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Topic: Rig and furrow

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	Ridge and furrow - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term ridge and furrow is often used by archaeologists and others to describe the pattern of peaks and troughs created in a field and caused by the system of ploughing used during the Middle Ages in Britain.
		It originally derived from the Old English words for a 'furrow length' and was then taken to mean a length of ploughing across an acre (4047 m²) of land and so its exact value would vary dependant on local constraints.
		The ridge and furrow can have a height difference of 18 to 24 inches (0.5 to 0.6 m) in places and give a strongly rippled effect to the fieldscape.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ridge_and_furrow (393 words)

	Run rig - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Run rig, or runrig, is the name for a type of arable cultivation practised in northern and western Great Britain, especially Scotland.
		Unlike ridge and furrow agriculture, run rig was developed around individual farmsteads rather than villages and so it covers a smaller area.
		An infield area close to the farmhouse was cultivated and manured regularly whilst outlying land was ploughed once a year for five years before being permitted to lie fallow.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Run_rig (176 words)

	Ridge-and-Furrow Ploughing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the Medieval period, a common method of ploughing was by ridge-and-furrow, sometimes also known as rig-and-furrow.
		On the ridges between each of the furrows the crops were planted.
		This sort of ploughing occurred in the context of Medieval strip fields, which were long narrow strips of land exploited by farmers.
	www.ncl.ac.uk /till-tweed/archaeology/ridgeandfurrow.htm (218 words)

	Kirkstead Abbey and Rowston (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Across the road, in abbey field, there is still an excellent example of "rig and furrow" farming practices.
		Rig and furrow ploughing was based on a series of strips of land divided into manageable portions.
		The land was always ploughed to the centre of the higher ground and away from the ditches.
	www.lincolnshirecam.co.uk /kirkstead_abbey_and_rowston.htm (588 words)

	Hayton
		Given that no plough furrows were observed to the north of this feature, a marked contrast to all the areas to the south, it is thought that this may represent an early field boundary, marking the northern most extent of the medieval ploughing.
		Apart from the rig and furrow, 1765 and 1821, which runs north northwest-south southeast, two medieval features were identified.
		It is possible that this feature is an additional furrow, its southern extent not being identified in the rich dark silts and clays of the palaeochannel to the south.
	www.arch.soton.ac.uk /Research/Hayton/h5.htm (2593 words)

	Welcome to the STAR web page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Cultivation remains, especially areas of rigs and furrows, are the clearest presentation of this domestication of the landscape and, for some periods, are the only evidence we have for human activity in the landscape.
		This report shows that there are regional, and chronological differences in the form of surviving rig that reflect different geographies, the local histories of agricultural evolution and the nature and date of the final or current land-use.
		This guideline focuses upon the requirement for a policy for the protection of certain important areas of rig and furrow in advance of development.
	www.startrust.org.uk /downloads.htm (355 words)

	Bannockburn Neolithic enclosures
		Three of the small features were seen to have been cut by one of the agricultural furrows.
		Most of the features are small and shallow, from 0.10 m to 0.58 m in diameter and up to 0.20 m deep.
		A shallow linear feature of indeterminate length, to the east of the small negative features, was cut by the furrows.
	www.almac.co.uk /personal/jrideout/47.htm (2667 words)

	Ancient Lothian - Binny Craig (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Rig and Furrow Markings, South-west of the Binny Craig
		Rig and furrow markings are signs of cultivation, but dating them is very difficult, since such agricultural techniques first developed in the Bronze Age and were still in use well into the medieval period and beyond.
		It is likely that much of the area was covered in these markings, but the modern farmland around this small surviving pocket has been improved in recent times, obliterating any trace of them.
	www.cyberscotia.com /ancient-lothian/pages/binny-craig.html (305 words)

	TheGlasgowStory: Earthwork on Camp Hill
		The earthwork consists of a roughly circular bank of earth surrounded by a ditch and may have been part of a larger fortification covering the entire hilltop.
		Inside the earthwork are faint traces of rig and furrow, indicating that the area was used as farmland in the medieval period.
		The trees were planted later to provide a shelter belt for Camphill House and its policies.
	www.theglasgowstory.com /image.php?inum=TGSE00978 (199 words)

	TIMEWARP 1801-25
		Runrig - The sub division of arable land amongst the various landholders of a fermtoun or township, such that an individual tenant held land, usually based on the plough rig, intermixed with his co-tenants throughout the lands of a toun.
		Rig - There are many types of ridge and furrow and rig (cord-rig/broad or reverse S rig/narrow curving rig/narrow straight rig/).
		An improved plough made by James Small was developed at the end of the eighteenth century; this produced straight narrow strips and was widely used until the introduction of underground drainage tiles in the second quarter of the nineteenth century.
	www.moidart.org.uk /timewarp/mtw12.htm (3224 words)

