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	Rijke tube -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A wire mesh is inserted into the tube, at a position around 1/4th its length.
		The burner is introduced into the tube, in order to heat the ((medicine) bleached cotton cloth of plain weave used for bandages and dressings) gauze.
		The sound comes from a standing wave set up in the tube due to a convection current.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/ri/rijke_tube.htm (132 words)

	Rijke Tube Resonator
		The Rijke tube is an interesting example of an open cylinder resonator.
		The Rijke tube resonator used in the example was made from stainless steel tubing of about 3.5 cm diameter.
		The open tube resonance frequency is affected by the temperature since it changes the sound speed.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/waves/rijke.html (513 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Rijke tube that is being used in this work is essentially identical to that model developed in 1859, with several improvements for accuracy.
		By characterizing the thermoacoustic resonances within the Rijke tube, a simplified model of such effects, one may devise methods to control or disrupt the resonances.
		Rijke burners, as stated earlier, have been studied for more than two centuries and, as such, there exist several papers and treatments of them.
	www.ugcs.caltech.edu /~kevywevy/surfrepkls.doc (1180 words)

	PIRA Bibliography -
		A Kundt's tube is modified for use on the overhead projector.
		The gauze in a hoot tube is held at the bottom of the tube and the flame is lit above it.
		Knipp tubes are a special form of singing tube made by holding a short length of glass tube in the closed end of a larger tube.
	physicslearning.colorado.edu /PIRA/PiraSubTOC.asp?STopic=3D30 (925 words)

	Matveev, Konstantin Ivanovich (2003-02-07) Thermoacoustic instabilities in the Rijke tube: experiments and modeling. ...
		A Rijke tube, representing a resonator with a mean flow and a concentrated heat source, is a convenient system for studying the fundamental physics of thermoacoustic instabilities.
		An electrically heated, horizontally oriented, Rijke tube is used for the experimental study of transition to instability.
		Hysteresis in the stability boundary is observed for certain operating regimes of the Rijke tube.
	etd.caltech.edu /etd/available/etd-03042003-102221 (454 words)

	Combustion system for a gas turbine engine - Patent 4557106
		It is further suggested that a similar useful analogy may be drawn between a Rijke tube and a combustion chamber such as 33.
		The microphone signal was passed through an electronic filter 69 tuned to pass only the fundamental mode of the signal (corresponding to the fundamental mode of the tube 51), passed through variable phase-shifter 71, amplified in variable gain amplifier 73 and fed into a loudspeaker 75 located near the lower end of the tube 51.
		When the tube was resonating due to unstable combustion of flame 63 it was found that the unstable combustion, and hence the resonance, could be reducd or stopped at will by controlling the gain of amplifier 73 and the amount by which the phase-shifter 71 changed the phase of the incoming signal.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4557106.html (3839 words)

	Rijke Tubes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		You can "tip the sound out" by tilting the tube horizontal, or block it by placing the lower end on the floor, and the ROARing will restart when the tube is vertical away from the floor if the gauze is still hot.
		Heat up the magic Rijke tube, hold it away from the flame so it ROARS with the retained heat, and hold the normal tube over the flame.
		The tubes beat in their ROARing since, although they have the same lengths, they have slightly different diameters.
	websql.physics.ucla.edu /demos/acoustics/effects_of_sound/rijke_tubes.htm (189 words)

	VTT Processes - pulse combustor
		The 0.5 MW Rijke-tube pulse combustor consists of a tube open at both ends.
		The gas oscillations within a Rijke-tube are of half wavelength mode with pressure nodes at the ends and a velocity node at the middle of the tube.
		In the non-oscillating mode the air for combustion enters straight to the combustor tube instead of going first to the decoupling chamber at the lower end of the combustor.
	www.vtt.fi /pro/pro2/pro24eng/pulse.htm (239 words)

	The Rijke Tube - A Thermo-acoustic Device - Resonance - January 2003
		The Rijke tube is simply a cylindrical tube with both ends open and a heat source placed inside it.
		Traditionally, the tube is positioned vertically on a stand (or even in your hand) and the heat source is introduced from below into the tube (Figure 1).
		For certain ranges of position of the heat source within the tube, the Rijke tube emits a loud sound.
	www.ias.ac.in /resonance/Jan2003/Jan2003p59-71.htm (216 words)

	Classroom - Resonance - September 2003
		Resonance, (Vol.8, No.1, pp.59-71, 2003) carried an article ‘The Rijke Tube – A Thermoacoustic Device’ on the Rijke tube which explained the principle of operation and also gave details of construction of a gas heated Rijke tube.
		This was to enable students and researchers to easily reproduce the Rijke phenomenon without resorting to short term gas heating of metallic gauzes or mesh.
		As mentioned in many research papers, the optimum position of the mesh is approximately ¼ of the total length of the tube measured from the bottom.
	www.iisc.ernet.in /academy/resonance/Sept2003/Sept2003Classroom.htm (344 words)

