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	Ringed Seals (Phoca hispida)
		The ringed seal measures from 85 to 160 cm and weigh 40 to 90 kg.
		The ringed seal is an opportunistic feeder, feeding on benthic, nektonic and planktonic organisms.
		An estimated 40-60% of the seals is not mature (Sipilä, 1991).
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/jaap/ringseal.htm (1453 words)

	Species Reports Ringed Seal, Bearded Seal
		In late summer, ringed seals tend to form large, loose feeding aggregations, and coastal waters offshore of the Yukon appear to be an important area for ringed seals to feed on dense concentrations of zooplankton such as mysids.
		Ringed or bearded seals could be disturbed by a variety of industrial activities, but in terms of survival and reproduction of the regional populations, the effects are likely to be inconsequential as the stocks are very large and widespread.
		Ringed seal pups are born in late March or April in snow lairs (caves) under the land-fast ice surface, and remain there for the six-week lactation period.
	www.taiga.net /wmac/consandmanagementplan_volume3/seal.html (776 words)

	seal, in zoology. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The name seal is sometimes applied broadly to any of the fin-footed mammals, or pinnipeds, including the walrus, the eared seals (sea lion and fur seal), and the true seals, also called earless seals, hair seals, or phocid seals.
		The northern seals include two species of temperate coastal waters: the common seal, or harbor seal, of the N Atlantic and N Pacific, and the larger gray seal of the N Atlantic.
		The Greenland seal, or harp seal, is found in the arctic Atlantic; the ribbon seal in the arctic Pacific.
	www.bartleby.com /65/se/seal1.html (941 words)

	NWT Wildlife and Fisheries - NWT Wildlife Species - Seals Ringed Seal
		As with most seals, physiological adaptations, such as a high red blood cell count, the ability to reduce their heart rate from 80 - 90 beats per minute to 10 - 20, and control over the blood flow to vital organs, have enabled ringed seals to make deep and sustained dives.
		Seal pups are usually born on stable ice in a snow den from mid-March to early April.
		By counting annual growth rings in the dentine layers of their teeth, the oldest recorded age for a ringed seal is 43 years.
	www.nwtwildlife.com /NWTwildlife/seals/ringedseal.htm (881 words)

	Fact Sheets > Ringed Seal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Ringed seals do not live in large groups and are usually found alone, but they may be found in large groups on the ice during the molting season, gathered around cracks or breathing holes.
		Ringed seals are found in all the Arctic seas and in the North Pacific as far south as Japan.
		The ringed seals primary predator is the polar bear and where the polar bear is present, the ringed seal is its main food source.
	www.fact-sheets.com /science-nature/animals/ringed_seal (511 words)

	Ringed Seal: Wildlife Notebook Series - Alaska Department of Fish and Game
		General description: Ringed seals are the smallest of all pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses) with adults in Alaska rarely exceeding 5 feet (1.5 meters) in length and 150 pounds (68 kg) in weight.
		Ringed seals weigh the most in the winter and early spring when they have a thick layer of blubber under their skin.
		The behavior of ringed seals is poorly understood since both males and females spend the greater part of the year in lairs or in the water.
	www.adfg.state.ak.us /pubs/notebook/marine/rin-seal.php (745 words)

	Marine Mammals - Ringed Seal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The ringed seal, Pusa hispida (formerly Phoca), is the most abundant marine mammal in the Arctic, with a population size of at least one million animals.
		Ringed seals are usually solitary, staying within 20 km of the coast, where they live on land-fast ice.
		Ringed seals feed primarily on fish – such as polar cod and herring – that provide enough resources to form the thick layer of blubber that keeps them warm.
	www.arctic.uoguelph.ca /cpl/organisms/mammals/Marine/ringed.htm (233 words)

	Saimaa ringed seal — Virtual Finland
		Seal lairs are located under thick snowdrifts on the ice near the shoreline rocks of the lakes.
		The newborn seals are covered in grey fur, known also as lanugo, and spend the first few weeks of their lives secure in their lairs, feeding on the nutritious fatty milk of their mothers.
		The number of seal pups is deduced on the basis of lairs because seals and their pups are very difficult to spot in the wild.
	virtual.finland.fi /netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=25721 (1883 words)

	NPRB: North Pacific Research Board (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Ringed, bearded, spotted, and ribbon seals are the four species of Alaska’s seals called “ice seals” because of their association with sea ice and their dependence upon it for feeding, resting and giving birth.
		The ability of ringed seals to inhabit the arctic throughout the winter, when other ice seals move south, is largely due to their unique behavior of excavating breathing holes and lairs in the snow that covers the sea ice.
		Ringed seals have long been important in the subsistence economy of indigenous arctic people, and human colonization of the arctic was facilitated by the year-round presence of ringed seals, which served as a source of food, fuel, clothing and tents.
	www.nprb.org /education/mam-0515.htm (558 words)

