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	The Early Islamic Conquests
		At the end of the ridda, as we have seen, Arabian society was divided into three fairly sharply defined political strata: the ruling elite on top, a small middle group of loyal tribesmen allied to the elite, and a large population of recently conquered (or reconquered) tribesmen beneath them.
		This shift in policy toward the former rebels of the ridda, and the growth of the intermediate stratum of tribesmen who were associated with the state but were not part of the elite, however, posed serious problems for the state leadership.
		Ridda leaders were still viewed with suspicion by the ruling elite for obvious reasons, as is revealed by the example of the B. Asad.
	www.geocities.com /islampencereleri3/early_islamic_conquests.htm (8132 words)

	Ridda wars Biography on DanceAge
		The Ridda wars (also known as the Riddah wars and the Wars of Apostasy) were a set of military campaigns against apostasy and rebellion against the Caliph Abu Bakr during 632 and 633 AD, following the death of Muhammad.
		After the death of Muhammad central Arabia was led by Musaylima, who was considered by the muslims to be a false prophet, while to the south and east in Bahrain, Oman, Mahra and Yemen.
		The Ridda wars eventually led to Muslim expansion into the remnants of Sassanid Persia as well as the fringe territories of the Byzantine empire.
	music.musictnt.com /biography/sdmc_Ridda_Wars (1218 words)

	Abu Bakr - TvWiki, the free encyclopedia
		Apostasy is a capital offense under traditional interpretations of Islamic law, and Abu Bakr declared war on the rebels.
		The severest struggle was the war with Ibn Habib al-Hanefi, known as "Musailimah the Liar", who claimed to be a prophet and Muhammad's true successor.
		Fred Donner, in his book The Early Islamic Conquests, argues that Abu Bakr's "foreign" expeditions were merely an extension of the Ridda Wars, in that he sent his troops against Arab tribes living on the borders of the Fertile Crescent.
	www.tvwiki.tv /wiki/Abu_Bakr (1381 words)

	Persia - IBWiki
		The beginnings of the seventh century saw the Byzantine and Persian Empires at war, a war which was began by Shāhānshāh Khosrau II in response to the Byzantine Emperor Maurice's assassination by Phocas.
		The Persian-Arab war began properly in 633, with the fall of the border town of Hira to the Muslims.
		Mehrpanj was a canny ruler and maintained Persia's neutrality throughout the Great War, which enabled the country to profit during the war by selling oil and armaments to both sides and after the war by offering large loans for the post-war reconstruction effort in Europe.
	ib.frath.net /w/Persia (3988 words)

	Abu Bakr and Ridda wars
		Ridda wars formed an extension of Muammad’s career in two ways — firstly in consolidation of state rule over Arabia but in cementing position of elites: Medinese, Hijaz, Meccans and Taqifs remained a united bloc once succession crises had been resolved.
		Ridda Wars — acumination general process political consolidation begun by M. where Islamic elite established control over tribal population. Culmination of process new state, run by sedentary tribesmen, attained full control over nomadic sector of Arabian population. Symbolised by annual tax paid by Arabian tribes — imposition of which seems instrumental in formation ridda wars.
		Islamic conquest of near east seen as an organic outgrowth of Muhammad’s teachings and their impact on Arabian society., political consolidation, efforts to bring nomads under his control, extension of processes by Abu Bakr. Formed foundations of which Islamic conquests rested.
	www.revision-notes.co.uk /revision/462.html (527 words)

	The Wars against the Apostates - Mw (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Wars against the Apostates - Mw The Wars against the Apostates
		Also known as the Ridda Wars 632 AD (10 AH).
		After the death of the Prophet, many Arab tribes rebelled against Abu Bakr, claiming that their pact had been specifically with the Prohet and no one else.
	muslimwikipedia.com /mw/index.php/The_Wars_against_the_Apostates (362 words)

	Islam
		Wars very often broke out as a result of one clan encroaching on the pasture areas of another clan.
		With unity, the skills and energies that the bedouins had once channeled toward warring with each other were turned outward in a burst of conquest that is perhaps unmatched in human history in its speed and extent.
		Above all, the bedouin warriors were drawn to the campaigns of expansion by the promise of a share in the booty to be won in the rich farmlands raided and the tribute that could be exacted from the towns and cities that came under Arab rule.
	www.emayzine.com /lectures/ISLAM1.html (9037 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com :: Iran's Rushdies by MEMRI
		Thus, the charge of ridda was filed against several intellectuals; if found guilty, the court could force them to divorce their spouses [tafriq], because if one party to an Islamic marriage became an apostate, the marriage was nullified.
		In 2001, a similar suit was filed against feminist Egyptian author Nawal Al-Sa'dawi; however, the prosecutor-general, who, according to a 1996 amendment, was the only one who could decide whether such a suit was warranted, rejected the claims against her.
		The issues of ridda, takfir, and tafriq are a constant concern in the Muslim world.
	frontpagemag.com /articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=17080 (2136 words)

