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	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A ring current is an electric current carried by charged particles trapped in a planet's magnetosphere.
		Around, the ring current energy is mainly carried by the ions, most of which are protons.
		However, one also sees alpha particles in the ring current, a type of ion that is plentiful in the solar wind.
	www.wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/r/ri/ring_current.html (222 words)

	Ring Current (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		During geomagnetic storms, ring current particle fluxes are dramatically increased, with the peak enhancements occurring in the inner ring current (at L
		The third process thought to contribute to ring current decay is the precipitative loss of ring current particles into the atmosphere as a result of wave-particle interactions.
		The growth and recovery of the ring current are indicated by changes in the Dst (disturbance storm time) index, the geomagnetic index that serves as the standard measure of ring current activity.
	pluto.space.swri.edu /IMAGE/glossary/ring_current.html (339 words)

	Ring current (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A ring current is an electric current carriedby charged particles trapped in a planet's magnetosphere.
		It is caused bythe longitudinal drift of energetic (10-200 keV) particles.
		Earth 's ring current is responsible for geomagnetic storms.
	www.therfcc.org /ring-current-34718.html (230 words)

	The magnetic effect of the ring current at the ground. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A circular current loop approximates the ring current of the Earth.
		Since the ring current flows westward the magnetic perturbation at the Earth's equator is opposite to the direction of the horizontal main geomagnetic field.
		The strength of the ring current is seen to be strongly correlated with the north-south component (Bz) of the interplanetary magnetic field.
	www.nerc-bas.ac.uk /public/uasd/instrums/magnet/ringb.html (196 words)

	Dst Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Use of the Dst as an index of storm strength is possible because the strength of the surface magnetic field at low latitudes is inversely proportional to the energy content of the ring current, which increases during geomagnetic storms.
		The Dst index is corrected to remove the contribution of this current as well as that of the quiet-time ring current.
		The sharp rise in ring current energy content during the latter part of February 8 is due to the strong injection into the ring current of ionospheric ions; the rapid initial recovery on February 9 is due to the rapid loss of these same ions.
	pluto.space.swri.edu /IMAGE/glossary/dst.html (363 words)

	Initial Polar magnetic field experiment observations of the low-altitude polar magnetosphere:
		The Dst index contributed by the ring current is proportional to the total energy of the ring current particle [Dessler and Parker, 1959; Sckopke, 1966].
		The contribution to the Dst index by the magnetopause current is proportional to the square root of the solar wind dynamic pressure.
		In this paper we have examined the effects of the equatorial ring current and the magnetopause current on the magnetic field observations in the low-altitude polar magnetosphere obtained by the Polar magnetometer.
	www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu /personnel/russell/papers/Initial_Polar (3181 words)

	2nd Ring Road (Beijing) at AllExperts
		It actually comprises of two parts: the original ring road (southern part of which is no longer part of the current ring road), and the new extended ring road.
		The 2nd Ring Road passes through a variety of the old city gates around Beijing before they were demolished in the 1950s.
		Being extremely central, the 2nd Ring Road is also the source of massive transportation bottlenecks, although the current road conditions are better than previously.
	en.allexperts.com /e/0/2nd_Ring_Road_(Beijing).htm (1193 words)

	magnetosphere-ionosphere current system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The magnetopause current encircling the two magnetotail lobes closes through the middle of the tail in a neutral sheet current that separates the oppositely directed magnetic fields above and below.
		The ring current lies in the inner part of the plasma sheet, where ions and electrons drift in opposite directions around the earth.
		This ring current encircles the earth and is not uniform, with the stronger current flowing on the night side of the earth.
	meted.ucar.edu /hao/aurora/txt/x_m_3_1.php (248 words)

	The ring current
		This current is known as the ring current.
		In fact, the ring current causes a slight reduction in the Earth's magnetic field in equatorial regions.
		The ring current induced reduction in the Earth's magnetic field is measured by the so-called Dst index, which is based on hourly averages of the northward horizontal component of the terrestrial magnetic field recorded at four low-latitude observatories; Honolulu (Hawaii), San Juan (Puerto Rico), Hermanus (South Africa), and Kakioka (Japan).
	farside.ph.utexas.edu /teaching/plasma/lectures/node23.html (784 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: First direct measurements of the ring current
		This information is of prime importance to quantitatively estimate the changes occurring in the ring current (for example the input of particles, amount of current created) during the development of magnetic storms.
		This information is of prime importance to quantitatively estimate the changes occurring in the ring current (for example the input of energetic particles, amount of current created) during the development of magnetic storms.
		Analysis of all ring current crossings allowed to establish the first partial mapping of the current density in the ring current region, based on four simultaneous points of measurements, under various geomagnetic activity levels (Image 4).
	sci.esa.int /jump.cfm?oid=37592 (1643 words)

