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Topic: Rings of Neptune

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	The Rings of Neptune (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Neptune's rings were first detected in star occultation experiments from Earth in 1983, but they were very difficult to study before the data from Voyager 2.
		(Ref) shows the faint rings of Neptune (the light from the body of the planet is blocked off in the fl region to allow the rings to be seen clearly).
		The rings rotate in the same direction as the planet and are nearly in the equatorial plane.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr161/lect/neptune/rings.html (154 words)

	Neptune
		Neptune's blue color is mainly due to methane in the atmosphere, which absorbs red light.
		The first two thirds of Neptune is thought to be composed of a mixture of molten rock, water, liquid ammonia and methane; the outer third is a mixture of heated gases.
		Neptune has 4 rings (see Neptune, rings) and 13 known moons (see Neptune, moons), the largest of which is Triton.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/N/Neptune.html (814 words)

	Neptune
		Neptune has been particularly challenging to study from the ground because its disk is small and badly blurred by the Earth's atmosphere at that distance.
		Neptune is currently the most distant planet from the Sun, with an orbital radius of 30 Astronomical Units and an orbital period of 165 years.
		The following image (Ref) shows the faint rings of Neptune (the light from the body of the planet is blocked off in the fl region to allow the rings to be seen clearly).
	digilander.libero.it /roberto20129/solarsystem/neptune.html (917 words)

	NASA - Neptune
		Neptune is one of the two planets that cannot be seen without a telescope.
		Neptune's axis is not perpendicular (at an angle of 90 degrees) to the planet's path around the sun.
		Neptune is surrounded by thick layers of clouds in rapid motion.
	www.nasa.gov /worldbook/neptune_worldbook.html (1112 words)

	Neptune (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Neptune was first observed by Galle and d'Arrest on 1846 Sept 23 very near to the locations independently predicted by Adams and Le Verrier from calculations based on the observed positions of Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus.
		Neptune's composition is probably similar to Uranus': various "ices" and rock with about 15% hydrogen and a little helium.
		Neptune can be seen with binoculars (if you know exactly where to look) but a large telescope is needed to see anything other than a tiny disk.
	seds.lpl.arizona.edu /nineplanets/nineplanets/neptune.html (1127 words)

	Neptune
		Neptune was discovered on September 23, 1846 by Johann Gottfried Galle, of the Berlin Observatory, and Louis d'Arrest, an astronomy student, through mathematical predictions made by Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier.
		Neptune is a dynamic planet with several large, dark spots reminiscent of Jupiter's hurricane-like storms.
		The magnetic field of Neptune, like that of Uranus, is highly tilted at 47 degrees from the rotation axis and offset at least 0.55 radii (about 13,500 kilometers or 8,500 miles) from the physical center.
	www.astro.cz /solar/eng/neptune.htm (1449 words)

	Tour the Solar System and Beyond - Neptune
		Neptune orbits the Sun every 165 years, and is the smallest of the solar system's gas giants.
		Searches for "ring arc," or partial rings, showed that Neptune's rings actually are complete, but the thickness of the rings vary so that they cannot be fully viewed from Earth.
		Even though Neptune receives only three percent as much sunlight as Jupiter does, it is a dynamic planet and surprisingly showed several large, dark spots reminiscent of Jupiter's hurricane-like storms.
	spacekids.hq.nasa.gov /osskids/animate/neptune.html (735 words)

	Neptune (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun and the fourth largest.
		Neptune's blue color is the result of the absorption of red light by methane in the atmosphere.
		Neptune's rings have been given names: the outermost is Adams (which contains three prominent arcs now named Liberty, Equality and Fraternity), next is an unnamed ring coorbital with Galatea, then Leverrier (whose outer extensions are called Lassell and Arago), and finally the faint but broad Galle.
	library.thinkquest.org /20104/Planets/neptune.htm (377 words)

	Neptune, rings
		Neptune has a faint ring system of unknown composition and curiously clumpy structure for which there is yet no satisfactory explanation.
		Evidence for incomplete arcs around Neptune first arose in the mid-1980s, when stellar occultation experiments were found to occasionally show an extra blink just before or after the planet occulted the star.
		In addition to the narrow Adams Ring, 61,000 km from the center of Neptune, there is the Leverrier Ring is at 53,000 km and the broader, fainter Galle Ring is at 42,000 km.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/N/Neptune_rings.html (338 words)

	Neptune - Crystalinks
		Had Neptune been moving at its regular/average speed when Galileo first observed it in 1612 and 1613, he would have most likely realized that it was a planet and not a fixed star due to Neptune's relatively rapid normal motion along the ecliptic compared to the extremely slow motion of the fixed stars.
		The rings have a peculiar "clumpy" structure, the cause of which is not currently understood but which may be due to the gravitational interaction with small moons in orbit near them.
		In addition to the narrow Adams Ring 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune, the Leverrier Ring is at 53,000 km and the broader, fainter Galle Ring is at 42,000 km.
	www.crystalinks.com /neptune.html (3201 words)

