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Topic: Riot control agent

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	FM 19-15 Chptr 9 Riot Control Agents
		The choice of whether to use a particular riot control agent or water in a given situation is based on the physical characteristics of the target area.
		When riot control agents are employed in advance of a close approach by the crowd control formation, the disperser operator may be a part of, or slightly in front of the formation.
		The M5 riot control agent disperser consists of an M9 portable disperser gun for vehicles or a delivery hose for helicopters, a tank that holds approximately 50 pounds of CS, a hose assembly, a pressure tank, and a pressure regulator.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/policy/army/fm/19-15/CH9.htm (3659 words)

	¦ 360ok ¦ Chemical Warfare Agents¦ 3D modeling ¦
		Tabun, also known as “GA”, is a man-made chemical warfare agent classified as a nerve agent (nerve agents the most toxic and rapidly acting of the known chemical warfare agents) and it was originally developed as a pesticide in Germany in 1936.
		CS is a riot control agent (sometimes referred to as “tear gas”, chemical compound that temporarily make people unable to function by causing irritation to the eyes, mouth, throat, lungs, and skin.) Physical effects of this tear gas are felt almost immediately.
		Riot control agents are used by law enforcement officials for crowd control and by individuals and the general public for personal protection (for example, pepper spray).
	www.360ok.com /chemical-agents-3d-model.html (480 words)

	RIOT CONTROL AGENTS
		Riot control agents, also called irritants, lacrimators, and tear gas, produce transient discomfort and eye closure to render the recipient temporarily incapable of fighting or resisting.
		Unlike most agents, which are liquids under temperate conditions, riot control agents are solids with low vapor pressures and are dispersed as fine particles or in solution.
		The main effects of riot control agents are pain, burning, and irritation of exposed mucous membranes and skin.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/usa/doctrine/army/mmcch/RiotAgnt.htm (2299 words)

	Riot
		Riots or unlawful assemblies occur when crowds[?] of people have gathered and are committing crimes or acts of violence.
		To control riots often non-lethal weapons are used, such as water cannons[?], rubber bullets, flexible baton rounds and riot control agent.
		Deadly force is used in some repressive countries to stop riots, particularly if martial law is declared or in a country at war.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ri/Riot.html (181 words)

	Riot control agent - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A riot control agent is a type of lachrymatory agent (or lacrimatory agent).
		Tear gases are used mainly in military exercises and in riot control, etc., but have also been used as a method of warfare.
		"Riot Control Agents: Pharmacology, Toxicology, Biochemistry and Chemistry".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Riot_control_agent (701 words)

	Chapter 12 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Riot control agents are compounds that cause temporary incapacitation by irritation of the eyes (tearing and blepharospasm), causing them to close, and irritation of the upper respiratory tract.
		Riot control agents gained some notoriety when they were used in civil disturbances in Paris, France, in 1968; in Londonderry, Northern Ireland, in 1969; in several protest demonstrations in the United States in the late 1960s; and in prison riots.
		The riot control agent known as DM (diphenylaminearsine) is one of a group of compounds that are known as vomiting agents.
	web.usf.edu /sequence/feces/MedicalAspectsofNBC/chapters/chapter_12.htm (9186 words)

	Formation Interval
		The riot baton may also be used in combination with the shotgun by having the control element confronting the crowd armed with riot batons and the support element armed with shotguns.
		Riot control agents should not be used in hospital areas or other areas when undesirable effects may result from their use.
		However, control force members should not be required to maintain the position for extended periods of time, as it is very tiring.
	www.tpub.com /maa/105.htm (724 words)

	C-SPAN: Federal Execution of Timothy McVeigh
		The proposed plan centered around the use of a chemical riot control agent which would be injected through the walls of the Davidian residence in order to induce the residents to leave the structure.
		CS riot control agent is capable of causing immediate, acute and severe physical distress to exposed individuals, especially young children, pregnant women, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions.
		Evidence presented to the subcommittees show that use of CS riot control agent in enclosed spaces, such as the bunker, significantly increases the possibility that lethal levels will be reached, and the possibility of harm significantly increases.
	www.c-span.org /special/mcveigh2.asp (4289 words)

	News Alert: US Deployment of "Riot Control Agents" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Riot control agents, as defined in the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), are permitted for use for law enforcement, but not in war.
		Because the US agents are "explicitly designed and primarily employed so as to incapacitate", they are not riot control agents.
		Despite the fact that even RCAs are prohibited in war, by applying the term "riot control agent" in an overbroad manner, the US is seeking to rhetorically connect a new, more powerful class of weapons with the comparatively familiar tear gas.
	www.sunshine-project.org /incapacitants/na030303.html (477 words)

