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Topic: Rings of Saturn

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	Saturn's Magnificent Rings
		Saturn's ring system is divided up into 7 major divisions with alphabetic designators in the order of discovery.
		One of the clues to this theory is that the rings are bright.
		The ring's brightness peaks near the orbit of Saturn's moon Enceladus with vertical thickness smallest at this orbit.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/saturnrings.htm (2606 words)

	Saturn's Rings
		Rings A and B, the bright ones, are separated by the Cassini [kah-SEE-nee] Division, the largest gap between the rings discovered by Giovanni Cassini in 1675.
		The rings are flat because of numerous "collisions" that occur.
		Rings rarely collide, but when they are close enough to each other, they have an effect that causes them to become more circular and lie in the same plane.
	library.thinkquest.org /C002416/saturn/rings.htm (750 words)

	Saturn
		Saturn's rings remained unique in the known solar system until 1977 when very faint rings were discovered around Uranus (and shortly thereafter around Jupiter and Neptune).
		Saturn is visibly flattened (oblate) when viewed through a small telescope; its equatorial and polar diameters vary by almost 10% (120,536 km vs. 108,728 km).
		Saturn's interior is similar to Jupiter's consisting of a rocky core, a liquid metallic hydrogen layer and a molecular hydrogen layer.
	www.seds.org /nineplanets/nineplanets/saturn.html (1430 words)

	Space Today Online - Exploring Saturn - moons and rings
		Saturn, the second largest planet in our Solar System, is like a planetary system with an entire system of its own — including spectacular rings, the second largest moon in the Solar System, and the second greatest collection of moons in the Solar System.
		Its system of rings and moons are a miniature model of the disc of dust and gas that formed the planets around the early Sun more than four billion years ago.
		Saturn's moon Titan is the second largest in the Solar System with a diameter of 3,200 miles, half again as large as Earth's Moon.
	www.spacetoday.org /SolSys/Saturn/SaturnMoonsRings.html (1387 words)

	Saturn - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Saturn's interior is similar to Jupiter's, having a rocky core at the center, a liquid metallic hydrogen layer above that, and a molecular hydrogen layer above that.
		Saturn's rings cut across an eerie scene that is ruled by Titan's luminous crescent and globe-encircling haze, broken by the small moon Enceladus, whose icy jets are dimly visible at its south pole.
		Saturn appears to the naked eye in the night sky as a bright, yellowish star varying usually between magnitude +1 and 0 and takes approximately 29 and a half years to make a complete circuit of the ecliptic against the background constellations of the zodiac.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Saturn (2921 words)

	Saturn's Rings
		One of Saturn’s nicknames is Lord of the Rings.
		Saturn's rings are 597,000 miles (693,000 km) in diameter (20 times the diameter of Earth), and 0.6 miles (0.700 km) thick.
		Rings A, B, and C are easily visible from Earth.
	library.thinkquest.org /J002232F/saturn/rings.htm (191 words)

	ringsofsaturn
		The rings are in the plane of Saturn's equator.
		The ratio of the diameter of the beachball to the flying disk was the same as the ratio of the diameter of Saturn to the outer diameter of the bright rings, i.e.
		Saturn's Rings are large but very thin, they are over 280,000 km in diameter yet only tens of meters thick.
	www.exo.net /~pauld/Saturn/ringsofsaturn.htm (1497 words)

	The Rings of Saturn
		Saturn is encircled by two groups of rings—one larger and one smaller, with a space in between.
		The rings of Saturn were known also to the aboriginees of America before Columbus discovered the land; this means also before the telescope was invented at the beginning of the seventeenth century.
		Originally I assumed that the rings of Saturn may consist of water in the form of ice, but since the ancient lore all around the world tells that it was Jupiter that put these rings around Saturn,
	www.varchive.org /itb/rings.htm (1425 words)

	The Alphabet Soup of Saturn's Rings - Explore the Cosmos \| The Planetary Society
		Although Saturn's rings were first observed by Galileo in 1610, his telescope was not powerful enough to unambiguously resolve the ring system.
		The best views of the C ring itself are obtained when the Sun illuminates the side of the rings opposite to the viewer, because the fine dust particles that make up the C ring scatter light forward to the viewer, much like dust motes in a sunbeam.
		Observations of the rings with infrared and radio waves have shown that the sizes of the particles in the rings vary, from microscopic particles in the E and D rings, to sand- and pebble-sized particles in the C and F rings, to cobble- and boulder-sized particles in the A and B rings.
	www.planetary.org /explore/topics/saturn/rings.html (2277 words)

	TPS: Images of Saturn and Its Rings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This stunning view of the globe of Saturn seen through the C rings was captured by Cassini on July 30, 2004.The criss-cross effect is caused by the shadow of the C ring cast upon the planet.
		A faint ring appears to orbit in between the F ring (large arc across image) and the A ring (only the outermost tip of which is visible at the left side), in the same position as the moon Atlas.
		The G ring of Saturn is the extremely faint line crossing the left side of this image, which was captured by Voyager 2 on August 26, 1981.
	www.planetary.org /saturn/images_saturn_rings.html (1915 words)

