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Topic: Ricin

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	Ricin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The protein ricin (pronounced [ˈraɪsɪn]) is a toxin from the castor bean (Ricinus communis).
		Ricin can be extracted from castor beans and is known to have an average lethal dose in humans of 0.2 milligrams (1/5,000th of a gram), though some sources give higher figures [2].
		Ricin was given the military symbol W. The best-known documented use of ricin as an agent of biological warfare was by the Soviet Union's KGB during the Cold War.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ricin (2312 words)

	ricin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ricin is a toxin made from the mash that is leftover after processing Castor beans for oil.
		Ingested Ricin is expected to cause internal bleeding, death of vital organs and death of the individual.
		Ingestion of ricin would be expected to cause nausea and vomiting, internal bleeding of the stomach and intestines, failure of the liver, spleen and kidneys and death of the individual by collapse of the circulatory vessels.
	cmgm.stanford.edu /WWW/medical/biowaragents/ricin.html (534 words)

	Ricin: essential data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ricin is a member of a class of plant toxins known as type 2 ribosome inactivating proteins.
		Ricin is a valuable research tool and the catalytic subunit is being investigated for use in the treatment of cancers.
		Ricin is seen as attractive as a terror weapon to fringe groups and a number of books and videos describe the small scale preparation of the protein.
	www.cbwinfo.com /Biological/Toxins/ricin.html (1149 words)

	Recognition, Management and Surveillance of Ricin- Associated Illness
		Ricin is one of several types of toxalbumins that exert their toxicity by inhibiting protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells, which may ultimately lead to cell death.
		Ricin release from castor beans ingestion requires mastication, and the degree of mastication is likely to be important in determining the extent of poisoning.
		Confirmation of ricin poisoning requires clinical manifestations of illness with laboratory detection of ricin in either biological fluids or environmental samples from the area where the patient was exposed.
	www.phppo.cdc.gov /phtn/webcast/ricin/RicinScript.rev.07-14-04.htm (4970 words)

	Ricin (Toxic Substance): Science Reference Guide - Science Reference Services, Library of Congress)
		Ricin is a naturally occurring substance in the castor bean plant.
		Ricin is a highly toxic poison, but has limited value as a harmful biological agent.
		Ricin is a toxin produced by the castor bean plant.
	www.loc.gov /rr/scitech/SciRefGuides/ricin.html (413 words)

	Ricin Toxin
		Ricin is a protein material which is extracted from the beans of the common castor bean, ricinus communis.
		Ricin is not a living bioagent and, therefore, is not contagious, so the likelihood of it being spread too far beyond the initial attack site is small.
		Ricin could also be sprayed on foods like fruit or vegetables; or mixed into prepared food at a restaurant, a large catered event, or a food processing plant.
	www.policeandsecuritynews.com /marApr04/RicinToxin.htm (2974 words)

	CDC \| Facts About Ricin
		Ricin is part of the waste “mash” produced when castor oil is made.
		The major symptoms of ricin poisoning depend on the route of exposure and the dose received, though many organs may be affected in severe cases.
		Ricin poisoning is treated by giving victims supportive medical care to minimize the effects of the poisoning.
	www.bt.cdc.gov /agent/ricin/facts.asp (1423 words)

	RICIN TOXIN FROM CASTOR BEAN PLANT, RICINUS COMMUNIS
		Ricin and RCA are synthesized in the endosperm cells of maturing seeds, and are stored in an organelle called the "protein body", a vacuolar compartment.
		Ricin is not catalytically active until it is proteolytically cleaved by an endopeptidase within the protein bodies.
		Ricin can be targeted to specific cells, such as cancer cells, by conjugating the RTA subunit to antibodies or growth factors that preferentially bind the unwanted cells.
	www.ansci.cornell.edu /plants/toxicagents/ricin/ricin.html (2008 words)

	Ricin
		Ricin is a potent toxin that could be used as an agent of biological warfare or as a WMD.
		Ricin has no treatment or vaccine, but it is not communicable from person to person.
		Ricin can be disseminated as an aerosol, by injection, or as a food and water contaminant.
	www.emedicinehealth.com /ricin/article_em.htm (736 words)