	SCS: Ringed Seal (Phoca hispida)
		Ringed seals are one of the most important subsistence prey for native hunters throughout their range, but it is difficult to determine the extent of this hunting.
		Arctic ringed seals, mostly pups and subadults, are the major prey of polar bears and arctic foxes.
		The birth lairs of the Ladoga seal are typically situated 40-60km from the shore, near hummocked or ridged ice, although in northern areas of the lake they are mostly found in snowdrifts along the shoreline.
	www.pinnipeds.org /species/ringed.htm (3005 words)

	---Seals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The ringed seal is an opportunistic feeder, feeding on bottom-dwelling organisms, plankton and fish.
		Of the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina, commonly 4 subspecies are recognized: the Eastern Atlantic harbor seal, Phoca vitulina vitulina, the Western Atlantic harbor seal, Phoca vitulina concolor, the Insular harbor seal, Phoca vitulina stejnegeri, and the Pacific harbor seal, Phoca vitulina richardsi.
		Characteristic for the harbor seal are the V-shaped nostrils.
	www.sarkanniemi.fi /oppimateriaali/eng_seals.html (1861 words)

	Beaufort Sea Seals - Research and Monitoring
		The ringed seal (Phoca hispida) is an important species in the Arctic marine ecosystem, being the main prey of the polar bear, and a major consumer of marine fish and invertebrates.
		Ringed seals are harvested for food, dog food and for pelts for handicrafts and clothing.
		However, the seals are tied very closely to the state of the ecosystem and are dependent on the sea ice for reproduction.
	www.beaufortseals.com (459 words)

	Seal,Mammals,Seal Picture,Mammal Pictures,Catalog,Encyclopedia
		The true seals, family Phocidae, are classified with the eared seals (sea lions and fur seals), family Otariidae, and the walruses, family Odobenidae, in the Pinnipedia--the pinnipeds are regarded as either a suborder of the order Carnivora or a separate order.
		The Baikal seal is the only completely freshwater species, but various populations of the ringed seal, P. hispida, and the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina, also live in freshwater lakes or rivers.
		Seals range in size from 125 cm to 6.5 m (4 ft to 21 ft) in length and from 90 kg to 3.5 metric tons (200 lb to about 8,000 lb) in weight.
	www.4to40.com /earth/geography/htm/mammalsindex.asp?counter=137 (1331 words)

	CRESLI ring seal page
		This very common seal is found throughout the Arctic wherever there is stable ice near land, especially in bays, but also in lakes and river openings.
		Ringed seals feed mainly on polar cod and shrimp-like animals.
		During this time the pups are known as "silver jars." In late fall and winter ringed seals live under the ice by maintaining breathing holes, while younger seals stay at the edge of the ice where there is open water.
	www.cresli.org /cresli/seals/ringseal.html (280 words)

	NSF-funded researchers track Alaska seal migration for the first time
		"Seal tracking is an important and somewhat unexpected offshoot of a larger NSF project to establish an onshore environmental observatory on Little Diomede Island in the Bering Strait and to encourage the participation of Alaska natives in the research effort," according to Sheffield, who oversees marine mammal sampling and data gathering for the observatory.
		Ringed seals are one of the four "ice-associated" species of seals in those waters.
		The recently tagged seal was captured initially by island residents using what Sheffield described as a "clever and effective" method in which a homemade plywood slide was deployed from a blind to block the animal's escape down its breathing hole in the ice.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-10/nsf-nrt102901.php (594 words)

	Ringed Seal
		The ringed seal has a population estimated at close to 5,000,000 and is the most abundant sea mammal in the Canadian Arctic.
		Ringed seal liver and beluga whale maktaaq (skin and blubber) are major sources of selenium in the Inuit diet.
		There are four species of seal found in the coastal waters of our territory but for most communities the two most important species of hunted for food are the common or ringed seal that we call netsik, and the bearded or square flipper seal that we refer to as udjuk.
	www.itk.ca /environment/wildlife-ringed-seal.php (1309 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		The various forms, known also as fur seals, hair seals, elephant seals, sea lions, and leopard seals, are widely distributed throughout the marine regions of the frigid and temperate zones; only the monk seals of the genus Monachus are tropical.
		Pelagic sealing, or the hunting of seals in the ocean, was prohibited by the agreement, which permitted capture only of immature or bachelor seals, taken at the outskirts of the breeding grounds under government supervision.
		True seals are better adapted to life in water than are the longer-limbed eared seals, but on land they progress laboriously by wriggling and hunching the entire body.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/animals/seal.html (987 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Wildfacts - Ringed seal
		Ringed seals are small seals living in the northern hemisphere.
		Ringed seals are adapted to living on stable arctic sea ice.
		Currently most subspecies of ringed seals are not thought to be threatened, although changes to the Arctic ice because of global warming is a concern.
	www.bbc.co.uk /nature/wildfacts/factfiles/601.shtml (301 words)

