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Topic: Ridge and furrow

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	Ridge and furrow - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term ridge and furrow is often used by archaeologists and others to describe the pattern of peaks and troughs created in a field and caused by the system of ploughing used during the Middle Ages in Britain.
		It originally derived from the Old English words for a 'furrow length' and was then taken to mean a length of ploughing across an acre (4047 m²) of land and so its exact value would vary dependant on local constraints.
		The ridge and furrow can have a height difference of 18 to 24 inches (0.5 to 0.6 m) in places and give a strongly rippled effect to the fieldscape.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ridge_and_furrow (377 words)

	Run rig - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Unlike ridge and furrow agriculture, run rig was developed around individual farmsteads rather than villages and so it covers a smaller area.
		The system of long ploughed ridges and furrows is common to both however.
		An infield area close to the farmhouse was cultivated and manured regularly whilst outlying land was ploughed once a year for five years before being permitted to lie fallow.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Run_rig (195 words)

	British Archaeology, no 33, April 1998: Features (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The ridges were made by ploughing in a clockwise spiral, starting in the middle of the strip and eventually ploughing around the outside edge, with the plough constantly throwing the soil to the right.
		Ridge and furrow is associated with the Midlands, from Leicestershire to Buckinghamshire, where the largest areas are still to be found.
		Ridge and furrow is generally regarded as `medieval' but the age of surviving remnants is strictly the date when they were last ploughed, that is when a township was enclosed.
	www.britarch.ac.uk /ba/ba33/ba33feat.html (4284 words)

	Ridge-and-Furrow Ploughing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the Medieval period, a common method of ploughing was by ridge-and-furrow, sometimes also known as rig-and-furrow.
		On the ridges between each of the furrows the crops were planted.
		This sort of ploughing occurred in the context of Medieval strip fields, which were long narrow strips of land exploited by farmers.
	www.ncl.ac.uk /till-tweed/archaeology/ridgeandfurrow.htm (218 words)

	Greenhouse Structures
		Ridge and furrow greenhouses are connected at the eave by a common gutter.
		Ridge and furrow greenhouses may be gabled or curved arch.
		Several connected ridge and furrow greenhouses are often referred to as a "range".
	aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu /greenhouse/nursery/guides/green/struc.html (812 words)

	Faculty, Students Research Area Archeological Site
		A ridge and furrow agricultural system like that at the Eau Claire site was used by Oneota people, a prehistoric Native American group known to have lived in the upper Midwest about that time.
		Ridged fields in Wisconsin, and their use by Native Americans, are widely documented in accounts of early explorers and fur traders.
		In addition to learning about the agricultural benefits of the ridged and furrow system, the information can be used to help researchers better understand the social organization of families and communities during that period, Running said.
	www.uwec.edu /newsbureau/release/past/1997/97-10/1030Running.html (1118 words)

	Archaeology Review 1996 - 97 : 4.19 Publications
		For the purposes of the project, ridge and furrow, because of its archaeological visibility, was taken as the prime indicator of open fields, but the 'monument' was defined more broadly to include all aspects of township-based medieval open field systems.
		This demonstrated the role of ridge and furrow as the principal way in which open fields are manifest in the present countryside.
		A further approach might be to alert the National Trust to the landscape importance of ridge and furrow, with a view to purchasing land as it becomes available, and to encourage large estates to take the protection of ridge and furrow into account in their farm management strategies.
	www.eng-h.gov.uk /ArchRev/rev97_8/fields.htm (1023 words)

	ridge and furrow - Landespflege Freiburg
		Survey of fossilized ridge and furrow in a forested area near Rastatt, South West Germany
		In an initial mapping, the extent of areas of ridge and furrow earthworks has been sketched at 1:10000 scale.
		As another approach, soil profiles across ridges and furrows will be examined to reveal whether ancient ploughing practices involved a transfer of topsoil from the furrows towards the ridges.
	www.landespflege-freiburg.de /forschung/woelbaecker.en.html (406 words)

	Peak District National Park: Time Glossary
		narrow ridge and furrow tends to be nineteenth century in date (or from 1939-45 using old ploughs), resulting from ploughing using a fixed mould-board plough.
		there are rare exceptions to these trends, including pre-medieval ridge and furrow of various forms, wide but straight examples of relatively modern date and hand dug examples of various dates.
		all types of ridge and furrow tend to occur on heavier, thicker soils, but are rare on the thin soils of the limestone plateau.
	www.peakdistrict-nationalpark.info /time/glossary.html (3205 words)

	Shropshire Routes to Roots \| Changes in People and Landscape \| Farming Changes
		However, the remains of the surrounding ridge and furrow fields survive in the landscape as slight features visible from the air as shadowmarks.
		The term Ridge and Furrow is used to describe these characteristic corrugated fields of the Medieval period.
		Ridge and furrow is formed when neighbouring strips are ploughed in the opposite direction.
	www3.shropshire-cc.gov.uk /roots/packages/lan/lan_f02a.htm (855 words)