	Neptune
		On its approach to Neptune in August 1989, Voyager 2 captured this image of the fourth and outermost of the giant gas planets.
		The location of clouds in Neptune's atmosphere was used for testing the accuracy of Neptunian weather forecasts to aid in the selection of targets for the narrow-angle camera.
		Triton is an oddity among moons in that its orbit is highly tilted to the plane of Neptune's equator, and it is in a retrograde orbit.
	www.astronomical.org /planets/welcome/neptune.htm (1170 words)

	Neptune (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Neptune's blue color is due to the presence of methane in its upper atmosphere.
		Further in toward the rings at Neptune's 4 o'clock position is the even smaller satellite Larissa with an average diameter of 120 miles.
		Neptune was first observed in 1846 by astronomers Johann Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d'Arrest, but the rings went undetected until the mid-1980's when stellar occultation experiments suggested that there were incomplete arcs around Neptune.
	www.arcadiastreet.com /cgvistas/neptune_000.htm (256 words)

	Neptune rings moons Triton Space Art Nova Celestia Astronomy
		Neptune orbits the sun at a distance of about 4.5 billion kilometres and takes about 165 years to complete an orbit.
		Neptune is mostly known for its beautiful blue color, but also for the tremendeous speeds the winds has in the atmosphere.
		Neptune has a magnetic field that is inclined 47° to its rotation axis and does not pass through its center, just like Uranus.
	www.novacelestia.com /space_art_solar_system/neptune.html (921 words)

	Neptune
		Neptune is named after the Roman god of the sea, because of it’s watery surface.
		Neptune is barely seen at night and is so faint that even with binoculars it appears as a dim star.
		Neptune is composed mostly of ice, hydrogen and helium.
	www.newschoolrome.com /neptune.htm (617 words)

	Neptune - Wavelength Virtual Astronomical Tours
		Neptune's blue color is largely the result of absorption of red light by methane in the atmosphere but there is some additional as-yet-unidentified chromophore which gives the clouds their rich blue tint.
		Neptune's magnetic field is, like Uranus', oddly oriented and probably generated by motions of conductive material (probably water) in its middle layers.
		Neptune's rings have been given names: the outermost is Adams (which contains three prominent arcs now named Liberty, Equality and Fraternity), next is an unnamed ring co-orbital with Galatea, then Leverrier whose outer extensions are called Lassell and Arago, and finally the faint but broad Galle.
	www.wwiaviation.com /wavelength/neptune.html (1429 words)

	Welcome to the Neptune (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Rings Rings are narrow, and contain concentrations of particles called ring arcs.
		Neptune is the fourth and outermost of the giant gas planets.
		The two bright main rings are visible, as well as the inner faint ring and a broad band that extends toward the planet.
	www.csulb.edu /web/courses/geo/planets/nep.html (1122 words)

	Exploring The Planets - Neptune (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Neptune is the outermost of the four gas giants: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
		Because of its distance from the Sun, Neptune's atmosphere is a frigid -225° C (-373° F).
		Until the Voyager encounter in 1989, the rings surrounding Neptune were thought to be arcs.
	www.nasm.si.edu /ceps/etp/neptune/nept_facts.html (89 words)

	Neptune's Rings - Explore the Cosmos \| The Planetary Society
		But Neptune’s rings appeared in some observations and not in others, so it was thought that the rings were incomplete arcs.
		A ring of dust in the orbit of Galatea.
		As Voyager 2 receded from Neptune on August 25, 1989, it observed the thin rings in glancing sunlight (at a phase angle of 135°).
	www.planetary.org /explore/topics/neptune/rings.html (170 words)

	Neptune -- The Mystic
		The overall density of Neptune has been determined to be about 1.6 grams per cubic centimeter, which means that Neptune should have a higher proportion of heavy elements than Uranus.
		It is the methane (CH that gives Neptune its bluish coloring; this is because methane absorbs the redder wavelengths of light particularly well, which results in the reflection of a great deal of the bluer light.
		One last interesting feature of Neptune is that its poles seem to be at the same temperature as the equatorial region of the gas giant; this seems strange when it is the equatorial region of the planet that receives the highest intensity of solar radiation.
	www.physics.purdue.edu /astr263l/SStour/neptune.html (843 words)

	What is a Solar system NEPTUNE
		Since Neptune is so far away from the Sun, one of its years, which is the amount of time it takes for the planet to go around, or orbit, the Sun once is a very long time.
		Neptune is about 30 thousand miles in diameter, about four times the size of Earth, which is about 7,600 miles in diameter Neptune and Uranus are almost the same size, but both seem tiny in comparison to mighty Jupiter, which is almost three times as large as either of them.
		Neptune is named for the Roman god of the sea, but even more interesting is the fact that astronomers were actually looking for it.
	www.liveindia.com /earth/Neptune.html (1016 words)

	Neptune - EnchantedLearning.com
		Neptune was the first planet whose existence was predicted mathematically (the planet Uranus's orbit was perturbed by an unknown object which turned our to be another gas giant, Neptune).
		At aphelion (the point in Neptune's orbit farthest from the sun) Neptune is 4,546,000,000 km from the sun, at perihelion (the point in Neptune's orbit closest from the sun) Neptune is 4,456,000,000 km from the sun.
		Neptune's rotational axis is tilted 30 degrees to the plane of its orbit around the Sun (this is few degrees more than the Earth).
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/astronomy/planets/neptune (591 words)