	Development in the Baltic Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus) and Ringed Seal (Phoca hispida) Populations during the 20th ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Development in the Baltic ringed (Phoca hispida) and grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) populations during the past century is reconstructed using uniquely detailed hunting records from the Nordic countries and published data on demographic parameters.
		Grey seals decreased from 88 000- 100 000 in the beginning of the century to approximately 4000 in the late 1970s.
		The Baltic ringed seal population decreased during the same period from 190 000-220 000 to approximately 5000.
	www.ambio.kva.se /1999/Nr7_99/nov99_9.html (176 words)

	Labrador Retrievers Assist Ringed Seal Researchers - NMFS Alaska News Release (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Seals molt in the spring and early summer and leave fl dandruff-like flakes on the ice around their breathing holes.
		Breathing holes and lairs under the snow protect the ringed seals, especially the young, which are born and nursed within the lairs.“Early snowmelt exposes ringed seal pups prematurely and increases their mortality rates from exposure to the cold, and exposure to predators like polar bears, arctic fox and birds,” Kelly explained.
		The Peard Bay ringed seal project is funded by the North Pacific Research Board, NOAA Fisheries’ Alaska Fisheries Science Center, and the Alaska Nanuuq Commission.
	www.fakr.noaa.gov /newsreleases/ringedseal041106.htm (971 words)

	The UnMuseum - Seals and Manatees (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The seal is an aquatic mammal that could explain some sea serpent or lake monster sightings.
		Most seals spend whatever time they are not feeding laying on the beach, rocks, or even docks humans have erected, basking in the sun.
		A large seal, seen at a distance, might be mistaken for a serpent or sea monster, though it is doubtful that an experienced sailor would make such an error.
	unmuseum.mus.pa.us /seals.htm (364 words)

	SEALS of the Arctic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Seals are mammals that live in the sea.
		A ringed seal gives birth to her pups in a small den in the snow on top of the ice.
		The seals' fur and a thick layer of fat under their skin helps them to keep warm in the freezing cold water.
	www.saskschools.ca /~gregory/arctic/seals.html (334 words)

	CRESLI seal page
		Seal surveys are conducted using aerial and shipboard platforms concurrently in order to assess the accuracy of each count.
		Seals are able to hold their breath for a long time during dives, using oxygen stored in the blood and muscles as well as the lungs.
		Seals are often observed feeding, playing and hauling out in the sun on their favorite rocks.
	www.cresli.org /cresli/seals/sealpage.html (996 words)

	All About Sea Ice: Environment: Wildlife: Mammals: Seals
		Ringed and bearded seals often use holes in the ice to breathe, and they congregate along the edges of the ice.
		Because of their large size, leopard seals cannot move easily on sea ice, and so crabeater seals often rest on floes where they are safe from predation.
		Weddell seals spend most of their time beneath fast ice, coming onto the sea ice surface only to rest and have their pups.
	nsidc.org /seaice/environment/mammals_seals.html (730 words)

	Ringed Seal: Marine Mammals: Audio Gallery for Discovery of Sound in the Sea
		Ringed seals have a circumpolar distribution in the northern hemisphere and can be found associated with sea ice throughout the Arctic Ocean and in seasonally ice-covered subarctic seas.
		As snow accumulates during the winter, ringed seals carve out lairs in snow drifts overlying some of their breathing holes, allowing them to haul out of the water but remain insulated from the cold Arctic air (as well as hidden from the view of predators).
		Ringed seals earned their name from the light gray to white colored rings on their dark gray colored sides and backs.
	www.dosits.org /gallery/marinemm/28.htm (324 words)

	Spotted Seal: Wildlife Notebook Series - Alaska Department of Fish and Game
		The spotted seal is strongly associated with sea ice from autumn to late spring-early summer and bears its young on the drifting pack ice.
		It is roughly the size of harbor and ribbon seals, larger than the ringed seal, and considerably smaller than the bearded seal.
		It is noteworthy that spotted seals are abundant along the northwest coast during months of open water and are replaced in that zone by ringed seals when extensive ice is present.
	www.adfg.state.ak.us /pubs/notebook/marine/spt-seal.php (1334 words)

	Saimaa Ringed Seal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Saimaa Ringed Seal (Phoca hispida saimensis, saimaannorppa in Finnish) is a subspecies of Ringed Seal (Phoca hispida).
		An adult saimaa ringed seal is between 85 and 160 cm in length and weighs between 40 and 90 kg; males usually being larger than females.
		This seal, along with the ladoga seal and the baikal seal, is the only living seal to live its life entirely in freshwater.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Saimaa_Ringed_Seal (391 words)

	Marine Mammal Factsheets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The furred hind flippers of true seals are shorter than those of the fur seals and sea lions, and extend behind their body to provide propulsion when swimming.
		The walrus is a mix of both the true seal and the fur seal and sea lion.
		Similar to eared seals, they can move their hind flippers forward and underneath their bodies but they cannot bear weight.
	www.imma.org /pinnipeds (373 words)

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