	Medieval ridge & furrow
		Some of the land around Willen village homesteads had been enclosed as pasture for sheep, and cattle were grazed on the lush water meadows but, the existence of extensive 'ridge and furrow' field systems and archaeological evidence shows that in 1520 most of the land was used for growing crops.
		Peasants did all the farm work for the Lord of the Manor, but were allotted a few strips of land for their own use.
		The ridges and furrows formed because, over the years, ploughing and hoeing caused the soil to be drawn up into ridges on which crops were grown.
	clutch.open.ac.uk /schools/willen99/w_employment/ridgefurr/ridgfur.html (160 words)

	Hob Moor: A Digital Resource ~ RIDGE AND FURROW (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The physical remnants of previous eras of cultivation are evident in the Medieval and Napoleonic ridge and furrow on Hob Moor.
		In England, much of the ridge and furrow were destroyed in the 20th century by modern ploughing.
		Examples of Napoleonic ridge and furrow, also known as 'narrow rig', are evident on the Ancient Common.
	www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk /community/hobmoor/landscpe/rf.html (169 words)

	Evidence in Person 7
		I believe that if this were a proper archaeological investigation, where the object of the critique was to establish the validity of the thesis, the discovery of ridge and furrow next to a possible major earthworks, would lead to the inevitable conclusion that a mediaeval settlement could be located nearby.
		You will see that the ridge and furrow is evenly spread across the whole face of this field, and can also be seen in other fields in the immediate vicinity.
		Or he identified a single ridge and furrow somewhere in these fields that is over a meter narrower than all the rest.
	www.secretsofthenormaninvasion.com /corresp/norman.htm (5077 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		Three seed bed types [broad bed and furrow (BBF), ridge and furrow (RF), and flat] and three sowing dates, beginning of early August, at an interval of 14 days were used.
		Ridge and furrow (traditional) method was as effective as BBF in removing the excess water.
		Ridges on the RF plots were separated by furrows of 20 cm width and 20 cm depth.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?cs97004 (2276 words)

	Unnamed Site
		To the east of the easternmost hollow way is a discrete area of medieval ridge and furrow cultivation remains.
		The eastern edge of the ridge and furrow remains is bounded by a later medieval deer park pale orientated north west-south east and traversing the whole of the slope.
		Traces of ridge and furrow remains in this area were visible in 1991, although they are no longer evident.
	www.pastscape.org /hob.asp?hob_no=1162249 (384 words)

	ARC-ILI, Publications, Articles: Combating of soil losses in tobacco fields (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Tobacco is traditionally planted on the ridge and furrow method, with the crops on the ridge.
		V-shaped furrows, or furrows that are too long, bring about an increase in both the flow rate and the carrying capacity of the water, which washes away the soil particles.
		If tillage along the slope is not a suitable choice, the ridge and furrow method can be adjusted in such a way that the ridge has a certain drop, e.g.
	www.arc.agric.za /v-arcroot/institutes/ili/main/publications/combatting_soil_tobacco.htm (450 words)

	Secret Shropshire
		Ridge and furrow, which is still visible in the landscape, arose from driving a mouldboard plough, drawn by 8 oxen, in narrow lines as shown in the illustration below.
		Later ridge and furrow is straighter and narrower, because by the 13th century farmers were using plough horses.
		The aerial photograph below shows the remains of ridge and furrow surrounding a now deserted settlement at Gretton.
	www.secretshropshire.org.uk /Content/Learn/Landscape/Agriculture2.asp (259 words)

	Florida Greenhouse Design
		Ridge and furrow houses should always be orientated north-south.
		The most common type is the ridge and furrow house, which is easy to maintain and heat, and has a long life.
		Natural ventilation using ridge and side vents is satisfactory for many operations.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /BODY_AE016 (3550 words)

	Archaeology Review 1996 - 97 : 4.20.13 Conserving open field systems in the Midlands
		The extent of surviving areas of ridge and furrow earthworks has been mapped at 1:25,000 scale as seen on this map.
		The extent of surviving areas of ridge and furrow earthworks has been mapped at 1:25000 scale using the most recent vertical aerial survey (1988-96) available for each county.
		The initial mapping has shown that ridge and furrow survival is best along the Northamptonshire/Warwickshire and Northamptonshire/Leicestershire border, extending well into Leicestershire with an unexpectedly high degree of survival also being recorded in central Buckinghamshire.
	www.eng-h.gov.uk /archrev/rev96_7/ofsmid.htm (716 words)

