Riksdag-of-the-Estates

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	Riksdag of the Estates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Diet of Finland which was the successor to the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates in Finland, was dissolved in 1905.
		The Instrument of Government from 1809 divided the powers of Government between the Bernadotte Monarch and the Riksdag of the Estates, and after 1866 with the new Riksdag.
		At the Riksdag in 1517 regent Sten Sture the Younger and the Privy Council pushed for the decision to depose archbishop Gustav Trolle, which started a chain of events that led to the Stockholm Bloodbath and eventually the dissolution of the Kalmar Union.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Riksdag_of_the_Estates

	Talman - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Talman - the leader of the Estate of the Burgesses in the Riksdag of the Estates
		Talman - the leader of the Estate of the Clergy in the Riksdag of the Estates
		Lantmarskalk - leader of Swedish Riksdag of the Estates and talman of the Estate of the Nobility
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talman

	Absolute Monarchy in Sweden Information - TextSheet.com
		The new constitution of August 20, 1772 which Gustav III of Sweden imposed upon the terrified Riksdag of the Estates at the bayonet's point, converted a weak and disunited republic into a strong but limited monarchy, in which the balance of power inclined, on the whole, to the side of the monarch.
		The second obliged him to abide, not by the decision of all the estates together, as heretofore, but by that of the majority only, with the view of enabling, the actually dominant lower estates (in which was a large Cap majority) to rule without, and even in spite of, the nobility.
		Thus, without the previous consent of the estates, no new law could be imposed, no old law abolished, no offensive war undertaken, no extraordinary war subsidy levied.
	www.search-mesothelioma.com /encyclopedia/a/ab/absolute_monarchy_in_sweden.html

	Diet of Finland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Diet of Finland, Suomen valtiopäivät or Finlands Lantdag, was the legislative assembly, and successor to the Riksdag of the Estates, of the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1809 to 1906.
		The diet was reformed from a legislative assembly of four Estates into a unicameral parliament of 200 members.
		The central event at Porvoo was the sovereign pledge and the oaths of the Estates in on March 29.
	www.americancanyon.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Diet_of_Porvoo

	Modernization of Sweden
		It is true that in the Riksdag of 1882 the commercial treaty with France was renewed, but since 1885 the protectionist party was prepared to begin the combat, and a duty on barley, which had been proposed in the Riksdag of the same year, was rejected by only a slight majority.
		In the Riksdag of 1887 there was a majority for protection in the Second Chamber, and in the first the majority against the tax was so small that the tax on barley would have triumphed in a combined meeting of the two chambers.
		The Riksdag of 1900, in addition to grants for the fortifications at Boden, in Norrbotten County, on the border of Russian controlled Finland, and other military objects, voted a considerable grant for an experimental mobilization, which fully exposed the defects and faults of the old system.
	www.portaljuice.com /modernization_of_sweden.html

	Talk:History of the Riksdag - Wikpedia
		The article on the Riksdag of the Estates needs to be similarly improved to reflect the historical background.
		There is also a main article dealing with the instititional history of the Riksdag, which ought to span the entire period from the meeting in Arboga until present, and additions on history primarily belongs there.
		I modified the history section for the Riksdag to include the prior developments in creating a parliament in Sweden before the 1865 reforms.
	www.bostoncoop.net /~tpryor/wiki/index.php?title=Talk:History_of_the_Riksdag

	Louis De Geer Biography
		His greatest achievement, as a statesman, was the reform of the Swedish representative system, whereby he substituted a bi-cameral elective parliament, on modern lines, for the existing cumbersome representation by estates, a survival from the later middle ages.
		As a member of the nobility he took part in the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates from 1851 onwards.
		This great measure was accepted by the Riksdag in December 1865, and received the royal sanction on the June 22, 1866.
	www.biographybase.com /biography/De_Geer_Louis.html

	Charles IX of Sweden
		The nobility and the majority of the Riksdag of the Estates supported John, however, in his endeavours to unify the realm, and Charles had consequently (1587) to resign his pretensions to autonomy within his duchy; but, fanatical Calvinist as he was, on the religious question he was immovable.
		King Charles IX Finally, the Riksdag at Linköping, February 24, 1600 declared that Sigismund and his posterity had forfeited the Swedish throne, and, passing over duke John, the second son of John III, a youth of ten, recognized duke Charles as their sovereign under the title of Charles IX.
		In 1595 the Riksdag of Söderköping elected Charles regent, and his attempt to force Klas Flemming, governor of Finland, to submit to his authority, rather than to that of the king, provoked a civil war.
	usapedia.com /c/charles-ix-of-sweden.html

	Gustav III's Russian War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The staged attack which caused an outrage in Stockholm, was to convince the Riksdag of the Estates and to provide Gustav with an excuse to declare war on Russia.
		Before the grand opening of the Riksdag in 1789 King Gustav III had the Riksdag Music commissioned.
		The Parliament then decided on the creation of a National Debt Office to raise funds and finance the war, a move that gave rise to a wave of inflation of the Swedish Riksdaler.
	www.pineville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Russo-Swedish_War

