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Topic: Ringelmann effect

	Ringelmann effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		German researcher Max Ringelmann (1861-1931) had people alone and in groups pull on a rope attached to a strain gauge to measure the pull force.
		Ringelmann noticed that, as you added more and more people to a group pulling on a rope, the total force exerted by the group rose, but the average force exerted by each group member declined.
		The Ringelmann Effect thus describes the inverse relationship between the size of a team and the magnitude of group member's individual contribution to the accomplishment of the task.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ringelmann_effect (387 words)

	JYI: Effects of Punishment Threats on Social Loafing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Ringelmann measured how hard they were pulling using a strain gauge, and found that those pulling alone pulled harder than those pulling in a group.
		This could be used to predict punishment effects on social loafing, due to the fact that the individual fears that he or she may be punished for the less than adequate performance of others in his or her group.
		The other variable we examined was the effect of a threat of punishment: participants were either told that if they do not perform at a specified standard, they would be held back to run the experiment until they have reached the predetermined goal, or they were not threatened with punishment.
	www.jyi.org /volumes/volume10/issue3/articles/kunishima.html (4781 words)

	Effect of FCC Catalyst Density and Attrition Index on Stack Opacity
		A Ringelmann number of 1 is defined as equivalent to the 20% opacity measurement, 2 is 40%, etc.
		The Ringelmann scale still remains the reference for most government regulations, but light transmittance instrumentation has taken away much of the subjectivity and inaccuracies at the low end of the scale.
		The effects on opacity of each of the two properties given in the prior sections, are illustrated in Figures 4, 5 and 6.
	www.refiningonline.com /EngelhardKB/crep/TCR6_50.htm (988 words)

	Group Dynamics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		False consensus effect Perceivers' tendency to assume that their personal qualities and characteristics are common in the general population.
		Head-of-the-table effect The tendency for group members to associate the leadership role with the chair located at the head of the table.
		Ringelmann effect The tendency for people to become less productive when they join a group; the larger the group, the more pronounced the loss of productivity.
	www.personal.psu.edu /students/t/s/tsc100/psy475/glossary.html (6104 words)

	OBNotes.htm Organizational Behavior Notes by Wilf Ratzburg: GROUPS AND SOCIAL LOAFING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Ringelmann Effect (after a French engineer) describes the inverse relationship between the size of a group and the magnitude of the individual efforts to accomplish a task.
		The Ringelmann effect has also been used to study the effect of group size on group motivation and performance.
		The rope pulling task, as defined by Ringelmann, was also repeated.
	members.fortunecity.com /kono/htmlgroups16.html (316 words)

	CJ 307: Small Group Communication -- Reading and Study Guides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Be able to summarize/identify research findings relevant to each source of power; be able to cite the effects of status and gender on the selection of power tactics.
		Be able to identify the effects of group composition on performance.
		Be able to define/explain/identify the Ringelmann effect, coordination losses, and social loafing; be able to explain each of the factors identified as causes of social loafing and each of the methods for increasing social motivation.
	www.uwec.edu /Sampsow/307/2002c/Guide-F2.htm (438 words)

	METRO-APEX: EQA Glossary
		The results of a study which identifies and evaluates the adverse or beneficial environmental effects of pursuing a proposed action, pursuing an alternative action or not pursuing the proposed action.
		The Ringelmann Number is a scale for measuring the flness of smoke fumes and is equivalent to the opacity.
		Ringelmann Numbers and opacities are used for specifying allowable smoke emissions (Ringelmann for fl and opacity for other colors).
	www.usc.edu /dept/puad/apex/eqagloss.htm (4321 words)