	ANGEO - Abstracts
		The inner magnetosphere's current mapping is one of the key elements for current loop closure inside the entire magnetosphere.
		The second part is an analysis of the ring current region, which reveals, for the first time, the large latitudinal extent of the ring current, for all magnetic activity levels, as well as the latitudinal evolution of the perpendicular (and parallel) components of the current along the diffuse auroral zone.
		This is a direct consequence of the ring current morphology evolution, as well as the relative positioning of the spacecraft with respect to the bulk of the ring current.
	www.copernicus.org /EGU/annales/23/5/1849.htm (399 words)

	Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Current System
		Because the magnetopause boundary separates a region of relatively strong magnetic field (the magnetosphere) from a region of relatively weak magnetic field (the magnetosheath), the boundary must carry a surface current to ensure force balance across the boundary.
		The magnetopause current encircling the magnetotail lobes closes through the middle of the tail in a neutral sheet current that separates the oppositely directed magnetic fields in the two tail lobes.
		Pedersen currents flow parallel to the electric field and perpendicular to the magnetic field, while Hall currents flow perpendicular to both fields.
	web.hao.ucar.edu /public/asr/asr2003/Holzer.html (230 words)

	Ring of the Spirits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A ring of the spirits is a gold band of knotwork design with three gems spaced equilaterally around the circumference and a line of mystic runes engraved deeply around the inside surface.
		Two more powerful versions of this ring, the Ring of Binding and the Ring of Princes, have a cap of 16 and 24 HD respectively on the size of the outsiders they can catch.
		DM Note: These rings are nifty, because as a result of the opposed charisma check, they're only as powerful as their wearer is. I originally figured their price as a spell effect item using a command word using the planar binding spells for their spell levels.
	webpages.charter.net /electricwell/GameFXRingoftheSpirits.htm (594 words)

	Trapped Radiation
		Currents we use at home--for light, to drive machinery or to generate heat--only flow if pushed by an electric pressure or voltage, against the resistance of the circuitry.
		The magnetic field produced by the ring current contributes (rather slightly) to the magnetic field observed at the surface of the Earth.
		The ring current however (its energetic part is often called the "outer radiation belt"), owes its existence to magnetic storms, which can replenish it in the matter of hours.
	www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov /Education/wtrap1.html (938 words)

	Influence of ionosphere conductivity on the ring current
		Using the Comprehensive Ring Current Model (CRCM), which self-consistently solves the kinetic equation of ring current protons and the closure of the electric current between the magnetosphere and ionosphere, we have studied how different changes in the ionospheric conductivity affect the strength of the ring current.
		The conductivity at equinox results in a ring current that is about 5% stronger than at solstice because the two-hemisphere height-integrated conductivities at equinox are higher than at solstice.
		The ring current is shown to be influenced not only by the interplanetary magnetic field and the solar wind but also by solar radiation and morphological features of the auroral electron precipitation as well.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2004/2003JA010351.shtml (346 words)

	NMR - A Short Course by Uwe Oehler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Because the benzene ring is the classic example of this type of system, this electron "motion" is termed a ring current.
		The direction of the ring current magnetic field is shown by the fl arrows.
		As seen below, the ring current generates exactly the same type of field and, again, the vinyl hydrogens are located in the "return" region of the magnetic field.
	www.chembio.uoguelph.ca /driguana/NMR/RINGCUR1.HTM (323 words)

	The Harry Blackstone Floating Ring (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The application must be accompanied by the current dues and/or membership fees as established by the Executive Board and previously approved by the membership.
		No candidate for membership is considered a member of the Ring until the application process is complete (and the application has been voted upon by the membership).
		Article II, Section 1: Members may be suspended or expelled from membership or removed from the Ring and/or its Executive Board for any conduct that is determined to be not in the best interest of the Ring; violation of the Code of Ethics; and violation of the Ring Constitution and/or its By-laws.
	www.harryblackstone.com /membership.htm (971 words)

	Ring Current Effect
		Large-scale magnetospheric currents generate a fairly homogeneous field in near-Earth space which is approximately aligned with the geomagnetic dipole.
		The fourth curve (blue) is the computed `ring current effect' derived from the inversion.
		A proper characterisation of the ring current effect in the CHAMP data will help to improve the separation between internal and external contributions in modelling efforts.
	www.gfz-potsdam.de /pb2/pb23/Mag/ringcurr.html (714 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Partial mapping of the current density in the ring current region
		Partial mapping of the current density in the ring current region
		Analysis of all ring current crossings allowed to establish the first partial mapping of the current density in the ring current region, based on 4 simultaneous points of measurements, under various geomagnetic activity levels.
		This plot shows the current density vectors extracted from 19 Cluster perigee passes in the February-June 2002 timeframe, averaged in a ± 30° invariant latitude interval around the equatorial plane, and projected down to the equator.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=37597&secured=-1 (138 words)