	whittlewoodproject
		Ridge and furrow evidence from aerial photographs has been transcribed by the county archaeological service onto six-inch OS maps.
		Ridge and furrow survives well in the parkland south of the school, sandwiched between the Roman road to the west and the Hey Wey to the east.
		Ridge and furrow appears on every side of the settlement, although it is concentrated to the south, where the evidence suggests that the whole of the area to the parish boundary formed this settlement’s open fields.
	www.le.ac.uk /elh/whittlewood/stowe.htm (8421 words)

	ccw.gov.uk - Countryside Council for Wales (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In historical times, wide ridges and furrows were created to help drain the low-lying fields.
		Ridge and furrow landforms accidentally arose out of the prolonged use of ox or horse drawn ploughs on mediaeval strip cultivations.
		The ridge and furrow allows both wet and dry species to survive as the ridges can always be kept clear of prolonged flooding.
	www.ccw.gov.uk /news/index.cfm?action=Press&ID=484&lang=en (652 words)

	Hob Moor: A Digital Resource ~ MEDIEVAL RIDGE AND FURROW (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the Medieval period, fields were ploughed by oxen, which created deep, wide ridges and furrows.
		The furrows tend to collect water during wet waether and are a bit greener than the ridges, which are often covered with Buttercups as seen in the adjacent image.
		The furrows serve as strip boundaries and function to drain the land.
	www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk /community/hobmoor/landscpe/rf/med.html (178 words)

	BBC South Yorkshire - Nature - Endcliffe And Porter Valley Walk
		Ridge and furrow was a medieval farming technique where peasants worked the land with a wooden plough, drawn by a team of oxen.
		The ploughing created a ridge, which was small at first but grew in size as the soil was always turned the same way by the plough.
		This in turn created a furrow, or ditch, along the length of the ploughed land.
	www.bbc.co.uk /southyorkshire/i_love_sy/localhistory/walk_through_time/07.shtml (263 words)

	History of Potterton 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		On the outer limits of the village are well-defined terraces of ridge and furrow, evidence of medieval open field strip ploughing.
		Although being one of the best preserved deserted medieval villages in the region, the general earthwork features are relatively slightly accentuated, because timber buildings were normal in the area during this period.
		Miry Lane, the holloway and the ridge and furrow are visible.
	www.hjsmith.clara.co.uk /3670.htm (2743 words)

	soil_workshop (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		There are significant differences on soil fluxes between ridges and furrows.
		In all stations, the fluxes differences are amongst ridges are lower than the fluxes differences from ridge to furrow in same station.
		The heat flux of the site is obtained by averaging the fluxes of the ridge and furrow.
	www.atd.ucar.edu /homes/oncley/ebex/workshop/soil_workshop.html (225 words)

	Sites in Fenland
		The mounds and hollows visible in the field are the remains of medieval agricultural practices, known as ridge and furrow.
		The strips were general ploughed in a clockwise pattern, and the repeated movement of soil during ploughing created the distinctive ridge and furrow pattern.
		Traces of medieval ridge and furrow are also visible.
	www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk /leisure/archaeology/outreach/sites/sites_fenland.htm (686 words)

	Brogborough Gateway Trail
		In this area you can see some of the ridge and furrow earthworks which are evidence of medieval farming methods.
		Ridge and furrow patterns were created by ploughing across many heavy soils of lowland England.
		Ironically, much of this important ridge and furrow has been ploughed flat by modern day farm machinery.
	www.marstonvale.org /outabout/brogborough/trail.html (1129 words)

	News Wales > Environment > Laser controlled excavator turns clock back at nature reserve
		A state of the art, laser controlled excavator is set to move on to the Gwent Levels Wetlands Reserve, to recreate the historic landscape associated with this area of south Wales.
		The six tonne excavator is being used to recreate the typical, ancient ‘ridge and furrow’ landform of the Gwent Levels
		Once the work is completed more than 20,000 metres of ridge and furrow will be recreated over about 20 hectares of the Reserves fields.
	www.newswales.co.uk /?section=Environment&F=1&id=6490 (375 words)

	AncientFields.dk - Origins of the open fields in Europe. Download papers in English by Ole Vejbaek.
		Ridge and furrow field preserved under thick layer of blown sand.
		AMS dating of C14 points at the ridges being from the time between 1050 and 1080.
		A house on a stone sill built across the ridges dates from the second half of the 12th century.
	www.ancientfields.dk (162 words)

	Site Report Hampton Lakes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Formerly this was a vast wilderness area of ridge and furrow left in the wake of the extraction of the underlying London Clay, with the newer workings at the western end.
		Part of the eastern half of this area was infilled with fly-ash (pulverised fuel ash) and domestic waste.
		The western half of the site is still the ridge and furrow of the old brick pit, although there is already some work going on to landscape it.
	pbc.codehog.co.uk /site_reports/hampton_lakes.htm (384 words)

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