	Neptune: A Dark Spot and Twisted Rings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The current model for Neptune is a a rocky core surrounded by a slushy mix of molecular hydrogen, ammonia and methane with thick layers of water clouds.
		Rings have turned out to be a common thing in the outer solar system, and Neptune is no exception, though they are strange rings indeed.
		The outermost ring is the one that is quite "lumpy" and "twisted." Astronomers were at a loss to explain this until in 1991 a planetary astronomer constructed a model to explain interaction between the ring and Neptune's moon Galatea.
	starryskies.com /solar_system/neptune/dark_spot.html (434 words)

	Voyager - Science - Planetary Voyage - Neptune - Rings and "Ring Arcs"
		Most settled for the concept of shepherding satellites that "herd" ring particles between them, keeping the particles from either escaping to space or falling into the planet's atmosphere.
		The rings are so diffuse, and the material in them so fine, that Earthbound astronomers simply hadn't been able to detect the full rings.
		The main ring contains three separate regions where the material is brighter and denser, and explains most of the sightings or "ring arcs." Several Voyager photographs show what appear to be clumps embedded in the rings.
	voyager.jpl.nasa.gov /science/neptune_rings.html (505 words)

	Exploring The Planets - Neptune - Rings
		Two exposures with Neptune fled out (center) were used to make this image of the ring system of Neptune.
		Neptune's rings were once thought to be incomplete arcs, but Voyager 2 discovered at least 3 new rings and imaged the complete rings.
		A parting view of Neptune's rings as Voyager 2 left the planet.
	www.nasm.si.edu /research/ceps/etp/neptune/nept_rings.html (80 words)

	Planetary ring - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As a result, current ring systems must be of modern origin, possibly formed of debris from a moon that suffered a large impact or was disrupted by the parent planet's gravity when it passed within the Roche limit.
		It is possible that these rings are composed of material that is being pulled off of these two bodies by Jupiter's tidal forces, possibly facilitated by impacts of ring material on their surfaces.
		Neptune's rings are very unusual in that they first appeared to be composed of incomplete arcs in Earth-based observations, but Voyager 2's images showed them to be complete rings with bright clumps.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Planetary_rings (588 words)

	News: The Real Lord of the Rings (August 23, 2002)
		Another reason scientists think the rings are "young" is that the small moons of Saturn that are the farthest away are gaining angular momentum at the expense of the rings.
		Scientist seem to agree that the rings are made of bits of matter that vary in size from microscopic pieces to giant boulders.
		Whatever the origin of the rings, they seem to just be particles of circling dirt and rocks that are caught in the gravitational force of the planet.
	liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov /news/2002/news-rings.asp (1178 words)

	Adler Planetarium / CyberSpace / Planets / Neptune / Moons & Rings
		Neptune has 13 moons in total, each named for the mythical children of Poseidon (the Greek equivalent of Neptune).
		Each of the moons of Neptune is named after the nymphs and minor sea deities of Greek and Roman myth, in keeping with Neptune's (and Poseidon's) title in mythology as the lord of the sea.
		Neptune has five identified rings, Each of the rings of Neptune is named for one of the individuals who aided in its discovery.
	www.adlerplanetarium.org /cyberspace/planets/neptune/moons_rings.html (580 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Space - Neptune
		Neptune is one of the four 'gas giants' (along with Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus).
		Neptune cannot be seen from the Earth with the naked eye.
		Neptune has the honour of being the first planet to be discovered on paper before it was actually seen.
	www.bbc.co.uk /science/space/solarsystem/neptune/index.shtml (472 words)

	MIRA :: Field Trips to the Stars :: The Solar System :: Neptune
		Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun, except when Pluto's eccentric orbit takes it inside Neptune's orbit (for example, in the period 1979 to 1999).
		Scientists think that the interior of Neptune is similar to that of Uranus: a massive rocky core surrounded by a core consisting of a mixture of water ice and rock.
		The existence of Neptune's rings was established with observations from Voyager 2.
	www.mira.org /fts0/planets/101/text/txt101x.htm (1530 words)

	Neptune
		The rings are made of pieces of material the size of a car or truck.
		In the outermost ring of Neptune, there are three anomalies called the "Three Arcs of Neptune." They are areas where the rings are relatively dense.
		However, when Neptune's rotation rate was finally determined, it showed that the Great Dark Spot wasn't moving slowly with the planet, but was actually moving in a direction opposite the planet's spin at almost supersonic speeds.
	filer.case.edu /~sjr16/neptune.html (439 words)

	Neptune rings
		A photograph of the rings of Neptune taken by the Voyager 2 spacecraft.
		Neptune's rings are not visible in telescopes on earth - the bright disk of Neptune makes it impossible to see.
		Neptune's rings are called: the Adams Ring, the Leverrier Ring, Galle Ring, Lassell and the Arago Ring.
	www.the-solar-system.net /planet-neptune/neptunes-rings-pictures.html (353 words)

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