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Topic: Rif Mountains

	Places of the World (R-S) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The terrain is central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the plain of Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps.
		Sardinia is a mountainous island in the Mediterranean.
		Skiddaw is a mountain in Cumbria north of Keswick.
	www7.informatik.uni-erlangen.de /tree/IMMD-VII/Probert_Encyclopaedia/g9.htm (6263 words)

	Rif - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Rif ( Arif in Berber, er-Rif Ø§ÙØ±ÙÙ in Arabic) is a mainly mountainous region of north Morocco, from Cape Spartel and Tangier in the west to Cape Tres Forcas and Melilla in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the river of Ouargha in the south.
		The people of the Rif include Rifains (the Berber people of north Morocco who call themselves: "Imazighen" or "Irifyen") and Arabs (Arabised Rifains and authentic Arabs).
		Major Rif cities include Al Hoceima and Nador, while Melilla, though in Spanish hands, is geographically a part of it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rif (300 words)

	EXAMPLE
		The highest mountain is Jebel Toubkal (4,165 m/13,665 ft), in the Grand Atlas range.
		At high altitudes temperatures of less than -17.8° C (0° F) are not uncommon, and mountain peaks are covered with snow during most of the year.
		The mountainous regions of Morocco contain extensive areas of forest, including large stands of cork oak, evergreen oak, juniper, cedar, fir, and pine.
	www.aasa.00go.com /morocco.html (494 words)

	YWAM Sahara - Rif Berbers
		The Rif Berbers occupy the region the north and eastern ranges of the Rif mountains.
		These mountain ranges, with their 6,000 peaks, are separated by broad inhabited valleys, and form a rugged coastline as they plunge into the Mediterranean Sea.
		Rif Berber life is based mainly on the cultivation of cereal crops - barley, wheat, and corn.
	www.gosahara.org /rb.html (3549 words)

	[No title]
		Northern Morocco is a broad zone of varied neotectonic activity composed of the Rif mountains, near the plate boundary with western Europe, and the intracontinental Atlas mountains.
		The Middle Atlas is characterized by moderate seismicity and alkali volcanism throughout the Quaternary.
		The crustal shortening of the intracontinental Atlas region contrasts with the strike-slip deformation of the Rif mountains.
	atlas.geo.cornell.edu /people/gomez/publications/jlg96.html (658 words)

	SummitPost.org - Balmenhorn/Bivacco Giordano HUT Climbing Information
		The Balmenhorn is an unimportant peak of the Wallis (if it is a mountain at all), although it is higher than for example the famous Aiguille Verte, the Jungfrau or the Breithorn.
		either on the level of mountains, that means that the name of the massif appears on the list of all mountains, or within every mountainpage, so that every summit of a massif still appears as one mountain, but with the subclassification, to which massif it belongs, in the title passage.
		Mountains are the whole stuff from valley to summit.
	www.summitpost.org /mountains/mountain_link.pl/mountain_id/527 (1058 words)

	FIFA.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Rharb Plain, a vast alluvial lowland, is to the west of the Rif. ; The Atlas Mountains provide the backbone for the country, running from the southwest to the Algerian border in the northeast and with peaks at various intervals.
		Running to the northwest, the mountains fall off towards the Atlantic coast, which is where the most fertile land and the biggest Moroccan cities are to be found.
		The Atlas Mountains comprise three distinct chains, with the High Atlas in the middle, the Middle Atlas in the northwest and the flatter Anti-Atlas in the southwest.
	www.fifa.com /common/printerfriendly.html?articleid=101351 (459 words)

	Morocco: Tremors in the Rif
		The repression of protest, something the regime of Mohammed VI was supposed to have abandoned, reminds the people of the Rif region of the dark years under the reign of King Hassan II.
		This is why the people of Rif region recently rejected the farce that is l’Instance Equité et Réconciliation (The Authority of Reconciliation), which was charged with compensating several victims of the regime of Hassan II.
		The recent events in the Rif region have smashed this illusion, and revealed the corruption and rottenness of the regime.
	www.marxist.com /Africa/morocco-tremors-rif030605.htm (760 words)