	Singing Flames that Break... Power Stations and Jet Engines
		Indeed, it was surprising that only a few calories of heat energy could be responsible for producing so much sound energy; the equivalent effect when scaled up to the size of a power station was difficult to imagine...
		In other cases the boundary conditions may be changed by electronic interference; this was again demonstrated convincingly by lowering a glass tube over a flame until it `sang' loudly, and then controlling it via a feedback mechanism.
		The feedback was achieved by using a microphone to record the sound being produced at the top of the tube, analysing its frequency, shifting its phase electronically by 180 degrees, and then playing the new sound back at the level of the flame using a loudspeaker.
	wwwusers.brookes.ac.uk /p0071266/adowling.htm (679 words)

	kultureflash
		De Rijke Marsh Morgan are mainly known for their almost-Stirling-Prize-winning One Centaur Street -- an unlikely pairing of ingeniously designed housing with a Waterloo site two metres from the Eurostar viaduct.
		Be warned the atmos is addictive and compulsive attendance of all Raison d'etre events may lead you every Wed to the Rhythm Factory for their Open Mic sessions, and the monthly Cargo Night.
		Their Jazz Cafe date is part of a comprehensive UK tour this Spring, and features support from Speech Defect and fellow West Coast feathered friend, Pigeon John.
	www.kultureflash.net /archive/80 (4881 words)

	xbe200l (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		New Explanation on the Mechanism of the Rijke Tube
		Abstract: A new explanation based on the variations of the thermophysical properties of the gas was given to illustrate the mechanism of the oscillations in Rijke tube.
		The complex thermoacoustic phenomenon of the Rijke tube is explained from a new view.
	unit.xjtu.edu.cn /unit/xb/zrb/01/2003/xbe2001.html (103 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A mathematical model of unsteady velocity sensitive thermoacoustic interactions in a heated duct (generalized Rijke tube) is developed.
		The model is constructed in a general way which is capable of employing any linear velocity sensitive thermoacoustic response model.
		A number of rather general closed form solutions are presented and some of the results are used to qualitatively explain the behaviors of Rijke tubes and jet engine augmentors.
	www.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/00207225/articles/36/11/S002072259800017.abstract.en (77 words)

	Hoot tubes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Insert a bunsen burner into the tube to heat the gauze to red hot.
		If the tube is turned sideways the roar will cease.
		This is also knwn as the Rijke tube.
	www.physics.brown.edu /physics/demopages/Demo/waves/demo/3d3070.htm (86 words)

	Here's the Phy 132 demos I put out for this week (3-31/4-7):
		Colored tubes that produce a pitch when you twirl.
		Cardboard tube is held over the flame from a Fisher
		length is varied by sliding the inner tube back and forth.
	www.calpoly.edu /~ssoderbe/phydemo/oswa.html (220 words)

	Kultureflash - Headlines from London
		Flashers who remember Tim Atkins as one of the poets featured in last spring's "poem of the week" series may well wonder how someone who can pack so much silence between the delicately crystalline noises of a single poem would present it orally; here's your chance to see him stand and deliver.
		With all things Childish, a mixture of innocence and gentle irony is guaranteed to pervade tonight's live soundtrack, so expect plenty of primitive guitar twang and archaic valour in, er, spades.
		Discussing the impact and importance of radio down at the ICA will be author Matthew Collin, Bill Drummond whose "The Magnificent" became an anthem during the pre-revolution period in Belgrade, and B92 DJ, Gordan Paunovic.
	www.kultureflash.net /archive/103 (4691 words)

	Article from Automatic Control, LTH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Thermoacoustic instability is a phenomenom that appears in several technical applications, for instance rocket and jet engines, gas turbines, waste generators and industrial burners where it can cause heavy damage to the systems.
		As with most instabilities, they are undesired and this thesis´ purpose is to identify and control a Rijke tube process (which has been used to stimulate the thermoacoustic instabilities) with the aid of microphones and a loudspeaker.
		A major part of the work has been done on setting up such a process, considering for instance the necessary high sample rates and make future experiments possible and also to show that the process can be controlled with very simple means in a very simple environment.
	www.control.lth.se /articles/article.pike?artkey=5721 (135 words)