	Glossary
		STACK EFFECT: The overall upward movement of air inside a building that results from heated air rising and escaping through openings in the building super structure, thus causing an indoor pressure level lower than that in the soil gas beneath or surrounding the building foundation.
		Adverse Health Effects-health effects from exposure to air contaminants that may range from relatively mild temporary conditions, such as minor eye or throat irritation, shortness of breath, or headaches, to permanent and serious conditions such as birth defects, cancer, or damage to lungs, nerves, liver, heart, or other organs.
		Ringelmann Chart-actually a series of charts, numbered 0 to 5, that simulate various smoke densities, by presenting different percentages of fl.
	www.faculty.uaf.edu /ffrap/EQE_649/CourseInfo/Glossary.htm (7923 words)

	airfree air purifier. leading brands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		greenhouse effect-the warming of the earths atmosphere caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide other trace gases.
		equivalent opacity-the application of the ringelmann to the evaluation of respiration by the density of other than fl smoke (see ringelmann).
		many pollutants occur as gases or vapors, but some are very tiny solid particles:, bacteria, smoke or soot environmental effects.
	www.best-air-purifiers.com /airfree-air-purifier-aa.html (614 words)

	51 Wn. App. 49, ASARCO v. PUGET SOUND AIR POLLUTION
		The degree of opacity which "unreasonably" interferes with enjoyment of life and property is a proper determination for the agency in the exercise of its scientific expertise.
		Utilizing the Ringelmann method, a standard technique for measuring the opacity of smoke, the inspector determined that the opacity of the smoke from two emissions exceeded 20 percent for 161/4 minutes within a 1-hour period.
		I, 9.03(b), PSAPCA attempted to do what the Legislature has not: make the Ringelmann technique part of the law; thus it would prohibit emissions only on the basis of quantity and duration, without regard to characteristics, treating as superfluous an important part of the statute.
	www.mrsc.org /mc/courts/appellate/051wnapp/051wnapp0049.htm (6314 words)

	CA Codes (hsc:41700-41712)
		(2) Meets the Ringelmann 2 limit, as published by the United States Bureau of Mines, does not exceed that limit for more than four minutes during the driving of a single pile, and uses kerosene fuel, smoke suppressing fuel additives, and synthetic lubricating oil.
		This subdivision shall remain in effect with respect to a plant until five years after construction of the plant and shall have no force and effect with respect to the plant on and after that date.
		The state board shall consider the effect that the regulations proposed for health benefit products will have on the efficacy of those products in killing or inactivating agents of infectious diseases such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, and the impact the regulations will have on the availability of health benefit products to California consumers.
	www.legaltips.org /california/california_health_and_safety_code/41700-41712.aspx (2456 words)

	CJ 307/507: Small Group Communication -- Reading Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Be able to explain the effects of communication network structure on communication and performance.
		Be able to explain the effects of cohesion on member satisfaction and adjustment, group dynamics and influence, and group performance.
		Be able to define/explain social facilitation theory and Zajonc's explanation of when social facilitation occurs (be able to define dominant and nondominant responses as part of your explanation) and his compresence hypothesis; be able to define/explain effects evaluation apprehension, and cognitive processes on performance in the presence of others.
	www.uwec.edu /Sampsow/307/2004a/Guide-Forsyth.htm (878 words)

	Exam #2 Study Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The effects of power on the powerholder: Power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely [What does this imply for leadership, assuming that you want to avoid a corrupt leader?]
		Participation in group process: Babble effect [Be able to address in the context, e.g., a person who is monopolizing group discussion.
		Effects of leadership on the leader: Responsibility, self-transcendence
	equinox.unr.edu /homepage/markusk/StudyguideExam2.htm (1111 words)

	Enforcement Advisory: 1996-12 Advisory #143 Changes in State Law Assembly Bill No. 1855
		It is recommended that you read this bill in its entirety and inform your staff and hearing board members, as appropriate, about the changes.
		(1) Meets the Ringelmann 1 limit, as published by the United States Bureau of Mines, and does not exceed that limit for more than four minutes during the driving of a single pile.
		This act is an urgency statute necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health, or safety within the meaning of Article IV of the Constitution and shall go into immediate effect.
	www.arb.ca.gov /enf/advs/advs143.htm (645 words)

