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Topic: Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire

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	Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		With the rise of national states and their histories, it is very hard to find reliable sources on the Ottoman concept of a nation.
		Unquestionably, understanding of Ottomans concept of nation also helps us to understand what happened during the decline period of Ottoman Empire.
		One either belonged to the 'millet' and was an Ottoman (an Ottoman Turk, Ottoman Greek, Ottoman Armenian, or otherwise) or one belonged to the 'others' (re'aya).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rise_of_Nationalism_under_the_Ottoman_Empire (317 words)

	Wikipedia: Ottoman Empire
		The Ottoman Empire (sometimes referred to in diplomatic circles as the "Sublime Porte" or simply as "the Porte") was a Turkish state that comprised Turkey, part of the Middle East, North Africa and south-eastern Europe in the 14th to 20th centuries, established by the Seljuq Turkish tribe of Söğüt in western Anatolia.
		The Empire reached its apex under Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century when it stretched from the Persian Gulf in the east to Hungary in the northwest; and from Egypt in the south to the Caucasus in the north.
		The Empire had suffered hard from the Interregnum; the Mongols were still at large in the east, even though Timur Lenk had died in 1405; many of the Christian kingdoms of the Balkans had broken free of Ottoman control; and the land, especially Anatolia, had suffered hard from the war.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/o/ot/ottoman_empire.html (6149 words)

	Ottoman Empire. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The empire, reunited by Muhammad I, expanded victoriously under Muhammad’s successors Murad II and Muhammad II.
		The first serious blow by Europe to the empire was the naval defeat of Lepanto (1571; see Lepanto, battle of), inflicted on the fleet of Selim II by the Spanish and Venetians under John of Austria.
		The nationalism of the Young Turks, whose leader Enver Pasha gained virtual dictatorial power by a coup in 1913, antagonized the remaining minorities in the empire.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ot/OttomanE.html (1638 words)

	nationalism. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Nationalism is basically a collective state of mind or consciousness in which people believe their primary duty and loyalty is to the nation-state.
		Nationalism is a comparatively recent phenomenon, probably born with the French Revolution, but despite its short history, it has been extremely important in forming the bonds that hold modern nations together.
		It was exactly this latter type of nationalism, however, that arose in Nazi Germany, preaching the superiority of the so-called Aryan race and the need for the extermination of the Jews and the enslavement of Slavic peoples in their “living space” (see National Socialism).
	www.bartleby.com /65/na/natlism.html (1284 words)

	Ottoman Empire - Crystalinks
		The empire they built was the largest and most influential of the Muslim empires of the modern period, and their culture and military expansion crossed over into Europe.
		While historians like to talk about empires in terms of growth and decline, the Ottomans were a force to be reckoned with, militarily and culturally, right up until the break-up of the empire in the first decades of this century.
		The Ottoman Empire was a vast state founded in the late 13th century by Turkish tribes in Anatolia and ruled by the descendants of Osman I until its dissolution in 1918.
	www.crystalinks.com /ottomanempire.html (1735 words)

	Table of Contents and Excerpt, Provence, The Great Syrian Revolt and the Rise of Arab Nationalism
		Under both Ottoman and French rule, the political notables struck a bargain in which they enjoyed variable and qualified access to political power and tremendous economic power in return for minimizing the political aspirations of the great mass of the subject population.
		In 1914 a Serbian nationalist assassinated the heir to the throne of the Hapsburg Empire.
		The national narrative that privileged Damascus and the Druze was displaced by a narrative that included many revolts (in each region, all characterized by an immature political consciousness), eventually united for a final heroic march to true national consciousness and independence under the leadership of the Bath Party.
	www.utexas.edu /utpress/excerpts/exprogre.html (9958 words)

	History of the Ottoman Empire - Decline and Fall
		In the 1850s-60s, intellectuals known as the New Ottomans” engaged in a liberal critique of Tanzimat policies with emphasis on fatherland (vatan), freedom (hurriget), and constitutionalism.
		By the 1880s Germany under Kaiser Wilhelrn had replaced France and Great Britain as friend and military advisor of the Ottoman Empire, and new ideologies were challenging Ottomanism.
		With even the heartlands of the Empire partitioned and Istanbul occupied by the victorious allies, the Turks of Anatolia under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) rejected the terms of the dictated Treaty of Sevres.
	www.turizm.net /turkey/history/ottoman3.html (1362 words)

	William Hagan, "The Balkans' Lethal Nationalism," Foreign Affairs, July 1999
		As the Ottoman Empire began to break down in the eighteenth century, the ideology of European nationalism penetrated the Balkans in support of the Balkan Christians' claim to liberation from increasingly oppressive Turkish rule.
		Thus the foundations of independent national states were laid in Serbia in 1815, in Greece in 1830, in Romania in 1856, in Bulgaria in 1878, and in Albania in 1913.
		Under the Ottoman Empire, kinship-based blood feuds of the type common to medieval western Europe survived well into the twentieth century.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/hagan.htm (4114 words)

	whisperz The site you will dream of (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		With the rise of the empire, the characteristics and nature of the state were defined, and the Ottomans definitively carved out their own preserve in history under the rule of Mehmed II.
		Ottomans claim that source of the inter-ethnic conflicts should be seek within their dynamics and the sources that were supporting.
		The Ottomans were eventually defeated at the end of the war by the Allies, Arabs, and Republic of Armenia, which Armenian Republic was being declared during the war, in contrast to Arap nations.
	whisperz.blogdrive.com (13128 words)

	Ottoman 'Hegemonic Control' in the Balkans
		The context that gave rise to the theory of hegemonic control was an interesting anomaly of the Yoruba in southwestern Nigeria who have organized themselves in terms of their membership in and lineage from a number of 'ancestral cities' throughout Yorubaland.
		When the Ottoman Empire finally fell, "there was almost no continuity of political elites in the Balkans, at least of elites that had participated in the Ottoman political process."[51] All that remained were those elites involved in the millet system.[52] Thus, the only non-Ottoman (i.e., imperial) administrative structure in the Balkans were the millets.
		Maria Todorova, "The Ottoman Legacy in the Balkans," 56.
	www.ndsu.nodak.edu /ndsu/ambrosio/hegemony.html (7601 words)

	Nationalism
		Nationalism is a sense of identity with the nation.
		The nation is unlike an empire, which is held together by military force, by police, sometimes by religion as with a god-king.
		Under the Prussian Constitution, the chancellor was appointed by andserved the emperor.
	www2.sunysuffolk.edu /westn/nationalism.html (1618 words)

	2. Nationalism and Unification [Beyond Books - Modern European History]
		Nationalism is loyalty to the idea of the state rather than to the community.
		Nationalism is also a love of one's country, but with the belief that the country is superior to other countries.
		National symbols, anthems, flags, and parades were mostly 19th-century inventions, that built on traditions created in the American and the French Revolutions.
	www.beyondbooks.com /eur12/2.asp (810 words)

	Ottoman Empire: History
		at the expense of the Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria, and Serbia.
		The Ottoman siege of Constantinople was lifted at the appearance of
		Selim II by the Spanish and Venetians under John of Austria.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0860176.html (1083 words)

	nationalism -> History on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The "thin dividing line": prime ministers and the problem of Australian nationalism, 1972-19961.
		Aggression versus apathy: the limits of nationalism during the Balkan wars, 1912-1913.
		Graffiti touting the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan defaces a painting on the Jerusalem's Al Aqsa Mosque, considered a symbol of Arab nationalism, in Kirkuk, Iraq.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/natlism_History.asp (1329 words)

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