	Riksdagen - Party Groups
		They had supporters in all four Estates of the Riksdag and alternated as the ruling party in much the same way as parties do today.
		Each member of the Riksdag has a personal mandate conferred by the electorate and is therefore under no formal obligation to support the party line.
		It is the responsibility of these representatives to ensure that the balance between the political blocs is not influenced by occasional absences due to illness, etc. With this informal system an absent member in one bloc is paired with a member from the other bloc who refrains from voting.
	www.riksdagen.se /templates/R_Page____796.aspx

	Riksdag, The Swedish Parliament
		In 1865 the mediaeval Riksdag of the Estates was abolished and replaced by a Bicameral Riksdag (two Chambers).
		In the Riksdag of the Estates the Riksdag had four “houses”, each with its own representation of the population.
		[The Riksdag] [Local Governments] [Elections] [The Speaker] [History] [The Riksdag of the Estates] [The Bicameral Riksdag] [The Single Chamber Riksdag] [The Fundamental Laws] [Parliamentary Control]
	www.algonet.se /~hogman/riksdag_eng.htm

	Privy Council of Sweden Information - TextSheet.com
		This provided opportunity for Riksdag of the Estates to influence the Constitutionss of 1719 and 1721, that gave Sweden half a century of parliamentary government.
		The loss of the Finnish War in 1809 by his son Gustav IV Adolf restored initiative to the Estates which used it to remove the King and replace him with a new dynasty and a new constitution.
		In 1866 the Estates were abolished and the new Riksdag was organized in two chambers.
	www.search-mesothelioma.com /encyclopedia/p/pr/privy_council_of_sweden.html

	Instrument of Government (1809)
		The Instrument of Government, or Regeringsformen, adopted on June 6, 1809 by the Riksdag of the Estates was the constitution of Sweden from 1809 to 1974.
		In 1866 the Four Estates were replaced by a bicameral parliament, and in 1876 the office of the Prime Minister of Sweden was introduced.
		For half a century, starting in 1719, often referred to as the age of liberty, Sweden had enjoyed parliamentary rule under the Riksdag of the Estates, but in 1772 that was ended by a coup d'etat perpetrated by Gustav III.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/I/Instrument-of-Government-(1809).htm

	Learn more about Sweden in the online encyclopedia.
		Executive power was shared between the King and a noble Privy Council until 1680, followed by the King's autocratic rule initiated by the common estates of the Parliament.
		In 1971, the Parliament or Riksdag became unicameral.
		As a reaction to the failed Great Northern War Parliamentarism was introduced in 1719, followed by three different flavours of Constitutional Monarchy in 1772, 1789 and 1809, the latter granting several civil liberties.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /s/sw/sweden.html

	Politics of Sweden
		The Act of Succession is a treaty between the old Riksdag of the Estates and The House of Bernadotte regulating their rights to accede to the Swedish throne.
		The unicameral Riksdag has 349 members, popularly elected every 4 years and is in session generally from September through mid-June.
		King Carl XVI Gustav of the House of Bernadotte became king in 1973.
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/p/po/politics_of_sweden.html

	Articles - Diet (assembly)
		The Riksdag of the Estates was the diet of the four estates of Sweden, from the 15th century until 1866.
		The Diet of Finland, was the successor to the Riksdag of the Estates in the Grand Duchy of Finland, from 1809 to 1918.
		In some democratic countries, the legislative branch of the country is known as the Diet.
	bronzebass.com /articles/Diet_(assembly)?mySession=fe9d552c9d91bad39...

	House of Knights
		Between the 17th and the 19th century the House of Knights was a chamber in the Riksdag of the Estates, and as such, a Swedish equivalent to the British House of Lords.
		After 1866, when the Riksdag of the Estates was replaced by the new Riksdag, the House of Knights served as a quasi-official representation of the Swedish nobility, regulated by the Swedish government.
		Since 2003, it has been a private institution, which maintains records and acts as an interest group on behalf of the Swedish nobility.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/H/House-of-Knights.htm

	Articles - Privy Council of Sweden
		The first Estate, the Nobility dominated both the 4 Estates of the Riksdag, the Parliament and the Senate.
		In 1866 the 4 Estates were abolished and the new two-Chamber Riksdag was elected.
		From 1738 the Estates would remove Senators to create a majority corresponding to that of the Estates, the Estates also appointing the President of the Chancellery, the prime minister, along party lines.
	www.kimia-sains.com /articles/Privy_Council_of_Sweden

	Encyclopedia: 1810
		September 26 - A new Act of Succession is adopted by the Riksdag of the Estates and Jean Baptiste Bernadotte becomes heir to the Swedish throne.
		The Riksdag of the Estates, or Ståndsriksdagen, was the name used for the Estates of the Swedish realm, or Rikets ständer, when they were assembled.
		King Charles XIV of Sweden, Charles III of Norway, or domestically Karl XIV Johan and Carl III Johan respectively, Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte (January 26, 1763 – March 8, 1844) was born at Pau, France, the son of Henri Bernadotte (1711–1780), procurator at Pau, and Jeanne St....
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/1810

