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Topic: Rightly Guided Caliphs

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	Caliph - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam.
		The first four caliphs are called the Rashidun, the Rightly Guided Caliphs, because they are believe to have followed the Qur'an and the way or sunnah of Muhammad in all things.
		But by 940 the power of the caliphate under the Abbasids was waning as non-Arabs, particularly the Turkish (and later the Mamluks in Egypt in the latter half of the 13th century), gained influence, and sultans and emirs became increasingly independent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Caliphs (3054 words)

	Islam Glossary
		The institution of the caliphs is called the "Caliphate." The office of caliph was held first by the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs, then by the Umayyads, and then the Abbasids.
		Second, that unlike the caliphate, the successor should be a religious and spiritual leader as well as a wielder of worldly and temporal power.
		Uthman was the third of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, and ruled from the death of Umar in 644 to 656.
	uwacadweb.uwyo.edu /religionet/er/islam/IGLOSSRY.HTM (4460 words)

	Islamic History in Arabia and Middle East (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		This rift widened almost as soon as 'Ali, cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet, was chosen to be the fourth caliph.
		And while Sunnis consider the caliph a guardian of the shari'ah, the religious law, the Shi'is see the imam as a trustee inheriting and interpreting the Prophet's spiritual knowledge.
		His son Hasan was proclaimed caliph at Kufa but soon afterward deferred to Muiawiyah, who had already been proclaimed caliph in Jerusalem in the previous year and who now was recognized and accepted as caliph in all the Muslim territories - thus inaugurating the Umayyad dynasty which would rule for the next ninety years.
	www.islamicity.com /mosque/ihame/Sec3.htm (1418 words)

	Rashidun - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Four Rightly Guided Caliphs (Arabic: الخلفاء الراشدون‎ transliterated al-Khulafā’ur-Rāshidūn) is a term used in Sunni Islam and in general around the world to refer to the first four caliphs who are seen as being model leaders.
		They were all close companions of Muhammad, and their succession was not hereditary, something that would become the custom for later Muslim rulers.
		A small minority include Hasan ibn Ali as a fifth righteously guided Caliph, however most do not consider him to have been caliph at all.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Four_Rightly_Guided_Caliphs (212 words)

	Islamic History: The Caliphs - ReligionFacts
		The second caliph was Umar, another father-in-law of Muhammad, who had been named by Bakr as his successor.
		Caliph Umar, Commander of the Faithful, was assassinated by a Persian Christian in 644.
		Ali declared himself the fourth caliph, a claim which was promptly challenged by Mu'awiya, Uthman's cousin and the governor of Syria.
	www.religionfacts.com /islam/history/caliphs.htm (1022 words)

	Chapter 2: The Muslim Community in History
		The caliph's authority and leadership were rooted in his claim to be the successor of the Prophet as head of the community.
		In 750, the Umayyads fell, and Abu al-Abbas, a descendant of the Prophet's uncle al-Abbas, was proclaimed caliph.
		The caliph's claim to rule by divine mandate was symbolized by the transformation of his title from Successor or Deputy of the Prophet to Deputy of God and by the appropriation of the Persian-inspired title, Shadow of God on Earth.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~vika/TeachPort/islam00/esposito/chapt2.html (11235 words)

	MEHT 246
		The four rightly guided caliphs were the successors of the prophet Muhammad.
		They were called the rightly guided because they were rightly guided with the Quran and the Sunna.
		After becoming the caliph, some people tried to force him to take revenge from the killers of Othman, but, in my interpretation, he did not want to start his rule with blood or to cause a new Fitna and because the killers were from many tribes and clans.
	biotsavart.tripod.com /history.htm (4961 words)

	Welcome to The Islamic Womens Forum
		After these four, the later Caliphs assumed the manners of kings and emperors and the true spirit of equality of ruler and ruled diminished to a considerable extent in the political life of Muslims.
		As successor to the Prophet, the Caliph was the head of the Muslim community and his primary responsibility was to continue in the path of the Prophet.
		Abu Bakr, at the time he accepted the caliphate, stated his position thus: "The weak among you shall be strong with me until their rights have been vindicated; and the strong among you shall he weak with me until, if the Lord wills, I have taken what is due from them...
	users.iafrica.com /n/ns/nsalie/book_rightly_guided_caliphs.htm (368 words)

	Muslim Writers Society
		These caliphs were the first of the four ârightly guided caliphs.â Under whom comes Abu-Bakr followed by âUmar, âUthman and âAli (May Allah be pleased with them).
		The first Caliph of Islam, Abu-Bakr al-Siddiq, the son of Abu-Qahafah (âUthman) and Umm-al-Khayr (Salma) was the first free man to embrace Islam, a genealogist and a cloth merchant by trade, the great friend and the father-in-law of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
		He was the first and one among the ârightly guided caliphsâ in establishing the true spirit of democracy.
	writers.oneummah.net /print.php?sid=497 (784 words)