	Morocco
		Mountain peaks are covered with snow during most of the year.
		Casablanca is the center of commerce and industry and the leading port; Rabat is the seat of government; Tangier is the gateway to Morocco from Spain and also a major port; “Arab”; Fez is the cultural and religious center; and “Berber”; Marrakech is a major tourist center.
		Geographically, two mountain chains – the Rif along the northern coast and the Atlas in the center – divide eastern Morocco from Atlantic Morocco to the west, providing a home for some 30 million people.
	www.srginc.org /morocco.html (3044 words)

	BBC News \| AFRICA \| Morocco bans historical conference
		The group, calling itself the Association for the Defence of Victims of the Rif War, says that more than 70 years on, the effects of the toxic gas are still being felt.
		The Berber rebellion in the Rif mountains of northern Morocco is one of the most celebrated events in modern North African history.
		According to the Association for the Defence of Victims of the Rif War, many people in the mountains continue to die of cancer - more than 60 per cent of the total for the whole country - and they believe toxicity is to blame.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/africa/1770571.stm (355 words)

	Holidays Morocco holiday homes riads ryads hotels Marrakech Essaouira Agadir Fez (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Its geography is dominated by the gigantic surge of three mountain ranges, the Riff along the northern coast and the Middle and High Atlas which run across the middle of the country, separated by rich and surprisingly green valleys.
		It is a land of great contrasts and variety, from the snow and ski resorts of the high mountains to the wild beaches of the West coast; from the intense activity of the towns to the immense emptiness of the desert.
		In the Rif Mountains along the northern Mediterranean Coast, the wettest part of Morocco, the indigenous vegetation is very similar to that of Andalucía, mostly holm oak and various species of pines.
	www.rusticblue-morocco.com /more_about_morocco.htm (1907 words)

	ATLAS [I:748a] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The structure of domes, frequently faulted, and of broad basins, to be observed in the Tebessa mountains, is continued in the Dorsal range of Tunisia.
		Further to the E., the narrow chain of the Hodna mountains and the Belezma massif, separate the very low lying basin of the Hodna (400 m.) from the high plains of the eastern and Constantine regions of Algeria (800 to 1,050 m.).
		East of Bougie, the Babor (2,004 m.) and the chain of Numidia are contiguous to Eastern Kabylia and directly dominate the softer reliefs of the Ferdjioua and Constantine mountains.
	www.encislam.brill.nl /data/EncIslam/S2/SIM-0852.html (1662 words)

	BikeAbout Trip Log: October 2, 1997
		The Rif Mountains parallel the coast of northern Morocco (we're glad that we're not the only ones), and many of the principle northern cities are in high mountain valleys.
		Ketama, smack in the middle of the Rif Mountains, is rich in history and culture.
		It is a rough, mountainous region that also served as the stronghold for the northern Berbers who, in the early 20th century, battled the Spanish who were set on maintaining a colonial presence.
	www.bikeabout.org /journal/notes_5.htm (1155 words)

	Morocco (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The gorge is a vast fault in a high plateau that separates the High Atlas Mountains from the Jbel Savho range.
		At high altitudes temperatures of less than -17.8°C (0°F) are not uncommon, and mountain peaks are covered with snow during most of the year.
		They have been living in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco for thousands of years in houses made of mud bricks, wood, or stone.
	www.arab-world-information.com /morocco.htm (4398 words)

	Atlas Mountains (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Aures Mountains are formed of long parallel folds which reach a height of 7,638 feet at Mount Chelia.
		These two mountain masses were formed over a major intracontinental rift system that had extended from what is now the Atlantic margin of Morocco to the Mediterranean coast of Tunisia.
		The mountain regions have become a human reservoir upon which the Maghribian countries draw to obtain the labor force needed for development.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/j/a/jaf328/atlas.htm (1340 words)

