy of King Richard the Second, not a history; but in the First Folio it is included as one of the ten plays that Shakespeare wrote about England's recent history, starting with King John and ending with Henry VIII.
		Historically, Richard came to the throne at age ten after the deaths of his father the Black Prince (famed for his prowess in wars in France) and his grandfather Edward III.
		The result is that the play would probably have been understood on two levels: one level learning of the issues as they arise, finding the quarrel at the beginning rather ambiguous and not knowing who (if anyone) was in the right; the other enjoying a rich subtext of ironies as the characters strut and posture.
	www.engl.uvic.ca /Faculty/MBHomePage/ISShakespeare/R2Course/R2com1.html (545 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Entertainment \| Arts \| Spacey to make Shakespeare debut
		Oscar winner Spacey's first role acting was playing the messenger in Henry VI on the New York stage in 1981.
		Richard II will kick off the theatre's second season with Spacey at the helm, after initial productions which have been met with mixed reviews.
		The play, which has been planned for two years, will be directed by Sir Trevor Nunn, who used to be artistic boss at the National Theatre.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/entertainment/arts/4253725.stm (400 words)

	Richard II (play) - TheBestLinks.com - England, Elizabeth I of England, Jerusalem, Metaphor, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Richard II (play) - TheBestLinks.com - England, Elizabeth I of England, Jerusalem, Metaphor,...
		Richard II (play), England, Elizabeth I of England, Jerusalem, Metaphor, Play...
		Wikiquote has a collection of quotations by or about Richard II (play).
	www.thebestlinks.com /Richard_II___28__play__29__.html (1142 words)

	Richard II
		Richard II, believing he's king by divine right, is confronted by rebellion.
		This will be a contemporary staging of Richard II, not a tradional one.
		Shakespeare's play questions the meaning of 'monarchy' if a divinely appointed sovereign can be pushed aside, and a man with no such claim replaces him in power.
	www.allticketseurope.com /drama/richard-ii/richard-ii.htm (129 words)

	Richard II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Richard II Reading the text of this play left me with a fairly clear impression of how all of the characters would be played, save one: King Richard himself.
		Scene III finds Richard in a stunning ensemble, all lavender and white with sumptuous ermine trim, callously banishing the two adversaries to exile.
		Richard lounges luxuriously on a massage table and talks candidly with his "favourites," Bagot, Bushy, Greene, and Aumerle, all in tubs or lying about in towels.
	www.cyberpat.com /shakes/rich2.html (469 words)

	Shakespeare Play Summaries/Synopses
		Listed below are links to summaries/synopses of all of Shakespeare's plays in pseudo-alphabetical order; pseudo because they go alphabetically until the history plays, which I have listed in the order that the play's plot takes place in history instead.
		Full texts of Shakespeare's plays are available from various sites including The Complete Works at MIT and The Collected Works of Shakespeare by Matty Farrow.
		Now all of the history plays, in order of the time in which the story takes place.
	www.alchemistmatt.com /shakespeare/shakespeare.html (148 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: King Richard II (New Penguin Shakespeare S.): Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Richard II is one of the most cryptic plays I have ever read...
		A quick synopsis: the real-life struggle between the young King Richard II (R2) and his somewhat more popular cousin, Henry Bolingbroke (BB).
		Most people I know are put off by the lack of action here, which is true, but in any case a comic book style exam answer isn't going to impress the examiner: a very detailed, thought-out and prudent response will, and R2 gives many easy opportunities for that.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0140707190 (764 words)

	Variety.com - Reviews - Richard II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		But those anticipating the dying fall that uniquely characterizes Richard II's downward trajectory will wait in vain: The actor works hard, at times furiously so, and manages for the most part to sustain a crisp English accent across three hours-plus.
		In most other ways, however, this "Richard II" is at determined, even belligerent odds with a play that has always registered as one of Shakespeare's most lyrical, only to come across here as cold, harsh and oddly unforgiving.
		In firm voice throughout, thesp captures Richard's casual drollery ("So much for that," he says after honoring the death of John of Gaunt) without that sense of a monarch sliding none too gently toward something like madness.
	www.variety.com /av_result.asp?articleid=VE1117928444&nid=2580 (836 words)

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