	Friends of the Ochils Newsletter 28 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		There is still visible evidence of the turf fell dykes that lined old drove routes such as the Cadger's Road which leads from near Rossie Ochil past Cairn Geddes to join the Wallace Road.
		Because this area has not had too much disturbance, apart from the planting of Hill Wood, you are able to see the old rig and furrow cultivation patterns.
		The more regular rigs are those formed by horse and plough, while the irregular rig and furrow were formed by oxen pulling wooden ploughs.
	sites.ecosse.net /ochils/foton/foton28/alisongr.htm (730 words)

	Forfar Golf Club - Home Page
		In 1871 James Brodie persuaded Colonel Dempster of Dunnichen to permit the playing of golf over fifty acres of ground to the east and under Brodie‚s impetus, Forfar Golf Club was formed with the 18 hole course laid out by Tom Morris of St Andrews.
		After negotiating the whins and broom and the characteristic undulations of the "rig and furrow", the players would return to a rented room at Lochhead Farm for rest and refreshment.
		In 1889 improved prosperity of the Club funded the building of a clubhouse.
	www.forfargolfclub.com /history.php (446 words)

	Scottish Golf and the Environment
		Remains of pre-Improvement agriculture, in the form of rig and furrow cultivation ridges, are an almost ubiquitous reminder of more recent centuries (photo to be taken).
		This is no accident, since many courses were established on marginal land around settlements just before the arrival of mechanised ploughing, which has wiped out rig and furrow on most land that continued in farming use.
		The Defence of Britain project has identified coast defence and anti-aircraft batteries on golf courses, for example at Stromness, Orkney (photo to be taken).
	www.sgeg.org.uk /cm_cultheritage.html (449 words)

	Scotsman.com Heritage & Culture - Historic Places - Iron Age protection from Castlelaw hillfort (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In more recent times the concerns of the land turned to more peaceful thoughts and there are extensive traces of agriculture across the hill.
		Rig and furrow cultivation ran right up to the defences and even, in one place, cuts across them, making use of the earthworks to form a series of terraces.
		The interior of the fort has also been cultivated, obliterating the traces of any of the houses, byres, or pens that may have been built here.
	heritage.scotsman.com /places.cfm?id=880992006 (1042 words)

	Northumberland National Park - Latest News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The channel of the race is clear as far as the road, being lined with mature trees, and the remains of an aqueduct with stone pillars is visible.
		The channel can be seen again in the field beyond the road, running parallel to the edge of the mediaeval rig and furrow and again marked by mature trees, until finally it discharges into the well stream.
		well, there are a number of reasons why we may not have found the course of the road — perhaps we were looking in the wrong place, or perhaps the road has been completely destroyed by medieval rig and furrow ploughing, which is clearly visible on the surface of the field.
	www.northumberland-national-park.org.uk /VisitorGuide/TimesPast/coquetdalearchaeology/latestnews.htm (2457 words)

	Lanark and District Archaeological Society
		Since the Lowland Clearances happened first the herds went North to places such as Caithness and Sutherland along with the sheep.
		Around the site of the village there are excellent examples of rig and furrow indeed there are three different types to be found.
		The second place visited by the group was Stobo Church.
	www.btinternet.com /~ian.borthwick/LADAS/prog/03_peebleshire.html (669 words)

	TGS - Early times to 1560 - Industry and Technology - Agriculture
		From the Middle Ages rig and furrow was standard practice.
		By this method land was ploughed in the same direction each year so that a series raised rigs emerged on which crops were planted with furrows acting as drainage channels.
		Initial agricultural development in Scotland took place between 3,500 and 3,000 BC.
	www.theglasgowstory.com /story.php?id=TGSAE01 (346 words)

	Forestry Commission - Foggieton Wood -
		As winter cold starts to bite, these insects may survive the season as eggs attached to leaves of grass or herbage, or even as full grown adults, sheltered in a dry place like a garden shed or garage.
		Habitats: Under the trees in the areas of the car park are the mounds and dips that remain from rig and furrow cultivation.
		Although it is several generation since the land was last cultivated, the traces which remain still affect the soil, creating micro-habitats of wetter and drier pockets.
	www.forestry.gov.uk /website/wildwoods.nsf/LUWebDocsByKey/ScotlandAberdeenshireAberdeenWoodsFoggietonWoodFoggietonCarPark?Open&PrintFriendly=y (566 words)

	Courier News Story
		This morning, as chairman of the National Beef Association, he will be opening the Beef Expo 2005 event at Builth Wells, but earlier this week he took time to show his farm to the Edinburgh Agricultural Society.
		The home farm, which is all in one block, rises from ancient rig and furrow pastures next to the A1, on to a grass hill which is grazed by 1000 Blackface ewes to produce Scotch Mule lambs.
		No cereals are grown on this typically strong land, which is famed for producing cattle with frame.
	www.thecourier.co.uk /output/2005/06/08/newsstory7210920t0.asp (856 words)