	Islam Online - Hajj - Fiqh of Hajj (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Caliph Mu`awiyah used to dress the Ka`bah twice a year; then Yazeed ibn Mu`awiyah, Ibn Az-Zubayr, and `Abdul-Malik ibn Marawan all dressed it with a silk covering.
		Caliph Al-Ma'moon dressed the Ka`bah three times a year with a red braced kiswah on 8 Dhul-Hijjah, with white gabati on 1 Rajab, and with red brocade on 29 Ramadan.
		Caliph An-Nasir decided after that to change the color to fl, and fl it remains to this day.
	www.islamonline.net /English/hajj/2002/01/literature/article07.shtml (766 words)

	Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The word `Caliph' is the English form of the Arabic word 'khalifah', which is short for Khalifatu Rasulil-lah.
		As successor to the Prophet, the Caliph was the head of the Muslim community and his primary responsibilty was to continue in the path of the Prophet.
		Abu Bakr, at the time he accepted the caliphate, stated his position thus:The weak among you shall be strong with me until their rights have vindicated; and the strong among you shall be weak with me until, if the Lord wills,I have taken what is due from them...
	www.alazhr.org /IslamicHistory/Chapter3-1.htm (410 words)

	Caliphs \| What Christians Should Know \| www.30-days.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Muhammad’s successors (the four caliphs) were appointed by the Muslim community to carry out the leadership and rule of Islam throughout the Arabian peninsula and other parts of the world.
		By military force the first caliph, Abu Bakr, brought all the tribes in the Arabian peninsula under the rule of Islam.
		The Shiites, the followers of Ali, the fourth caliph and first convert to Islam, became strong opposers of the Umayyads (the tribe from which the third caliph came).
	www.30-days.net /islam/caliphs.htm (406 words)

	The Rightly Guided Caliphs: Abū Bakr
		Though the partisans of Άli, the fourth caliph, would later claim that Muhammad had designated Άli as his successor, there was no clear process or public declaration of a mode of succession.
		She says that during the Άbbasid caliphate, the title khalifāt rasūl Allāh, or successor of the messenger of God, also came to be used.
		In traditional Sunni historiography, the rightly guided caliphs were said to have used khalifāt rasūl Allāh, and that it was the first Umayyad caliph Mu'āwiya I who first adopted khalifāt Allāh.
	journals.aol.com /bmiller224/OldHickorysWeblog/entries/2005/02/09/the-rightly-guided-caliphs-ab-bakr/2598 (725 words)

	Afghanistan CD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The closest companions of Muhammad, the four Caliphs, became known as the ‘The Rightly-Guided Caliphs’ (Caliph is a short form of the Arabic word for Khalifatu Rasulil-lah or ‘Successor to the Messenger of God’;).
		After the first four caliphs, the religious and political authorities in Islam were never again united under one institution.
		Since the Sunni caliphs were aware of this hope, the Imams generally were persecuted.
	public.afosi.amc.af.mil /deployment_stress/afghan/religion-succession.html (956 words)

	GLOSSARY
		He was the first of the four rightly guided Khalifaas (Caliphs).
		He was Caliph from 11 to 13 AH (633 to 635 CE).
		He was the Khalifaa (Caliph) from 13AH to 23AH (635 - 645 CE).
	www.masjidannur.com /eduoutreach/articles/glossary.html (2516 words)

	Islamset - Spread of Islam: The Rightly Guided Caliphs, Shia Islam, Sunni Islam, Sufism and the Abbasid Dynasty
		After the third caliph, Uthman, was murdered by a group of Muslim mutineers, the fourth caliph, Ali, succeeded to power and moved his capital to Kufah in Iraq.
		Eventually the rival Shia Fatimid caliphate was established in Egypt, and the Baghdad caliphate came under the control of expanding provincial dynasties.
		The office of the caliph was nonetheless maintained as a symbol of the unity of Islam, and several later Abbasid caliphs tried to revive the power of the office.
	www.islamset.com /encyclo/spread_of_islam.html (1400 words)

	Islamic Web Site of Bangladesh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		He is also known as the caliph who had the definitive text of the Noble Quran copied and sent to the four corners of the Islamic world.
		With his death the rule of the "rightly guided" caliphs, who hold a special place of respect in the hearts of Muslims, came to an end.
		The Abbasid caliphate was finally abolished when Hulagu, the Mongol ruler, captured Baghdad in 1258, destroying much of the city including its incomparable libraries.
	www.bangla2000.com /Islam/history.shtm (1332 words)

	USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts
		Muhammad (peace be on him) had been the leader, the guide and the bearer of Divine revelation through whom they had been brought from idolatry and barbarism into the way of God.
		During his caliphate a navy was organized, administrative divisions of the state were revised, and many public projects were expanded and completed.
		However, even though the era of Ali's caliphate was marred by civil strife, he nevertheless introduced a number of reforms, particularly in the levying and collecting of revenues.
	www.usc.edu /dept/MSA/politics/firstfourcaliphs.html (5344 words)

	History of the Muslims, empires of Islam
		Of the four Rightly Guided Caliphs, Ali was the only one who was a close blood relative of Mohammed.
		When Ali was elected Caliph, they believed that their views would finally dominate, but after Ali’s assassination, the leadership of the umma moved to the Umayyads.
		The Umayyads were relatives of Uthman, the Third Righteous Caliph, and presented themselves as continuing the authority of the four preceding leaders.
	biblia.com /islam/history.htm (2490 words)

	Myth Note: Sunni and Shiite
		The third caliph, Uthman, who won an apparent power struggle among six men whom Umar had named worthy of succession, came from a great aristocratic clan of Mecca, the Umayyads.
		For all the chaos, bloodshed, murder, improvisation, and absolutism, the Rightly Guided Caliphs were a precedent for the type of Islamic regime -- the autocratically "virtuous" state -- that contemporary Islamists have sought to create.
		It was harder to understand, however, the militants' reverence for the "Rightly Guided Caliphs," that is the first four successors to Muhammad -- what they viewed as Islams true "golden" age.
	www.albany.edu /faculty/lr618/4islam.html (2174 words)

	Chapter 22, Self-Check Quiz, Human Heritage: A World History, Glencoe, 2001-03
		The Rightly Guided Caliphs were successful in spreading Islam because they were unified in their goal, were physically strong, and treated conquered people fairly.
		The Rightly Guided Caliphs were successful in spreading Islam because they were cruel warriors who punished all the people they conquered.
		The Rightly Guided Caliphs were unsuccessful in spreading Islam because they were not unified by a common goal.
	www.glencoe.com /qe/qe119.php?&st=1321&pt=3&bk=34 (211 words)

	[No title]
		These four Khulafaa (pl. for Caliph) are called the "Khulafaa-e-Rashidun" or the "Rightly Guided Caliphs." Together, these four Khulafaa ruled the Islamic State for about 29 years.
		They are called "Rightly Guided" because they ruled the people of that time exactly according to the Holy Quran and the commands of Sayyiduna Rasulullah (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam).
		The presence of the four Caliphs at the four Pillars of Kauther is also substantiated by a Hadith.
	members.lycos.co.uk /sep2002/KHULAFAAERASHIDUNINTRODUCTION.htm (556 words)

	Islamic World.Net: Khalifah (Caliphate) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		This page presents the life history of the early companions of the Prophet Muhammad [pbuh], from the rightly Guided Khalifah: Abubakar, Umar, Uthman and Ali [Whom Allah be pleased with], to the contemporary Prominent Muslim Scholars and Leaders in the glimpse of World history.
		The fourth caliph (655-661) and Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law.
		According to Muslim chronicles, Ali was a trusted advisor of the first three caliphs on legal matters; however, with regard toadministrative and political matters, Ali disagreed vehemently with his predecessors, and during Uthman's reign (644-656) he aligned himself with the opposition.
	islamic-world.net /khalifah/khulafa_ur_rashiduun.htm (3696 words)

	The Four Rightly Guided Caliphs -- Islamic articles and information on Islam for Muslims at VictoryScent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		When the Palestinians saw the Caliph of a vast Islamic empire in rough, patched cloak, walking on foot with no grain of pride and haughtiness they threw their gates open to welcome him into the Holy City.
		Those non-Muslims who took part in defence together with the Muslims were exempted from paying Jizya, and when the Muslims had to retreat from a city whose non-Muslim citizens had paid this tax for their defence, the tax was returned to the non-Muslims.
		During Uthman's rule the characteristics of Abu Bakr's and Umar's caliphates - impartial justice for all, mild and humane policies, striving in the path of Allah, and the expansion of Islam - continued.
	www.victoryscent.co.uk /4_caliphs.htm (6013 words)

	Center for the Study of Islam & Democracy - Of Caliphs and the Caliphate: Setting the Record Straight
		The caliphate for which most Muslims have a high regard is specifically that of the Rightly Guided caliphs.
		In contrast to the caliph described by Tabari, this Umar forbade Christians from repairing their churches and imposed humiliating restrictions on the practice of their faith, according to the terms of a treaty called the Pact of Umar.
		Rather than causing goose bumps, a responsible and critical engagement with the past, including the caliphate, on the part of reform-minded, forward-looking Muslims should be cause for optimism.
	www.csidonline.org /index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=177&Itemid=87 (1158 words)

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