	History of Islam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This empire was not to remain unified for long; the new polity soon broke into a civil war known to Islamic historians as the Fitna, and later by a Second Fitna.
		Following Word War I, the remnants of the Ottoman empire were parcelled out as European protectorates or spheres of influence.
		This is further discussed in such articles as Gulf War, Iraq War, Islamism, War on terrorism, and September 11, 2001 attacks.
	history-of-islam.iqnaut.net (1641 words)

	Muhammad - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		War between factions in Mecca and Medina followed, in which Muhammad and his followers were victorious.
		Caravan raiding (al-ghazw) was an old Arabian tradition; Muslims justified the raids by the Meccans' confiscation of the property they had left at Mecca and the state of war deemed to exist between the Meccans and the Muslims.
		Abu Bakr spent much of his short reign suppressing rebellious tribes in the Ridda Wars.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Muhammad (4150 words)

	Abu Bakr - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		Apostasy is a capital offense under Islamic law, and Abu Bakr declared war on the rebels.
		This was the start of the Ridda wars, Arabic for the Wars of Apostasy.
		The severest struggle was the war with Ibn Habib al-Hanefi, who claimed to be a prophet and Muhammad's true successor.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=1715 (1108 words)

	SparkNotes: Early Middle Ages (475-1000): Islamic Expansion and Political Evolution, 632-1000
		Warring with Muslims when it suited them, Castilian leaders were not at this point fighting a holy war.
		Thus, the Arabs were facing a northeastern enemy that was much enervated, and not able to attract the emotional loyalty of a mostly non-Zoroastiran population in areas of initial Sassanian-Islamic conflict.
		Finally, one cannot avoid the sense that after forty years of internal political unrest combined with exhausting Persian wars and Avar incursions, Byzantine state, society, and military exhibited a sense of fatigue and inability to assimilate the crisis' meaning so soon after the Sassanian conflict.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/middle1/section5.rhtml (3221 words)

	Shake the Heavens: Islamic History
		During his very brief reign he crushed an attempt by some tribes, especially in the central Najd region and the western Hijaz region, to secede from Islamic rule which at that point encompassed all of the Arabian Peninsula.
		This "revolt" is known as the Ridda ("apostasy") Wars.
		The severest struggle was the war with Ibn Habib of the al-Hanefi tribe, known as "Musailimah the Liar", who claimed to be a prophet and Muhammad's true successor.
	shaketheheavens.org /islam/history.shtml (2577 words)

	Islam and Terror - It's Happening Forums
		The global war on terror (GWOT) and the battles with specific Islamist groups is, to some degree, a war of ideas.
		With a better understanding of Islamic concepts of war, peace, and Muslim relations with non-Muslims, those fighting the GWOT may gain support and increase their efficacy.
		Jordanian analyst Salameh Nimatt, in Washington, said the Iraq war "opened gates of hell on autocratic and tyrannical regimes and that should be welcomed by the people." But he cautioned there's no guarantee it will last.
	www.wincoast.com /forum/showthread.php?t=93 (4810 words)

	The Terrible Truth - The Human History of War
		161 - 166 Parthian war of Lucius Verus
		1532 - 1546 Ottoman-Habsburg War in the Mediterranean
		1551 - 1581 Ottoman-Habsburg War in the Mediterranean
	www.bibleufo.com /terribletruth5.htm (1805 words)

	Caliphs of the Islamic World - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		Whatever the case, it should be recognised that the ‘discovery’ of a long-forgotten hadith often served as a political tool to legitimise someone’s political agenda, which is why the hadith vary in reliability and sometimes contradict one another even in prophecies attributed to the Prophet’s own mouth.
		After his father was killed in the ridda wars, he was brought up by Uthman, but resented his foster-father’s preference for Umayyad kinsmen.
		No war prisoners, women or children should be enslaved, and the property of slain enemies was to go to their legal Muslim heirs.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=2303 (12984 words)

	Muhammad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In 622 he was forced to flee Mecca and settle in Medina with his followers, where he established legal authority as leader of the first avowedly Muslim community.
		War between Mecca and Medina followed, in which Muhammad and his followers were eventually victorious.
		He spent much of his short reign suppressing rebellious tribes in the Ridda Wars.
	muhammad.iqnaut.net (3294 words)