	Board Meeting Index for January 3, 1973
		In the draft, the staff concluded that a Ringelmann No. 1 standard need not be make applicable statewide by the legislature because: a.
		By January 1, 1974, a Ringelmann No. 1 standard will be in effect in areas covering ninety percent of the state's population as a result of adoption by local control districts.
		Although it does not recommend a statewide Ringelmann No. 1 standard, the draft contains estimates of cost if Ringelmann 1 standard is to be met in the areas where such standard has not been adopted.
	www.arb.ca.gov /board/MI/MI010373.HTM (796 words)

	86.06.04: Where, Oh Where is All the Clean Air?
		In all the major acute air pollution incidences recorded, effects on animals, primarily zoo or domestic animals have been reported.
		A variation of this activity would be to coat all the leaves of a plant and then compare it to a similar plant with uncoated leaves over a period of time.
		AIR POLLUTION: the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more man-made contaminants in quantities characteristics, and of duration such as to be injurious to human, plant or animal life or to property or which unreasonably interferes with the comfortable enjoyment of life and property.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/1986/6/86.06.04.x.html (7078 words)

	Psychology 101 References at AllPsych Online
		Everett, J. J., Smith, R. E., and Williams, K. Effects of team cohesion and identifiability on social loafing in relay swimming performance.
		Ingham, A. G., Levinger, G., Graves, J. and Peckham, V. The Ringelmann effect: Studies of group size and group performance.
		Segal, M. Alphabet and attraction: An unobtrusive measure of the effect of propinquity in a field setting.
	allpsych.com /psychology101/references.html (428 words)

	An Overview of Cooperative Learning
		Although positive interdependence in and of itself may have some effect on outcomes, it is the face-to-face promotive interaction among individuals fostered by the positive inter-relationships, and psychological adjustment and social competence.
		Our research and the research of many others dating back to the late 1800s has established that having students work together cooperatively is a powerful way for them to learn and has positive effects on the classroom and school climate This has been verified by teachers in classrooms from preschool through graduate school.
		Ringelmann revisited: Alternative explanations for the social loafing effect.
	www.co-operation.org /pages/overviewpaper.html (12336 words)

	groupdynamicreading-13 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This effect occurs in both coaction and audience settings, depending on the difficulty of the task to be attempted.
		This Ringelmann effect is caused by coordination losses and by social loafing, the reduction of individual effort when people work in a group.
		Social loafing appears to be a pervasive aspect of work groups, but it can be limited by identifying individuals' in- puts, increasing evaluation, involving members in the task, increasing trust, and controlling diffusion of responsibility among members.
	web.ed.ntnu.edu.tw /~minfei/groupdynamicreading-13.htm (643 words)

	Chapter 12: Group Dynamics and Motor Behavior
		Key point: the Ringelmann effect states that individual member's performance decreases as group size increases.
		The Ringelmann effect can be reduced by identifying and valuing each individual's performance and by keeping practices interesting and challenging.
		The research is inconclusive on the effects of cohesion on performance.
	clem.mscd.edu /~broida/hps450/chapter_outlines/chapter12.html (1109 words)

	CHAPTER 10: Group Behavior (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Group-induced reduction in individual output when efforts are pooled and cannot be individually judged.
		n Early research: In the 1880s, French engineer Max Ringelmann (1913) conducted the first empirical suggesting such an effect.
		n Cross-cultural research indicates that social loafing occurs in both individualist and collectivist societies, although the effect is not as strong in the latter
	condor.stcloudstate.edu /~jaz/psy270/chapter10b.html (301 words)