	Safety and Health Topics: Ricin
		Ricin is a toxin that can be made from the waste left over from processing castor beans.
		A 500 microgram dose of ricin would be about the size of the head of a pin.
		Ricin has been used in the past as a bioterrorist weapon and remains a serious threat.
	www.osha.gov /SLTC/ricin (127 words)

	eMedicine - CBRNE - Ricin : Article by Ferdinando L Mirarchi, DO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ricin is produced easily and inexpensively, is highly toxic, is stable in aerosolized form, and has no treatment or vaccine.
		Ricin is composed of 2 hemagglutinins and 2 toxins.
		This basic structure of ricin is similar to those of the botulinum toxin, cholera toxin, diphtheria toxin, tetanus toxin, and insulin.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic889.htm (3511 words)

	Ricin Poisoning Fact Sheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ricin is a stable toxin easily made from the mash that remains after processing Castor beans (Ricinus communis) for oil.
		Exposure to concentrated ricin particles in the air is only likely during an act of bioterrorism where large numbers of people would likely experience the signs and symptoms in one place and time.
		Ricin poisoning is not contagious, and is not spread from one person to another.
	dhfs.wisconsin.gov /communicable/communicable/factsheets/Ricin.htm (545 words)

	CNS - Ricin Found in London: An al-Qa`ida Connection?
		Ricin presents a threat not just because of its highly toxic effects in humans, but also because of the wide availability of its source material, the castor plant.
		Using ricin to cause mass casualties would require either its aerosolization by means of a dispersal device or its addition to food and beverages as a contaminant.
		Ricin had acquired notoriety due to the Markov assassination case and had been developed as a toxin weapon in the past.
	cns.miis.edu /pubs/reports/ricin.htm (3622 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Health \| Q&A: What is ricin?
		Ricin is a toxic material which can be fatal when inhaled, ingested or - most dangerously - injected.
		The poison was also used to kill Bulgarian dissident Georgi Markov by using a specially-equipped umbrella to inject a pellet coated with 450 micrograms of ricin into his leg in an infamous attack on London's Waterloo Bridge in 1978.
		Ricin is being studied to see if it could form the basis of cancer treatments because it can kill cells easily.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/health/2636105.stm (447 words)

	OPHEPR; Ricin - Frequently Asked Question
		People can be poisoned by breathing in ricin mist or powder, swallowing food or water contaminated with ricin, or having a ricin pellet or ricin dissolved in a liquid injected into their bodies.
		The symptoms of ricin poisoning depend on the route of exposure and the dose received.
		If the ricin release was outside, this means moving away from the area where the ricin was released.
	www.azdhs.gov /phs/edc/edrp/es/ricinf.htm (832 words)

	Castor Bean Plant
		Ricin is found in the meal or cake after the oil has been extracted.
		Ricin mixed with food and used as bait is highly toxic to certain pest animals, such as some rodents and insects.
		Ricin is composed of two complex 3-dimensional molecular subunits, a 267 amino acid globular protein called the A chain (RTA) and a 262 amino acid protein called the B chain (RTB).
	waynesword.palomar.edu /plmar99.htm (5293 words)

	CNN.com - Early tests show deadly ricin in Senate mailroom - Feb. 2, 2004
		They also pointed out that though ricin is an effective weapon against a single person, it is difficult to use against large numbers of people at once.
		Ricin is a natural, highly toxic compound that comes from castor beans, used to make castor oil.
		In October, traces of ricin were discovered inside a small metal container in an envelope at a postal handling facility in Greenville, South Carolina.
	www.cnn.com /2004/US/02/02/senate.hazardous (641 words)

