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Topic: Rise of Islam in Algeria

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	Algeria - MSN Encarta
		Algeria was a colony of France from the mid-19th century until it won independence in 1962 in one of the bloodiest independence struggles in history.
		Algeria’s economy was underdeveloped and based largely on agriculture at the time of independence, and the government soon began efforts to modernize it.
		Algeria is bounded on the east by Tunisia and Libya; on the south by Niger, Mali, and Mauritania; and on the west by Morocco.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761554128/Algeria.html (822 words)

	Algeria - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		N Algeria is subject to earthquakes, which, as in 1954, 1980, and 2003, may be devastating, killing and injuring thousands.
		Roman civilization in Algeria had been eroded by incursions of Berbers, and the destruction wreaked by the Vandals (who passed through Algeria on their way to Tunisia) in 430-431 marked the end of effective Roman control.
		A number of small Muslim states rose and fell in Algeria, but generally the eastern part of the country came under the influence of dynasties centered in Tunisia (notably the Aghlabid of Kairouan) and the western part was controlled by states centered in Morocco (notably the Almoravids and Almohads).
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-algeria.html (3542 words)

	Algeria
		Algeria (French Algérie), officially Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, republic of western North Africa; bounded on the north by the Mediterranean Sea; on the east by Tunisia and Libya; on the south by Niger, Mali, and Mauritania; and on the west by Morocco.
		Islam is the official religion and is professed by the vast majority of the population.
		Algeria has ten universities, including two universities of science and technology, and a number of technical colleges; the total enrollment at all institutions of higher education is about 300,000.
	www.arab-world-information.com /algeria.htm (7414 words)

	Algerian War of Independence
		This attitude was a factor in persuading France to participate in the November 1956 British attempt to seize the Suez Canal during the Suez Crisis.
		Recurrent cabinet crises focused attention on the inherent instability of the French Fourth Republic and increased the misgivings of the army and of the colons that the security of Algeria was being undermined by party politics.
		In 1958–59 the French army had won military control in Algeria and was the closest it would be to victory.
	www.knowledgefun.com /book/a/al/algerian_war_of_independence.html (4480 words)

	Algeria. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		One of its most famous citizens was St. Augustine (354–430), who was bishop of Hippo (now Annaba) and a leading opponent of Donatism (which was in part a Berber protest against Roman rule).
		Roman civilization in Algeria had been eroded by incursions of Berbers, and the destruction wreaked by the Vandals (who passed through Algeria on their way to Tunisia) in 430–431 marked the end of effective Roman control.
		Bouteflika was returned to office in Apr., 2004, in an election that observers called Algeria’s fairest to date, but the vote for Bouteflika (83%) led Benflis, his main opponent, to accuse the government of massive fraud.
	www.bartleby.com /65/al/Algeria.html (3385 words)

	Medieval Muslim Algeria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Unlike the invasions of previous religions and cultures, the coming of Islam, which was spread by Arabs, was to have pervasive and long-lasting effects on North Africa.
		In the closing decades of the ninth century, missionaries of the Ismaili sect of Shia Islam converted the Kutama Berbers of what was later known as the Petite Kabylie region and led them in battle against the Sunni rulers of Ifriqiya.
		The final triumph of the 700-year Christian reconquest of Spain, marked by the fall of Granada in 1492, was accompanied by the forced conversion of Spanish Muslims (Moriscos).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rise_of_Islam_in_Algeria (2893 words)

	[Islam-Online- Top News]
		FIS was poised to win 1992 elections with a majority of 92 percent of the voters, when the army - with the approval of the Arab countries and the west, who feared the rise of Islam in Algeria -decided to cancel the vote and take over the country, leading to a bloody, eight-year civil war.
		The Islamic scholar stated that FIS still believes in the Islamic project and the establishment of an Islamic state in Algeria.
		He holds that those who overthrew the elections are responsible for the civil war and the situation in the country.
	www.islamonline.net /iol-English/dowalia/news-10-2-2000/topnews2.asp (402 words)

	Islamism in Algeria: A struggle between hope and agony - Council on Foreign Relations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Algeria may have been a country of contradictions and precarious stability, but it was also the Third World model that had to be acclaimed as an alternative to the decadent capitalism exported by the United States.
		Algeria, the greatest laboratory for this experimentation, is, ironically, the state that appeared to be the foremost model of modernization.2
		The tragedy of Algeria is that the FIS, having won elections, was unable to reach a modus vivendi with the ruling establishment, particularly the military.
	www.cfr.org /publication/7335/islamism_in_algeria.html (6801 words)