	Northumberland Rockart - South Lordenshaw 4 Panel Details
		There are patches of bright orange soil thrown up by rabbits, and a dark grey soil elsewhere.
		The whole area has archaeology of many different periods, one of the most recent and most significant being the clearance of much of the land to the east for ‘improvement' for the growing of grain on a regular close-running rig and furrow system.
		This must have destroyed some surface archaeology, and may have resulted in some of the stone heaps that could also be prehistoric burial mounds.
	rockart.ncl.ac.uk /panel_detail.asp?pi=627 (598 words)

	[No title]
		A mile beyond the kirk the road leaves the valley by a precipitous ascent, and brings you a little after to the place of Hermiston, where it comes to an end in the back-yard before the coach-house.
		All beyond and about is the great field, of the hills; the plover, the curlew, and the lark cry there; the wind blows as it blows in a ship's rigging, hard and cold and pure; and the hill-tops huddle one behind another like a herd of cattle into the sunset.
		The house was sixty years old, unsightly, comfortable; a farmyard and a kitchen-garden on the left, with a fruit wall where little hard green pears came to their maturity about the end of October.
	www.electricscotland.com /etexts/weirh10.txt (21423 words)

	The Regional Research Assessment – the medieval period in east and north-east Wales
		East and northeast Wales is a very large area and much needs to be done in order to establish farming patterns through a broad time frame.
		Some landscapes call out for more detailed analysis: lowland tracts such as Wrexham Maelor with its extensive rig and furrow, its numerous moated, and its elusive medieval settlements is a prime candidate, or natural topographic units of greater diversity such as the upper Wye valley, south of Builth Wells.
		Maelor, though, is a sizeable area, and a case could be made for the study of smaller units, such as single valleys, to act as exemplars in understanding the complexities of pasture, arable, meadow, woodland and moor, and their interaction with the settlements that utilised them.
	www.cpat.org.uk /research/enmed.htm (3633 words)

	Knitting Traditions Knitting Patterns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Multi-Strand Cast-On, Shoulder Extensions, Rig 'n' Furrow, Kitchener Stitch.
		Double Cast-On, Kitchener Stitch, Shoulder Extensions, and Rig 'n' Furrow.
		Knit in the round using heavy worsted weight or Aran yarn.
	www.iseespots.com /iseespots/shop/knittingtraditions.html (752 words)

	University of Wales, Lampeter - Archaeology and Anthropology
		Analysis of the results revealed evidence for complex archaeological features dating from different periods.
		Some of them underlie traces of rig and furrow, aligned approximately north-south.
		Last year's resistivity survey showed evidence for archaeological features immediately behind the mansion (i.e.
	www.lamp.ac.uk /archanth/staff/dransart/FTNpage4.htm (1175 words)

	[No title]
		You are here: home > golf > golf courses > queen's course > course guide > course guide details
		The name means gushing or running water in a ploughman's rig or furrow, a direct reference to the ditch along the right of the fairway.
		The drive on this long straight par 4 is very tight because of the large bunker on the left and the ditch running along the right side of the fairway.
	www.gleneagles.com /defaultpage121c0.aspx?pageID=524&rlID=23 (115 words)

	[No title]
		Paul is carrying out an archaeological survey for the Friends, and related his discoveries after ten days of field-work.
		Hidden under the present day grassland there are signs of past arable land use in the form of Romano-British field lynchets 2000 years old, followed by medieval rig and furrow, and other straighter rig and furrow dating from Napoleonic times (visible in Endcliffe Park) - an early ‘dig for victory scheme’.
		The ancient woodland contains signs of past industrial use in the form of charcoal burners hearths and Q pits that provided ‘white coal’, a special fuel used for lead smelting.
	www.lhi.org.uk /docs/newslet_22.doc (2405 words)

	The Historic Rural Settlement Group
		This book was published by Historic Scotland to celebrate 10 years of work since the 1991 seminar on medieval or later rural settlement (MoLRS).
		It includes reviews of the state of research on Lowland (Piers Dixon) and Highland Settlement (Olivia Lelong), together with papers on Rig and Furrow Cultivation (Strat Halliday) and Bloomeries (John Atkinson), all of which illustrate how well our understanding of rural settlement has developed over the past decade.
		The case study on Ben Lawers shows the benefits of combining systematic fieldwork and documentary research (Steve Boyle), while the work of the Highland Folk Museum at Newtonmore (Ross Noble) questions our understanding of past technology.
	www.molrs.org.uk /html/reading.asp (1266 words)

	Designated Areas - NNRs - St Cyrus
		The name is a reminder of the region’s Viking history, and that people have marvelled at Staffa’a basalt columns for centuries.
		As you walk across the island you may notice low undulating lines of ‘rig and furrow’ agriculture and several stone structures.
		We do not know for sure whether people ever lived permanently on Staffa or if they simply camehere for part of the year.
	www.snh.org.uk /publications/on-line/designatedareas/nnrs/staffa/staffa.asp (1286 words)

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