	International
		The Northern Shilha of Algeria and Morocco, known as the "Rif Berbers," are numerous tribes of tough and hardened people eking out an existence on the harsh, uninviting slopes of the Rif Mountains.
		The word "Rif" is an Arabic word meaning "the edge of cultivated area." The Rif Berbers are actually made up of 19 tribes: 5 in the west along the Mediterranean coast, 7 in the center, 5 in the east, and 2 in the southeastern desert area.
		Rif houses are usually built of stone and have flat roofs.
	www.bethelfamilyoffaith.org /international.htm (785 words)

	The Rif Mountains, Morocco - Chasing the Lizard’s Tail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Rif is a rugged land, unspoilt, a land of dreamy interlocking valleys, gorse-filled gullies, and rippling streams delineated by pink ribbons of blossoming oleander, or else whispering reed veils.
		To the east, the town is protected by the impenetrable mountains, whilst to the west, the site commands a broad sweep over the valley of the River Laou, which meant that potential assailants would have been obliged to climb for over two miles in full view of the tenacious defenders.
		He lived up in the mountains with his second wife and their three children, and was employed in the manufacture of septic tanks on behalf of the government.
	www.bluegecko.org /lizard/lizard01.htm (12725 words)

	:: Webhakim, window on the culture and people of Arif ::
		However, the Spanish and French also had to use mustard-gas in aerial attacks over the Rif to be able to win the war, according to oral traditions in the area.
		Pando, basing himself on written Spanish sources, claims that Spanish planes were dropping the chemical arms over the Rif Mountains from 1923 and onwards.
		The ATGV claims to have documented an abnormally high prevalence of cancer among the population of the Rif.
	www.geocities.com /webhakim_tk/war2.html (493 words)

	Rif War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Rif attack again, but are held by the Legionaries' rifle fire and grenades.
		Heavy fighting on the crests of Gurugú Mountain were the Legion suffer 121 casualties.
		Millán Astray is shot in the face w hile supervising the 8th Bandera fortify a hilltop in the Gorgues mountains.
	www.balagan.org.uk /war/1909 (3874 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests (PA0513)
		The North African Mountains are of alpine orogenic origin and contain a complex lithological composition, including sedimentary rocks such as sandstone, dolomite, limestone and marl, crystalline metamorphic rocks such as quartzite and schist, as well as igneous granites and volcanic formations.
		The landform is characterized by steep, high elevations, mainly related to the calcareous massifs, and by the alternation of mountain summits and high plateaus from about 500 to 1,200 m high.
		mauretanica in the Moroccan Rif and the Algerian Djurdjura, and Pinus pinaster subsp.
	worldwildlife.org /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/pa/pa0513_full.html (3415 words)

	The Banknotes of the Rif Revolt
		Vincent Sheean, an American journalist who visited the Rif during the Revolt, noted that the people of the Rif were much cleaner and more orderly in their personal habits than the people of the South – noting particularly their clothes and their habitats.
		In 1915 he is reported to have made political announcements in El Telegrama del Rif, in which he proposed that Spain should not seek to extend her influence beyond the Presidios and that he would organize a government of the Rif to be treated on an equal footing with Spain.
		A fine memento of the Rif Revolt, the notes are more a legacy of the ambition of Captain Charles Gardiner and his syndicate, than the ill-fated quest for self-determination by the people of the Rif.
	www.pjsymes.com.au /articles/RifRevolt.htm (6457 words)

	North-South Discovery
		You travel to the small town of Chefchaouen, nestled amongst hills on the edge of the Rif Mountains, then travel south to Morocco's spiritual capital, the famed city of Fes.
		Or you can wander the wide boulevards of the new town area and maybe sip a coffee in one of the old cafes where many wartime deals were struck or poetry and books written.
		Chefchaouen is a relaxed town, with small winding alleyways and market squares, where the women of the surrounding Rif come to sell there wares, wearing the distinctive striped garments and large conical straw hats with woollen tassels.
	www.oriontrek.com /ptour5.htm (1423 words)