	Islam, the Modern World, and the West
		Islam in Algeria from the Country Studies at the US Library of Congress, written in 1993, this is an excellent survey of the history of Islam in Algeria from the 7th century until today.
		Penetration of Islam in Eastern Africa by Ahmed Binsumeit A. Badawy Jamalilyl of Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman.
		Islam in Indonesia: The Dissemination of Religious Authority in the 20th Century is an extensive program of research combining the efforts of a number of scholars and academic institutions, among which is the The Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM), Leiden.
	www.uga.edu /islam/countries.html (11155 words)

	The Rise and Fall of Political Islam
		Islam is a set of often-ridiculous superstitions about the origin and fate of the world, degrading rules and traditions and deeply inhuman edicts about human beings and their relations.
		Political Islam, however, is a political movement and current, which has come to the fore with the aim of safeguarding existing class relations vis-à-vis liberation, equality-seeking and secular movements, progressive intellectual and cultural advances in the world and the working class and oppressed.
		In the Middle East and Asia, political Islam, like most other reactionary movements, was born in the context of poverty, economic misery, and political oppression and in periods of political crises.
	www.venusproject.com /ecs/rise_fall_political_islam.html (1513 words)

	Past Events - CSID Address at delivered in Algiers, Algeria, on March 20-22, 2000, at the International Conference on ...
		This talk was delivered in Algiers, Algeria, on March 20-22, 2000, at the International Conference on Islam and Democracy organized by the High Council of Algeria.
		This was a clear reflection of the advancement of European civilizations and cultures and the extent of the fall of the Muslim civilizations during the last 3 or 4 centuries.
		It is true that the interpretations of Islam that they were confronted with, at the beginning of this century, were mostly archaic and old-fashioned and probably not suited for the modern age.
	www.islam-democracy.org /lecture_summary_2000_algeria.asp (3628 words)

	Algeria - Islam and the Algerian State (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		For this reason, Islam was a strong element of the resistance movement to the French.
		Islam became the religion of the state in the new constitution and the religion of its leaders.
		Al Qiyam called for a more dominant role for Islam in Algeria's legal and political systems and opposed what it saw as Western practices in the social and cultural life of Algerians.
	countrystudies.us /algeria/65.htm (410 words)

	Amnesty International - ALGERIA (1997)
		Algeria is a state party to international human rights treaties which require that human rights abuses be promptly, impartially and independently investigated.
		This report focuses on the lack of protection for the civilian population in Algeria, highlighting the factors which have contributed to creating a wall of silence and indifference around this human rights crisis, and stressing the need for concrete action to be taken to stop and prevent the massive human rights abuses.
		In 1997 these two parties were eventually forced to drop any reference to Islam from their names in order to continue existing; HAMAS changed its name to MSP (Movement of the Society for Peace) and the Islamique Nahda dropped the word Islamique and was renamed Nahda.
	www.amnesty.org /ailib/intcam/algeria/report.htm (13987 words)

	Islam, Islamic, Muslim, Allah - The Peace Encyclopedia
		Islam was never a religion of tolerance and it is not tolerant by nature.
		In truth it was the Arab empire that was spread by the sword and it is as an Arab empire that Islam is maintained to this day in the form of a religion largely invented to hold that empire together and subdue native populations.
		It is sad and ironic that in Algeria, for instance, all teaching in the French language was discontinued because the French language was considered a symbol of French colonialism, and "illegitimate" imperial presence.
	peace.heebz.com /islam.html (13732 words)

	The Moral Economy of Islam: Bibliographies
		However, Algeria seems to be the most politically tenuous nation in the region since the fall of its government and the Islamic regime's rise to power.
		Though Islam is portrayed in the Western media as a monolithic entity threatening rational politics, it is a varied phenomenon.
		Algeria has opted for total repression, Jordan has incorporated fundamentalists into the democratic process almost too well and Egypt is trying a combination of democracy and crackdown.
	globetrotter.berkeley.edu /Islam/stateM.html (5460 words)