	Brief History of Early Islam
		The two cities of Mecca and Medina went to war.
		This is still a matter of contention among Muslims; the largest sect of Islam, the Sunnis, and the various Shi’a sects, disagree radically as to the history and significance of Abu Bakr’s succession to what was later called the caliphate.
		Abu Bakr spent most of his brief caliphate fighting the Ridda Wars, bringing rebellious Arabian tribes to heel.
	www.religion-spirituality.org /islam/brief-history.php (687 words)

	Mahmood’s Den » Blog Archive » An Islamic State or a State for Muslims? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		What indicated this is the large number of converts throughout the last two years of the Prophet’s life and the quick withdrawal from Islam by many after the Prophet’s death.
		Thus in the Ridda wars (the apostasy wars), Abu Bakr was obliged to connect Islam to the state through political power against revolutionary tribes.
		Either he was a operative for the other tribes, or he would simply defect to the other warring side, and fight Mohammad’s “state”.
	mahmood.tv /?p=2480 (1971 words)

	Islam, The Arab Empire Of The Umayyads (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The defeat of rival prophets and some of the larger clans in what were
		Weakened from within and exhausted by the long wars fought with Persia in
		desert bedouins were putting together war fleets that increasingly challenged
	history-world.org /islam11.htm (3619 words)

	GLIMPSES FROM THE LIFE OF UMAR BIN KHATAB
		Further Abu Bakr had asked Usmah bin Zaid permission to use Umar because at the time of the death of the Messenger, Umar was part of an Invasion force that was led by Usamah.
		It was at this point that Umar saw the error of his way, retracted and joined Abu Bakr in the wars.
		Placing the reserve army on the state’s Payroll and organization of the War department.
	www.muslimphilosophy.com /mih/isl/umar.htm (3050 words)

	Gorgias Press - Arabic & Islamic Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This book is one of the most reliable sources on the beginnings of Islamic statehood.
		It covers the wars of Prophet Muhammad, the ridda wars, the conquests of Syria, Armenia, Egypt, and the Maghrib, and lastly, the occupation of Iraq and Persia.
		This is the earliest known history of pre-Islamic Yemen, attributed to the South Arabian historian `Abid b.
	www.gorgiaspress.com /bookshop/c-16-arabic-islamic-studies.aspx (1573 words)

	Inquiry and Analysis Series - No. 208
		Thus, the charge of ridda was filed against several intellectuals; if found guilty, the court could force them to divorce their spouses [ tafriq ], because if one party to an Islamic marriage became an apostate, the marriage was nullified.
		In 2001, a similar suit was filed against feminist Egyptian author Nawal Al-Sa'dawi;however, the prosecutor-general, who, according to a 1996 amendment, was the only one who could decide whether such a suit was warranted, rejected the claims against her.
		In his book ' Islam and Secularism,' Al-Qaradhawi explains: "The Muslim sages agreed unanimously that anyone who denies something that is known in the religion is an apostate who abandons his religion.
	memri.org /bin/articles.cgi?Page=subjects&Area=jihad&ID=IA20805 (2108 words)

	Amazon.com: Islamic History: A New Interpretation, A.D. 600-750 (A.H. 132): Books: M. A. Shaban (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Key Phrases: ridda wars, ooo dirhams, original conquerors, North Africa, House of the Prophet, Central Asia (more...
		Key Phrases - SIPs: ridda wars, ooo dirhams, original conquerors, regular stipends, second civil war
		ridda wars, ooo dirhams, original conquerors, regular stipends, second civil war
	www.amazon.com /Islamic-History-Interpretation-D-H/dp/0521291313 (1274 words)

	WDDM Wiki: This list l believe presents a sad part part of humanity
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		1640-1701 French and Iroquois Wars (aka "Iroquois Wars" or the "Beaver Wars") 1641-1649 Wars of Castro
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	www.world-wide-democracy.net /Wiki/MartinJacksonSadHistory (1258 words)

	Muhammad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He settled in the area of Yathrib (now known as Medina) with his followers, where he was the leader of the first avowedly Muslim community.
		Eight years of war between Muhammad and Meccan forces followed, ending with the Muslim victory and conquest of Mecca.
		They have agreed to lay down the burden of war for ten years
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Muhammad (8937 words)

	Amazon.com: Islam in America: Books: Jane I. Smith (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Autobiography of Malcolm X (As Told to Alex Haley) by Alex Haley in Back Matter (1), and Back Matter (2)
		I understand that the goal of the author was to educated Americans on Islam, i.e.
		Unless I totally missed it, the author did not even mention the Ridda Wars and numerous apostic groups that sprang up after the death of the Prophet Mohammad.
	www.amazon.com /Islam-America-Jane-I-Smith/dp/0231109679 (2065 words)

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