	Two, getting in the Mountains of the Rif (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		We decided to go to the mountains of Rif, the true cradle of the best hashish in the world, despite the warnings that come with travelling in an area with neither king nor police where nobody is there to look over the safety of adventurers.
		The hashish from the mountains is mainly sold in Chefchaouen through intermediaries who are local to the town.
		Although hashish is one of the pillars of the economy of the North of Morocco, the region made up of the Valley of Rif is a poor area, few people manage to make a fortune and what's normal is to live hand to mouth.
	semanaverdecultural.galeon.com /EnbuscadelHuevo/egginenglish/two.htm (215 words)

	DREAM-TEAM's Amsterdam - Dakar Rally - Morocco (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		At high elevations, temperatures of less than —18°C (less than 0°F) are common, and mountain peaks are covered with snow during most of the year.Rain falls mainly during the winter months and is heaviest in the northwest and lightest in the east and south.
		For instance, people of the Rif refer to themselves as Irifin, and people of the High Atlas call themselves Ashilhayn.Western Sahara has an official population of about 283 thousand (1995), most of whom are ethnic Sahrawis.
		Felis sylvestris While this nocturnal hunter from the mountains of Europe looks like a large domestic cat, it is one of the fiercest of all cats and is untamable.
	www.adenbartdreamteam.nl /Morocco.htm (5335 words)

	New Statesman: A very fine aroma in the mountains - Morocco's cannabis industry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It looks like wine-growing country: the old hillside terraces, with their 500-year-old history; the gaggle of itinerant workers resting in the shade while the crop is harvested; the proprietor extolling his "terroir" - the unique fitness of his own particular fields- and expressing his irritation with bandwagon-jumping producers in less ideal locations.
		But actually I'm in Ketama, the mountain capital of Morocco's bandit country, and the complex and intoxicating aromas I'm being asked to assess are wafting from a 200-gram slab of "double zero"-grade hashish from the 1997 crop.
		Over the hundreds of square miles of mountains, the vegetation changes, from low-growing oaks, conifers and cistus around Ketama to olives and fig trees as you go west to Chefchaouen.
	findarticles.com /cf_dls/m0FQP/n4396_v127/21031440/p1/article.jhtml (1113 words)

	Rif Rebellion Trench Art Taka Ichiane Morocco 1920 - SUN1229
		Spain, however, ruled large parts of the country and it was their decision to extend their power into the Rif Mountains that led to the RIF WAR with the Berbers.
		In 1920 a major rebellion by the tribes of the RIF MOUNTAINS led by Abdd Karim Khattabi started, and this went on until 1926 until the Berbers were finally defeated and Khattabi was sent into exile.
		The SPANISH Foreign Legion were involved in the fighting during this period and in 1925 the french also joined the fighting in the RIF.....I would think that this then involved the French Foreign Legion also.
	www.rubylane.com /shops/molotov/item/SUN1229 (256 words)

	Moroccan hashish journey
		The Rif is a spectacular geologic feature, stripped bare of its natural vegetation by centuries of overpopulation and irrational land use practices, so that the raw undulations of stone, peaks, valleys and cliffs are seen with stark clarity.
		The Rif was especially paranoid these days, Ahmed explained, because of George W Bush, and because the Moroccan government had assured United Nations drug warriors in 2001 that the country would eliminate all internal hashish production by 2008.
		Marijuana cultivation is tolerated because many areas of the Rif are unable to support other industries that would generate the $3 billion per year in foreign exchange and 25,000 jobs that the Rif's cannabis industry creates.
	www.cannabisculture.com /articles/2860.html (4806 words)

	afrol News: Conference over Spanish war crimes in Morocco banned (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Moroccan government again has banned an international conference that was to discuss the alleged Spanish use of mustard-gas over the Rif Mountains, which is said to still produce victims.
		In 1921, when Spain occupied Morocco's northern coast, the Rif Mountains and some southern areas, while France occupied the rest of the Moroccan Kingdom, Berber chiefs organised a forceful rebellion in the Rif.
		The "Rif War", as it is known internationally, outside the Moroccan Kingdom however is renown as one of the most forceful demonstrations of African resistance against European colonisers.
	www.afrol.com /News2002/mor001_spain_gas.htm (875 words)

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