	ACP - Bioterrorism Resource Center - Important Bioterrorism Alert: Ricin
		Ricin is a potent biologic toxin that is derived from castor beans.
		Inhalation of Ricin or of abrin, which is a closely related toxin, typically leads to cough and respiratory distress followed by pulmonary edema, respiratory failure, and multisystem organ failure.
		Clinicians who suspect cases of Ricin poisoning are requested to immediately report such cases to their state or local health departments.
	www.acponline.org /bioterro/ricin.htm?hp (209 words)

	Ricin
		Ricin was once referred to as Agent W. The most notorious uses of ricin have been as assassination weapons:
		Ricin is the subject of much current research; a search of Medline on "ricin" produced 2,240 references since 1965.
		In addition to studies of the natural toxicity of the protein, ricin has elicited considerable recent interest as a component of immunotoxins, where a toxin such as the ricin A chain is connected to a binding ligand such as an antibody or growth factor that will deliver the toxin to the targeted cells.
	www.aret.asso.fr /artoxinmts3.htm (1484 words)

	Safety and Health Topics: Ricin - Hazard Recognition
		Ricin may have significance as a biological weapon since it is easy to produce and is stable.
		Ricin was considered for weaponization by the United States during its offensive Biological Warfare Program.
		Ricin was used in the highly publicized assassination of Bulgarian defector Georgi Markov in 1978.
	www.osha.gov /SLTC/ricin/recognition.html (474 words)

	Technorati Tag: Ricin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ex Machina #19 “March to War, Chapter 3″ Brian K. Vaughan, writer Tony Harris, penciler Ricin was implicated as the poison in Ex Machina #17, #18 and...
		Ricin is one of the deadliest substances ever created.
		Ricin is a potentially deadly toxin extracted from castor beans which could be used as...
	technorati.com /tag/Ricin (436 words)

	Homeland Security: Ricin Information
		Depending on the route of exposure (such as injection), as little as 500 micrograms of ricin could be enough to kill an adult.
		Specific effects of ricin poisoning depend on whether ricin was inhaled, swallowed, or injected.
		If we suspect that people have inhaled ricin, a possible clue would be that a large number of people who had been close to each other suddenly developed fever, cough, and excess fluid in their lungs.
	www.nationalterroralert.com /readyguide/ricin.htm (806 words)

	CNN.com - Frist: Ricin confirmed, but no illness reported - Feb. 4, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Center for Disease Control and Prevention has notified doctors in the area of possible symptoms of ricin poisoning, and CDC Director Julie Gerberding said a sample of the substance will be sent to her agency for testing.
		Ricin was found in a letter last October at a postal handling facility in Greenville, S.C., and the FBI has offered a $100,000 reward in the case.
		Jonathan Tucker, a chemical and biological weapons expert from the U.S. Institute of Peace, said ricin is 200 times as potent as cyanide although not as deadly as anthrax.
	www.cnn.com /2004/US/02/03/senate.hazardous (1086 words)

	USATODAY.com - Ricin investigation focuses on mysterious 'Fallen Angel' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		WASHINGTON (AP) — The investigation into the appearance of the deadly poison ricin on Capitol Hill this week and earlier in two ominous letters is focusing on a mysterious "Fallen Angel" who threatens to use ricin as a weapon unless new trucking regulations are rolled back.
		Ricin is considered a less effective weapon for causing mass casualties than anthrax, which was mailed to Senate offices in late 2001, because it is more difficult to make airborne and requires inhalation of large quantities to be fatal.
		Ultimately, the ricin in that letter was deemed to be of a low grade and not a threat to public health, so no announcement was made.
	www.usatoday.com /news/washington/2004-02-05-fallen-angel_x.htm (899 words)

	CNN.com - White House- bound ricin letter posted on Web - Feb. 23, 2004
		Ricin is a deadly poison with no known antidote, derived from the castor bean.
		Ricin discovered in Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist's officer earlier this month shut down three Senate buildings for several days until they could be examined and tested.
		In one of the most notorious Cold War assassinations, Bulgarian dissident Georgi Markov was killed by a poison dart filled with ricin and fired from an umbrella in London in 1978.
	edition.cnn.com /2004/US/02/23/ricin.probe (648 words)

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