	H3-13.HTML (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		DESCRIPTION: A switch is held closed, heating a nichrome wire coil in a vertical four-inch diameter galvanized steel downspout tube, leading to a very loud roar at about 65 Hz, the fundamental frequency of an eight-foot air tube.
		This is the classic Rijke tube demonstration with an electrical heater replacing a gas burner and screen as the source of the convection currents.
		Click here for close-up photograph of our nichrome heater coil in the clear plastic tube of demonstration H3-12.
	www.physics.umd.edu /lecdem/services/demos/demosh3/h3-13.htm (145 words)

	Experiment and Theory for Active Control of Nonlinear Dynamics in Compression/Combustion Systems - Storming Media (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Abstract: This report is the final report of a three-year program with a 9- month NCE comprising both theoretical and experimental work on problems arising with unsteady combustion of gases intended for use in propulsion systems.
		The experimental work comprises two main efforts: (I) measurements providing the basis for inferring the local response function of a reacting mixture: and, (2) accurate determination of the behavior of a Rijke tube.
		In principal, knowledge of these two quantities permits deduction of all important dynamical properties of a dynamical system in the second part of this program, a particularly simple combustion system, the Rijke tube, has been investigated.
	www.stormingmedia.us /50/5089/A508914.html (213 words)

	Rijke Tube (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		metal tube with nichrome gauze located 1/4 of length from bottom
		Heat wire gauze with burner for several seconds.
		Remove tube from flame and it will produce a loud low-pitched sound, hold tube horizontally and sound stops.
	www.oberlin.edu /physics/catalog/demonstrations/waves/rijke.html (60 words)

	Demonstrations
		3 inch diameter metal tube with mounted metal mesh screen, Large Bunsen Burner, Matches of Grill Lighter, Small Bunsen Burner, Small Propane Gas Bottle and Valve.
		Singing Tubes: Light the Bunsen burner and heat the mesh screen in the tube until it glows.
		Take it off the burner and for several minutes the tube should begin to "sing" whenever it is turned straight up and down.
	faraday.physics.uiowa.edu /acoust/3D30.70.htm (287 words)

	Dr Maria A. Heckl
		Acoustic wave propagation across the tube bundle of a steam generator has been modelled.
		Maria A. Heckl (1990) 'Non-linear acoustic effects in the Rijke tube'.
		X.Y. Huang and Maria A. Heckl (1993) 'Transmission and dissipation of sound waves in tube bundles'.
	www.keele.ac.uk /depts/ma/people/mah.html (854 words)

	Russian Hydrofoil Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		My PhD thesis was on thermoacoustic instabilities in a Rijke tube.
		I built an experimental high-pressure system for studying nonlinear thermoacoustic phenomena related to pulse tubes and thermoacoustic engines.
		I also developed a model to account for the gracity influence on acoustic streaming, which is a common phenomenon in thermoacoustic systems.
	www.hydrofoils.org /Therm/therm.html (228 words)

	Resonator, coaxial resonator, fabry perot resonator (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		I am designing an rf coil/helical resonator that wraps around a quartz tube used to create a plasma from gas flowing through the tube.
		Their CAD software is designed to accurately predict resonator quality degradation from thermoelastic damping, intrinsic material losses, and anchor (or...
		The Rijke tube resonator used in the example was made from stainless steel...
	www.businessprocessinfo.com /resonator.html (942 words)

	Rijke Tubes References (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		"In this paper the major references on the thermoacoustic phenomena known as the Rijke oscillation are listed and reviewed briefly."
		brief mention of Rijke tubes in section 1B
		Rijke Tubes Waves and Oscillations Index Demonstrations Index
	www.sfu.ca /physics/ugrad/courses/teaching_resources/demoindex/waves/rijkeref.html (135 words)

	Russian Hydrofoil Page
		Matveev, K.I., 2003, Energy Consideration of the Nonlinear Effects in a Rijke Tube, Journal of Fluids and Structures, 18(6), pp.
		Matveev, K.I. and Culick, F.E.C., 2003, A Study of the Transition to Instability in a Rijke Tube with Axial Temperature Gradient, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 264(3), pp.
		Matveev, K.I. and Culick, F.E.C., 2002, Modeling of Unstable Regimes in a Rijke Tube, 5th International Symposium on Fluid-Structure Interactions, New Orleans, LA, USA, ASME paper IMECE 2002-33369.
	www.hydrofoils.org /Abus/acus.html (630 words)

	DrBlonbou (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		His research has contributed to publish several research reports and papers in international journals and conference proceedings.
		Control of Combustion instabilities on a Rijke Tube by Neural Networks.
		Active Control of Combustion Instabilities on a Rijke Tube, using Neural Networks R.Blonbou et al.
	www.iis.ee.ic.ac.uk /DrBlonbou.htm (235 words)

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