	[No title]
		Any equipment found to exceed 40 percent opacity (or Ringelmann 2.0) shall be repaired immediately, and the City of Folsom and SMAQMD shall be notified within 48 hours of identification of non-compliant equipment.
		A visual survey of all in-operation equipment shall be made at least weekly, and a monthly summary of the visual survey results shall be submitted throughout the duration of the project, except that the monthly summary shall not be required for any 30-day period in which no construction activity occurs.
		Have a substantial adverse effect, either directly or through habitat modifications, on any species identified as a candidate, sensitive, or special status species in local or regional plans, policies, or regulations, or by the California Department of Fish and Game or the United States Fish and Wildlife Service?
	www.folsom.ca.us /agendas/MG63977/AS63988/AI65164/DO65320/42.TXT (511 words)

	Kids First Soccer: Violence in Sport
		A positive side effect resulting from such a change in game rules may be an added advantage to the offensive players.
		Loss of personal responsibility (similar to the "Ringelmann Effect") occurs which leads to a higher threshold for tolerance of increased hostility and acts of violence.
		Circular Effects--Knott & Drost (1972) observed a circular effect with the retaliation hypothesis.
	www.kidsfirstsoccer.com /violence.htm (3397 words)

	Downers Grove Municipal Code, City Code, Village Legal Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The existence of excessive or preventable environmental pollutants, including substances which when released into the open atmosphere or into lakes, streams or other bodies of water may have a harmful and deleterious effect upon the public health, safety and welfare, is hereby found and declared to be contrary to the policy of the Village.
		The Village Council further declares that it is the policy of the Village to cooperate with and utilize to the fullest extent all applicable environmental quality control services of the County of DuPage, State of Illinois, the United States, and any and all other regional environmental quality control authorities having jurisdiction in the Village.
		(1) During fire-cleaning periods, smoke having a density of not in excess of the density designated as Ringelmann Number 3 shall be permitted for a period or periods not in excess of an aggregate of four minutes during any period of sixty consecutive minutes; and
	www.downers.us /citycode/code/ch13/chapter13.AIV.htm (3077 words)

	GUIDE EIGHT
		Conformity effects increase with a large proportional majority, an unfamiliar task (the Asch experiment), spontaneous or confrontational situations, cross-pressures, high cohesiveness and a commitment to future interaction.
		Perhaps when positive effects occur, they are so positive that we overlook the negative effects of cohesiveness.
		Despite the positive blinkers, negative effects of cohesion are plentiful.
	syp5105-01.fa02.fsu.edu /Guide8.html (3242 words)

	Guide 8: Group Performance and Decision Making
		Or the five person team who studied the effects of challenging authority on conformity to an aerobics instructor's (an experimental team member) attempts to teach new steps.
		Factors such as co-actors or audience effects interact with situational variables such as task complexity, group diversity, group size, or the nature of the task to influence task performance.
		The failure of "simple-minded brainstorming" to work effectively and the reluctance of organizations to put more complex rules in place for more effective brainstorming sessions led this technique to an early demise as a routine event.
	edp5285-01.sp01.fsu.edu /Guide8.html (2941 words)

	test director (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		An analysis of space shuttle countdown activities preliminaries to a c...
		The effect of nuclear explosions on meat and meat products;: Report to...
		Biological effects of nuclear radiation on the monkey (Macaca Mulatta)...
	hallmovies.com /top/sites/10/1/test_director.html (377 words)

	Glossary
		An effect that shows up shortly after exposure.
		Furnace-a combustion chamber; an enclosed structure in which fuel is burned to heat air or material.
		Health Risk-the probability that exposure to a given set of toxic air contaminants will result in an adverse health effect.
	www.faculty.uaf.edu /ffrap/ENVE_652/CourseInformation/Glossary.htm (7876 words)

	groupsoutline
		Social Loafing: When an individual’s contribution to group cannot be evaluated, we often work less hard than we would alone.
		Ringelmann study: asked students to pull on rope as hard as they could
		Latane study: same group effect happened when students were asked to cheer and clap
	www.unc.edu /~coolsen/psych33/groupsoutline.html (560 words)

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