	Disabling Chemicals and the CWC
		The provision's authors almost certainly intended it to resolve the question of the international legal status of the use of riot control agents in warfare, a question raised by the position of the United States that the use of such agents in warfare was entirely outside the 1925 Geneva Protocol.
		Because a riot control agent causes temporary incapacitation, it is a "toxic chemical" in the sense of Art.
		Assuming that the State using riot control agents is operating on its own territory, or is an occupying power, or has secured the consent of the State in whose territory it is operating, it has jurisdiction to enforce its national law.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~hsp/disablin.html (3922 words)

	Dugway Report
		APPENDIX B. A riot control agent is a chemical that produces transient effects that disappear within minutes of removal from exposure and very rarely requires medical treatment (Ref. 39).
		Riot control agents have found widespread use in both the U.S. military units and civilian law enforcement agencies.
		Agents CR and CS are the current riot control agents used by the U.S. military (Ref. 41).
	www.zarc.com /english/cap-stun/reports/dugwayreport.html (3288 words)

	Riot Control
		Use of the agents for defensive purposes to save lives "would be consistent with the Chemical Weapons Convention, which prohibits the use of riot control agents as a method of warfare," he said.
		Riot control agents are irritants characterised by a very low toxicity (chronic or acute) and a short duration of action.
		It is a new medium sized, lightweight riot control agent disperser that will fill the size/performance gap between the current large, backpack-mounted M33A1 and the smaller handheld M36 dispersers.
	pages.prodigy.net /gmoses/nvusa/riotready.htm (2782 words)

	Chemical Weapon Convention Treaty
		The Treaty further explains that riot control agents should not be used during war as a method of warfare, however the use of RCA is not prohibited when used for law enforcement including domestic riot control purposes.
		The U.S. instrument of ratification of the convention was deposited on March 26, 1975, and of the protocol on April 10, 1975.
		Use of riot-control agents in riot-control circumstances to include controlling rioting prisoners of war.
	www.zarc.com /english/chemical/rca.html (301 words)

	Riot-Control/Harassment Agents
		These agents are used to harass enemy personnel or to discourage riot actions.
		The principal agents used are chloracetophenone (CN) and orthochlorobenzilidine malanonitrile (CS).
		CN is the standard training agent and is the tear gas most commonly encountered because it is not as potent.
	www.tpub.com /corpsman/257.htm (823 words)

	eMedicine - CBRNE - Chemical Warfare Agents : Article Excerpt by: Gregory R Ciottone, MD, FACEP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		To illustrate these principles with specific agents, the properties, clinical effects, and medical management of nerve agents and vesicant agents are reviewed briefly.
		Industrial accidents continue to be a significant potential source of exposure to the agents used in chemical weapons.
		Chemical agents often are difficult to protect against and quickly incapacitate the intended targets.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/byname/cbrne---chemical-warfare-agents.htm (580 words)

	Mid-size Riot Control Disperser (MRCD), XM37 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Mid-size Riot Control Disperser (MRCD), XM37 is a Military Police non-lethal item that covers the gap between vehicle mounted/dedicated soldier systems and personal defensive systems.
		The currently fielded soldier portable riot control disperser is the M33 backpack mounted system which was introduced in 1962.
		The MRCD is held horizontal and the trigger is squeezed to spray the riot control agent.
	www.fas.org /man/dod-101/sys/land/mrcd.htm (256 words)

	NTI: Global Security Newswire
		The treaty defines a riot control agent as one that rapidly produces sensory irritation or disabling physical effects “which disappear within a short time following termination of exposure.” In addition, the treaty’s Schedule 1 chemicals are banned from legal riot control use.
		Even if the treaty did not ban the agent or agents used, Russian authorities may yet have committed a violation if the material was not declared to be in their stocks for such purposes, said Amy Smithson, a senior associate at the Henry L. Stimson Center.
		If Russian authorities grabbed the agent or agents off the shelf of a medical facility that would also have been a violation, she said.
	www.nti.org /d_newswire/issues/2002/10/30/11s.html (1337 words)

	Arms Control Association: Arms Control Today: Senate Struggles With Riot Control Agent Policy
		Fearing that military commanders were not using riot control agents, particularly tear gas, because of overly cautious interpretations of U.S. law and treaty obligations, Sen. John Ensign (R-Nev.) introduced an amendment to the recent fiscal year 2006 defense authorization bill that critics said threatened to undermine the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC).
		U.S. policy regarding the use of riot control agents is governed by overlapping sets of laws and obligations.
		The phrase “in combat and in other situations for defensive purposes to save lives” appeared to establish “combat” as a new and distinct category where the use of riot control agents was permissible.
	www.armscontrol.org /act/2006_01-02/JANFEB-riotcontrol.asp (415 words)

	Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Rather, it “renounces first use of riot control agents in war except in defensive military modes to save lives,” and lists four examples in which RCAs could be used.
		By permitting the use of RCAs in any combat situation, the Ensign Amendment clearly goes beyond the Senate resolution of ratification of the CWC and directly conflicts with U.S. obligations under the CWC.
		(b) Use of riot control agents in situations in which civilians are used to mask or screen attacks and civilian casualties can be reduced or avoided.
	www.armscontrolcenter.org /archives/002171.php (1911 words)

	Pentagon considering using riot control agents in Iraq -DAWN - International; February 7, 2003
		The 1997 Chemical Weapons Convention bars the use of riot control agents as a method of warfare, and the Geneva Conventions place other restrictions on the military’s treatment of civilians.
		A 1975 US executive order, however, says the use of riot control agents would be permissible in certain situations, for instance when civilians are used to mask or screen attacks and civilian casualties can be avoided.
		Rumsfeld said the use of non-lethal agents was “perfectly appropriate” in some situations encountered by US forces in Afghanistan: transporting dangerous prisoners on aeroplanes, or flushing out caves where fighters were hiding with women and children.
	www.dawn.com /2003/02/07/int1.htm (560 words)

	Report to the Deputy Attorney General on the Events at Waco, Texas: Appendix J. Riot Control Agent, CS Information ...
		British studies, over the course of a few years, and in "tens of thousands of military personnel" who have been exposed to CS in training, have been unable to determine any symptoms essentially different from those which have been determined in U.S. studies.
		Food and drink contaminated even by traces of CS is so repulsive to the taste, that It could not be consumed inadvertently and, when it has been consumed voluntarily, no ill effects have followed.
		With the concentrations possible in riot situations, it would be in the highest degree unlikely that CS would cause liver damage.
	www.usdoj.gov /05publications/waco/wacoappendix_j.html (864 words)

	III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Individuals present assessed that the soldiers all had riot control agent (tear gas) symptoms, but as a precaution, the chemical officer sent everyone at the site of the incident to the physician’s assistant for examination.
		O-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS), an irritant agent used for riot control, is normally a white crystalline solid with a pungent, pepper-like odor, and is stable under ordinary storage conditions.
		As a riot control agent, CS symptoms disappear within minutes after an exposure, and very rarely do exposed personnel require medical treatment.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /camp_mont2/camp_mont2_s03.htm (1400 words)

	Section 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Riot control agent CS was found in the Tall al Lahm [Khamisiyah] ASP (PV3706).
		Most riot control agents, or tear gases, irritate the eyes and cause breathing difficulties and nausea.
		Riot control agent symptoms disappear shortly after an exposure, and very rarely do exposed personnel require medical treatment.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /an_iii/an_nas_iii_s04.htm (1378 words)

	Use Of Riot Control Agents
		CS (U) (U) Riot Control Agent CS is an effective tear agent that can, depending on the way employed, be used to flush the enemy from bunkers and tunnels, reduce his ability to deliver aimed fire while attacking, or deny his use of fighting positions and infiltration routes for extended periods of time.
		After the agent cloud is dispersed by surface winds no residual contamination remains.
		CS munitions in the hands of ground troops may be used throughout the Division AO at the discretion of battalion or higher commanders.
	25thaviation.org /history/id539.htm (1153 words)

	CDC \| Case Definition: Riot Control Agent Poisoning
		However, the majority of exposures to riot-control agents occur by inhalation.
		Suspected: A case in which a potentially exposed person is being evaluated by health-care workers or public health officials for poisoning by a particular chemical agent, but no specific credible threat exists.
		The case can be confirmed if laboratory testing was not performed because either a predominant amount of clinical and nonspecific laboratory evidence of a particular chemical was present or a 100% certainty of the etiology of the agent is known.
	www.bt.cdc.gov /agent/riotcontrol/casedefinition.asp (378 words)

	The Vietnam Archive - Agent Orange Collections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Agent Orange related materials are concentrated in the Burch and Pike Collections.
		The NVVC was very active during much of the Agent Orange liability litigation and the collection reveals the breadth of their contacts and interests.
		Using a control group, the study found conclusive evidence that personnel in high exposure positions had excessively high levels of 2,3,7,8 - TCDD in both blood and adipose tissues.
	www.vietnam.ttu.edu /vietnamarchive/reference/agentorange.htm (11295 words)

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