	5th Hellenic Astronomical Conference - Dates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Particular attention is devoted to the characteristics of the ring current, which is the prime element of space storms.
		Emphasis is given on the importance of substorm occurrence and space-atmosphere coupling for the ring current growth.
		Although the simplistic original paradigm of S. Chapman and S.-I. Akasofu, which considered storm-time ring current as a cumulative result of successive substorm injections, is now heavily disputed, substorm occurrence appears to be an important part of ring current growth through its catalytic role in space-atmosphere coupling.
	www.astro.auth.gr /elaset/helasmtg/2001/sessions/Session02/S243/absses2pap43.htm (199 words)

	Solar Cycle Variation of Outer Ring Current N+1/O+1
		For all their similarities, N and O seem to have very different escape scenarios, at least in terms of the final accelerated population observed in the outer ring current.
		The inset shows the differential fluxes of the principal ion components of the outer ring current during a major geomagnetic storm at 1200-1400 UT on 10.Jan.1997.
		flux is an important constituent of the accelerated, end-products of ionospheric outflow, the outer ring current.
	homepage.mac.com /gotofar/EPIC/NOdayside/NOdayside.html (1592 words)

	Magnetic effect of the ring current at Halley. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		At higher latitudes on the Earth's surface the magnetic perturbation due to an equatorial ring current is directed more radially.
		Hence, at Halley, we can expect the effect of the ring current on the horizontal magnetic field component to be much less than that of the DST index measured at the equator.
		By subtracting the quiet-time field just before an interval of interest from that just after, the change in the magnetic perturbation due to any ring current intensification may be crudely estimated.
	www.nerc-bas.ac.uk /public/uasd/instrums/magnet/ringb_z.html (151 words)

	Overlap of the plasmasphere and ring current: Relation to subauroral ionospheric heating
		The overlap of the ring current with the outer plasmasphere is thought to play a major role in storm-time related increases in the subauroral ambient topside electron temperature.
		Instabilities generated within the overlap region, Coulomb collisions of plasmaspheric electrons with the ring current ions, and charge exchange are all thought to work either individually or together to generate a downward heat flux into the ionosphere to produce the increase in temperature.
		Analysis of IMAGE two-dimensional ring current and plasmasphere density maps together with in situ DMSP ambient electron temperature data shows that the heating generally occurs over a small radial extent within the plasmasphere/ring current overlap region and may be significantly earthward of the plasmapause.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2005/2004JA010986.shtml (290 words)

	5th Hellenic Astronomical Conference - Dates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		PCA peaks correspond, in order of decreasing eigenvalue, to symmetric ring current, asymmetric ring current and substorm current wedge, and injections into the ring current, typically during substorms.
		The intensity and direction of ring current injections is estimated by a bandpass filter technique for individual magnetograms.
		In these cases the asymmetric ring current can have a geomagnetic effect as strong as the azimuthally symmetric part meaning the majority of plasma sheet particles convecting deep into the inner magnetosphere are quickly (~2-3 hours) lost at the dayside magnetopause.
	www.astro.auth.gr /elaset/helasmtg/2001/sessions/Session02/S245/absses2pap45.htm (318 words)

	Ring current - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Ring current - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Ring current contains research on
		Ring current, Earth's Ring Current, The Ring Current and Geomagnetic Storms, Geophysics and Space science.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Ring_current (283 words)

	8.02T - Magnetostatics Visualizations - The Ring of Current. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		DESCRIPTION: This simulation illustrates the magnetic field generated by a ring of current, and shows how, by the principle of superposition, a continuous current distribution can be thought of as the sum of many discrete current elements (in this case, thirty).
		By moving the observation point around with the arrow keys, changes in field magnitude and direction can be observed at different positions relative to the ring.
		Note that along the axis of the ring, the perpendicular component of each element's field is cancelled out by the corresponding element directly opposite it on the other side of the ring.
	ocw.mit.edu /ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/magnetostatics/09-RingMagField/09-RingMagField320.html (121 words)

	Ring current [Oulu]
		The drift is a combined curvature and gradient drift which is eastward for electrons and westward for ions, i.e., the direction of the current is westward.
		geomagnetic activity), as the main signature (actually definition) of the storm main phase is the build-up of an enhanced ring current.
		Quite another topic is the decay of the ring current after a storm, since processes like charge exchange or Coulomb collision seem to be too slow.
	www.oulu.fi /~spaceweb/textbook/ring_current.html (356 words)

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