	MidEast Web - A brief history of Islam and the Arabs
		Islam arose in the Arabian peninsula, and its history and rites are connected with it.
		Islam and Arab culture developed a model of toleration and coexistence long before these were practiced in the West.
		Conversion to Islam was made particularly attractive because it resulted in reduction of taxes, freedom from slavery for captive and the possibility of advancement.
	www.mideastweb.org /islamhistory.htm (7487 words)

	Algeria
		The government in Algeria is secular; it adopts the ideas of the Kafir Western culture and pays its allegiance to the Western Kufr states.
		These Western states regard Islam, as an ideology and a system of life, state, and society, as their arch-enemy, especially now that it has become the demand of Muslims and the focus of their aspirations for liberation and emancipation from Western culture and the hegemony of Western states.
		The idea is to distort the image of Islam via these horrible and savage acts; to distort the image of the work for the restoration of the rule by Islam, and to distort the image of everyone who works to restore Islam to life, state, and society.
	geocities.com /Athens/Agora/4229/algeria.html (2016 words)

	FT.com / Comment & analysis / Editorial comment - The rise, fall and rise of political Islam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Their success is the inevitable outcome of the failure of bankrupt regimes to adopt genuine liberalisation and their attempts to prevent the emergence of secular alternatives to their rule.
		It was only 15 years ago that an Islamist party swept the first round of Algeria's parliamentary elections in a powerful protest against decades of corruption and squandering of oil and gas resources.
		The perception of an Islamist decline was reinforced in the aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attacks.
	www.ft.com /cms/s/3fef07a8-7746-11da-a7d1-0000779e2340.html (748 words)

	The Call From Algeria
		The story of Third Worldism is the story of a combination of two distinct worldviews, that of the radical fringe of the Western intelligentsia, and that of the more radical anticolonial movements and of the states they created and tried to consolidate.
		Charting Algeria's political evolution from the turn of the century to the present, Robert Malley explores the historical and intellectual underpinnings of the current crisis.
		Malley focuses on the interplay between politics, economics, and ideology to explain the rise, essential components, and precipitous decline of Third Worldism--a movement that attracted scholars and activists in both the developed and underdeveloped worlds from the mid 1950s to the mid 1980s.
	www.ucpress.edu /books/pages/6721.html (521 words)

	The Arabs in the Electronic Passport
		Traditionally, they lived on the Arabian Peninsula, but the language and culture of the Arabs spread throughout the Middle East with the expansion of Islam.
		Arabic is the language of the Quran, the holy book of Islam.
		A century after Muhammad’s death, the lands of Islam, under Arab leadership, stretched from Spain in the west across North Africa and most of the modern Middle East into Central Asia and northern India.
	www.mrdowling.com /606-arabs.html (295 words)

	Media Guide to Islam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Nonetheless, Wahhabism continues to spread through the financial support of the Saudis and its appeal to the people in the Muslim world who are critical of the West’s cultural influence on Islam and who want a return to traditional Islam.
		Nowhere are the results of these efforts more apparent than in Saudi Arabia, where Wahhabism has become the official sect, and the alliance between the Saud family and the descendants of Abdul-Wahhab remains the basis of government.
		The tremendous wealth of the Saudi state has fueled a worldwide campaign to promote the Wahhabi view of Islam, resulting in the financing of publishing houses, religious schools, mosques and charities around the world.
	mediaguidetoislam.sfsu.edu /intheworld/04a_therise.htm (654 words)

	The Rise of Islam During its First 50 Years
		The Muslims were free to pray on their own, etc. The Makkan idolaters did not like that and they attacked the Muslims in Madinah several times to crush Islam.
		Finally a peace treaty was drawn up that was in the favor of the unbelievers.
		Abu Bakr, Radi-Allahu anhu, also took steps against the Persian Empire that was a constant danger to the Muslims.
	www.albalagh.net /kids/history/rise.shtml (1672 words)

	History 275
		Fred Halliday, Islam and the Myth of Confrontation, Religion and Politics in the Middle East, I.B.Tauris, 1996.
		Ricardo Rene Laremont, Islam and the Politics of Resistance in Algeria, 1783-1992, Africa World Press Inc., 1999.
		Week 8: Islam and the Politics of Resistance in Algeria.
	history.binghamton.edu /hist275/Syllabus.htm (875 words)

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