	BBC - Radio 4 - Running Rings Around Saturn
		Cassini-Huygens, a US/European space probe the size of a bus, reached Saturn in July after a seven year journey around the Solar System. The probe is packed with scientific apparatus to measure every vital statistic of the planet, its 33 moons and its famous rings.
		Richard Hollingham investigates this 'Lord of the Rings' and the possibility that one of the moons, Titan, could be a colder version of the Earth and thereby a potential future home for humans.
		Saturn is perhaps the most beautiful but also the most mysterious of planets.
	www.bbc.co.uk /radio4/science/runningrings.shtml (474 words)

	CNN.com - Cassini gets ringside view of Saturn's mysteries - Jul 13, 2004
		Saturn's rings are thought to have originated relatively recently -- from 10 million to 100 million years ago -- following a huge orbital collision.
		The massive impact of a satellite around Saturn and the smaller, subsequent collisions probably led to the planet's rings, although astronomers cannot be sure.
		The gaps in the rings that give Saturn its distinctive appearance are caused by gravitational tides that pull on the debris, as well as smaller satellites which clean up certain orbits by "vacuuming" smaller particles.
	www.cnn.com /2004/TECH/space/07/01/saturn.rings/index.html (695 words)

	The Rings of Saturn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The gaps in the rings are caused by resonance between the particles in the rings and the moons orbiting nearby.
		One theory suggests that the ring particles are leftover debris from the formation of the planet itself.
		Saturn's other moons do show signs of heavy cratering and this may well be the source of the Saturn's rings of fame.
	starryskies.com /solar_system/saturn/saturns_rings.html (499 words)

	The Rings of Saturn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		High resolution photographs from the Voyager missions indicate that the rings of Saturn are composed of hundreds of thousands of "ringlets", and that regions like the largest "gap" called the Cassini division, also contain fainter rings (adjacent image).
		The evidence indicates that the rings are composed of particles that are mostly ice crystals, with sizes as large as centimeters or meters.
		They found further that the outer ring was kept in place by the gravitational interaction of two small "shepherd moons" lying just inside and outside it, and that at least some of the other rings are kept narrow by similar small shepherding satellites.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr161/lect/saturn/rings.html (502 words)

	Saturn probe sends stunning ring views - Space News - MSNBC.com
		Black-and-white images of the A ring, the outermost of Saturn's two brightest rings, showed patterns of ripples that scientists said were density waves, caused by the gravitational influences of the planet's moons.
		Saturn, the sixth planet from the sun and the second-largest, intrigues scientists because it is like a model of the early solar system, when the sun was surrounded by a disk of gas and dust.
		Previous expeditions to Saturn have been brief: There were fly-bys by Pioneer 11 in 1979 and the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft in 1980 and 1981.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/5333700 (1339 words)

	SPACE.com -- Rings of Saturn Seen in New Light
		This is one in a series of Hubble Space Telescope images, captured from 1996 to 2000 and showing Saturn's rings before they open up from just past edge-on to nearly fully open as it moves from autumn towards winter in its Northern Hemisphere.
		This is another in a series of Hubble Space Telescope images, captured from 1996 to 2000 and showing Saturn's rings as they open up from just past edge-on to nearly fully open as it moves from autumn towards winter in its Northern Hemisphere.
		Saturn is the second largest planet in our solar system -- only Jupiter is larger -- and, like its bigger neighbor, it is composed primarily of gas.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/solarsystem/saturn_rings_010607.html (740 words)

	ESA - Cassini-Huygens - Saturn's rings
		The rings of Saturn have puzzled astronomers ever since they were first seen by Galileo in 1610, during the first telescopic observations of this planet.
		The main rings are, working outward from the planet, known as C, B, and A. The 'Cassini Division' is the largest gap in the rings and separates Rings B and A (named after Jean-Domenique Cassini who discovered the gap in 1676).
		Beyond that are two far fainter rings named G and E. The particles in Saturn's rings are composed primarily of water ice and range from microns to metres in size.
	www.esa.int /SPECIALS/Cassini-Huygens/SEMSP6HHZTD_0.html (301 words)

	Amazon.ca: Rings Of Saturn: Books: W Sebald,Michael Hulse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Rings of Saturn is his record of these travels, a phantasmagoria of fragments and memories, fraught with dizzying knowledge and desperation and shadowed by mortality.
		In "The Rings of Saturn" it is history itself that gets displaced in the tales of glory and destruction of empires, countries, social classes, towns, houses, cycles of herring, forests and ancient trees that rise and ebb as the narrator orbits along his path on in Suffolk along the eastern coast of England.
		Sebald's "The Rings of Saturn" is categorized as a work of fiction, although it is often difficult to discern what is, in fact, imagined and what is real.
	www.amazon.ca /Rings-Saturn-W-Sebald/dp/0811213781 (1932 words)