	Articles - Swedish Act of Succession
		It was adopted by the Riksdag of the Estates on September 26, 1810 and it regulates the right of members of the House of Bernadotte to accede to the Swedish throne.
		The Act of Succession was adopted by the Riksdag of the Estates assembled at Ã—rebro in 1810, upon electing Charles XIV (Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte) as the heir to King Charles XIII.
		This happened at a tumultous time for Sweden, as only one year earlier the former king, Gustav IV Adolf had been deposed and replaced by his uncle, Charles XIII.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Swedish_Act_of_Succession?mySession=f450ec03e00d22dc53b28f56a80a8b0e

	AllRefer.com - Finland - Constitutional Development Finnish Information Resource
		This role was increased after 1435, when they began sending representatives to the kingdom's governing body, the Diet of the Four Estates (Riksdag).
		At regular intervals a Finn presided over the nobility, the most important of the four estates of the Diet; consisting also of the estates of the clergy, burghers, and peasantry, the Diet continued to be Finland's representative governing body until early in the twentieth century.
		The Swedish Diet Act of 1617 and the Form of Government Act of 1634 formalized the Finnish tradition of estates, whereby leading members of the country, representatives not only of regions but of social classes as well, met to decide matters of common concern.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/finland/finland130.html

	1866.html
		In Sweden The Riksdag of the Estates is replaced by an elected two chamber assembly, The Riksdag.
		August 23 - Treaty of Prague ends the Austro-Prussian War
		January 29 - Romain Rolland, dramatist, winner of Nobel Prize in Literature in 1915 (+ 1944)
	online-encyclopedia.info /encyclopedia/1/18/1866.html

	Speaker of the Riksdag - Definition of Speaker of the Riksdag by Webster's Online Dictionary
		Speaker of the Riksdag not found in the Dictionary
		Speaker of the Riksdag - Definition of Speaker of the Riksdag by Webster's Online Dictionary
	www.webster-dictionary.org /definition/Speaker%20of%20the%20Riksdag

	Katsuey's Legal Gateway
		Information on the legal system, various areas of the law, such as real estate, wills, trusts, alternative dispute resolution, courts, bankruptcy, etc.
		Criminal opinions of the High Court of Justiciary, including opinions in some sentence appeals, are available.
		Sweden's Parliament Site documents: private members' motions, committee reports, records, interpellations and questions, Information about elections and referendums as well as the political parties represented in the Riksdag, Databases containing parliamentary documents and various registers
	www.katsuey.com /results.cfm?categoryID=21

	Riksdag
		The precursor to the Riksdag was the Riksdag of the Estates or Ståndsriksdagen.
		In 1866 all the Estates voted dissolve the Riksdag of the Estates and establish a new Riksdag.
		The Riksdag or Sveriges Riksdag is the Parliament of Sweden.
	www.theezine.net /r/riksdag.html

	Riksdag, The Swedish Parliament
		In the Riksdag of the four Estates each estate or “House” held their deliberations in separate chambers, had their own speakers, kept minutes of their meetings but conferred with each other from time to time.
		In 1865 the mediaeval Riksdag of the Estates was abolished and replaced by a Bicameral Riksdag (two Chambers).
		[The Riksdag] [Local Governments] [Elections] [The Speaker] [History] [The Riksdag of the Estates] [The Bicameral Riksdag] [The Single Chamber Riksdag] [The Fundamental Laws] [Parliamentary Control]
	www.algonet.se /~hogman/riksdag_eng.htm (1701 words)

	Riksdag, The Swedish Parliament
		In the Riksdag of the four Estates each estate or “House” held their deliberations in separate chambers, had their own speakers, kept minutes of their meetings but conferred with each other from time to time.
		In 1865 the mediaeval Riksdag of the Estates was abolished and replaced by a Bicameral Riksdag (two Chambers).
		The Riksdag and is situated in Sweden's capitol Stockholm.
	www.algonet.se /~hogman/riksdag_eng.htm (1701 words)

	Riksdag of the Estates Did You Mean Riksdag of the Estates
		The Riksdag of the Estates, or Ståndsriksdagen, was the name used for the Estates of the Swedish realm, or Rikets ständer, when they were assembled.
		The Instrument of Government from 1809 divided the powers of Government between the Bernadotte Monarch and the Riksdag of the Estates, and after 1866 with the new Riksdag.
		At the Riksdag in 1517 regent Sten Sture the Younger and the Privy Council pushed for the decision to depose archbishop Gustav Trolle, which started a chain of events that led to the Stockholm Bloodbath and eventually the dissolution of the Kalmar Union.
	www.did-you-mean.com /Riksdag_of_the_Estates.html (513 words)

	Louis Gerhard De Geer
		As a member of the nobility he took part in the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates from 1851 onwards.
		His greatest achievement, as a statesman, was the reform of the Swedish representative system, whereby he substituted a bi-cameral elective parliament, on modern lines, for the existing cumbersome representation by estates, a survival from the later middle ages.
		This great measure was accepted by the Riksdag in December 1865, and received the royal sanction on the June 22, 1866.
	www.knowallabout.com /l/lo/louis_gerhard_de_geer.html (332 words)

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