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Topic: Righteously Guided Caliphs

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Caliph (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Conflict between caliph and ulema was a recurring theme in early Islamic history, and ended in the victory of the ulema.
		The first four caliphs are called the Rashidun, the Rightly Guided Caliphs, because they are believe to have followed the Qur'an and the way or sunnah of Muhammad in all things.
		But by 940 the power of the caliphate under the Abassids was waning as non-Arabs, particularly the Turkish (and later the Mamluks in Egypt in the latter half of the 13th century), gained influence, and sultans and emirs became increasingly independent.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Caliph (2787 words)

	Caliph - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam.
		With the defeat of these peripheral caliphates, the caliphate of the Ottomans began increasingly to be considered the undisputed primary caliphate.
		Muslims believe that the Caliphate is the application of Messengership of Prophets (Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, until Jesus and Muhammad) as the institution to protect and order the Muslims according the Law of God (in the Qur'an and the Universe), with the structure imitating the structure of Heaven (Mulkiyah/Government) and Earth (Ummah/People).
	www.biocrawler.com /w/index.php/Caliph (1930 words)

	Ali - tScholars.com
		The new caliph argued that the Muhammad's considerable landed property had been held by the prophet in trust for the community, and was rightfully the property of the state -- despite Ali's rejoinder that Muhammad's revelations included accounts of prophetic inheritance (Qur'an 27:16, 21:89).
		In the view of Shi'as, she was a bitter enemy of Ali, and one of the chief hindrances to his advancement to the caliphate.
		The rebel army was defeated at the Battle of Basra (also known as the Battle of the Camel); Talha was killed, Zubayr fled and was killed later, and Aisha was captured and escorted with all respect to Medina, where she was given a pension.
	www.tscholars.com /encyclopedia/Ali (3338 words)

	Shah (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end
		Caliph - Reasons for the fall and continuing dormancy of the Caliphate
		Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia
	www.experiencefestival.com /shah (1011 words)

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