	Saturn - The Rings
		The rings look solid because they reflect 80% of the light that it receives but the rings are composed of dusty and icy particles in a variety of sizes from 1 cm to 5 meters with an average of 10 cm.
		A moon that is in orbit with the rings help the rings maintain their near perfect circular shape.
		The rings of Saturn are no doubt one of the most beautiful objects in the heavens.
	astronomyonline.org /SolarSystem/SaturnRings.asp (340 words)

	Studies on the Rings of Saturn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		For an explanation of the phenomenon of the variable azimuth brightness of Saturn's A ring, hypotheses based on the assumption of synchronous rotation of particles, or with the asymmetrical form as extended ellipsoids, or with asymmetrical albedo of the surface, were put forth.
		This confirms the assumption of communication of the spokes with the magnetic field of Saturn and testifies to the presence of large-scale anomalies in the magnetic field of Saturn[1].
		If this is the case, then it is probably necessary to admit that the complex movement of the particles that form the rings of Saturn, depends not only on mechanical forces which have been previously taken into account, but also on other interactions, for example, on electromagnetic ones[5].
	www.affs.org /html/studies_on_the_rings_of_saturn.html (1496 words)

	Breathtaking Saturn
		Saturn will be there, rising, among the bright stars of the constellation Taurus.
		Saturn is so bright, she explains, in part because its vast rings are tipped toward us.
		The rings are made of icy chunks ranging in size from dust to large houses.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2002/13dec_saturn.htm (1045 words)

	Saturn's faint rings share some of their secrets
		The G ring arc is the same feature identified in images of this ring taken in May 2005.
		One possibility is that a collision between small, perhaps meter-sized icy bodies orbiting within the G ring set loose a cloud of fine particles that eventually came under the influence of Mimas.
		But this new observation suggests that the remainder of the G ring itself may be derived from particles leaking away from this arc and drifting outwards.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-07/ssi-sfr070506.php (721 words)

	Saturn's Changing Rings - Astronomy
		Here’s what we knew about Saturn’s rings: the seven rings seem to consist mainly of water ice, and extend hundreds of thousands of miles beyond the planet.
		Particles within the rings vary in size from a few micrometers to tens of meters, and within the rings are dark areas sometimes called ringlets or spokes, that seem to orbit Saturn at a different speed than other material in the rings.
		Also, the D ring has grown dimmer and moved 125 miles closer to the planet since it was observed by Voyager 25 years ago.
	www.bellaonline.com /ArticlesP/art35520.asp (381 words)

	Chandra :: Photo Album :: Saturn's Rings :: 27 Jun 05
		As the image shows, the X-rays in the ring mostly come from the B ring, which is about 25,000 kilometers wide and is about 40,000 kilometers (25,000 miles) above the surface of Saturn (the bright white inner ring in the optical image).
		It has been suggested that the spokes are triggered by meteoroid impacts on the rings, which are more likely in the midnight to early morning hours because during that period the relative speed of the rings through a cloud of meteoroids would be greater.
		The higher X-ray brightness on the morning side of the rings could be due to the additional solar fluorescence from the transient ice clouds that produce the spokes.
	chandra.harvard.edu /photo/2005/saturn_rngs (343 words)

	The Real Lord of the Rings
		Saturn's ring particles range in size from microscopic dust to barn-sized boulders.
		The first argument (shiny rings) is less certain than the second (angular momentum), he cautions, "because we're not sure there's enough dust at the orbit of Saturn to pollute and flen the rings." NASA's Cassini spacecraft will measure the dust population when it reaches Saturn in 2004.
		Saturn's 200 km-wide moon Mimas, also known as the "Death Star" satellite because of its distinctive impact crater, is about as massive as Saturn's rings.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2002/12feb_rings.htm (1440 words)

	APOD: 2004 January 17 - Saturn: Lord of the Rings
		Saturn's magnificent rings still offer one of the most stunning astronomical sights.
		Uniquely bright compared to the rings of the other gas giants, Saturn's ring system is around 250,000 kilometers wide but in places only a few tens of meters thick.
		Saturn's moons, the rings may eventually darken and sag toward the gas giant, losing their lustre over the next few hundred million years.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap040117.html (207 words)

	Saturn's Rings
		This image of Saturn and its rings was taken by Voyager 1 in 1980.
		Although Saturn isn't the only planet with rings, it is the only planet famous for them.
		Saturn's rings are made mostly of ice and rock pieces.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/saturn/saturn_rings.html (203 words)

	The Rings of Saturn - Astronomy for Kids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Since Saturn is tilted on its on its axis, our view of the rings changes as the planet makes its way around the Sun.
		The thinness of Saturn's rings means that every fifteen years, we get a chance to see them almost disappear entirely, as the Hubble Space Telescope image at right, taken in the fall of 1995, shows.
		Another possibility is that the rings are made up of the remnants of earlier moons that have been destroyed by collisions with other bodies.
	www.dustbunny.com /afk/planets/saturn/saturnrings.html (839 words)

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