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Topic: Risk Seeking

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	Decision Support Services
		Risk perception, the perceived degree of risk inherent in a situation, has been the subject of considerable attention due to its expected impact on risky decision making behavior.
		The perception of risk by individuals and organizations alike is related to a number of factors such as the perceived controllability of outcomes (e.g., Baird and Thomas, 1985) and risk propensity (e.g., Sitkin and Pablo, 1992).
		The notion that organizations tend to seek out and retain managers that subscribe to key organizational values and philosophies (e.g., Miles and Creed, 1995) implies a link between inertia and the risk propensity of TMTs (e.g., firms with inertial response patterns which are risk seeking (risk avoiding) will attract managers who are risk-prone (risk averse)).
	www.dssincorporated.com /Research/RiskyDecision/risky-Page2.html (640 words)

	Risk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Risk is the potential harm that may arise from some present process or from some future event.
		Risk is often mapped to the probability of some event which is seen as undesirable.
		Risk in that case is the degree of uncertainty associated with a return on an asset.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Risk (1603 words)

	Risk -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Risk is the potential harm that may arise from some present (A natural prolongation or projection from a part of an organism either animal or plant) process or from some future (Something that happens at a given place and time) event.
		Risk assessments with differing ways of determining public concerns are a major concern of (additional info and facts about political parties) political parties.
		Risk in that case is the degree of (Being unsettled or in doubt) uncertainty associated with a (A tennis stroke that returns the ball to the other player) return on an (A useful or valuable quality) asset.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/ri/risk.htm (2021 words)

	Risk seeking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In scenario analysis "risk" is distinct from " threat." "Threat" refers to a very low-probability but high-impact event - which cannottypically be assigned a probability in a risk assessment because ithas never occurred, and for which no effective preventivemeasure is available.
		The difference is most clearly illustrated by the precautionary principle which seeks to reduce threat byrequiring it to be reduced to a set of well-defined risks before an action, project, innovation or experiment is allowed toproceed.
		Risk inthat case is the degree of uncertainty associated with a return on an asset.
	www.therfcc.org /risk-seeking-19207.html (1768 words)

	Risk
		Risk is the potential future harm that may arise from some present action.
		Usually the probability and some assessment of expected harms must be combined into a believable scenario combining risk, regret and reward probabilities into expected value.
		In scenario analysis "risk" is distinct from "threat." A threat is a very low-probability but serious event - which some analysts may be unable to assign a probability in a risk assessment because it has never occurred, and for which no effective preventive measure is available.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/r/ri/risk.html (1893 words)

	risk seeking and Stock Trading at TradeStars + Stock Trading (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		participants of a risk seeking market are many and varied, and range from people like you, trading for themselves, all the for risk seeking markets always rising over time, the answer is a guarded yes.
		The general rise in markets seems to be a reflection of the increase risk seeking in human economic activity, and over the 2361.
		Day-Trading Risk Disclosure Statement risk seeking (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b), no member that is promoting a day- trading strategy, directly or indirectly, shall open an account for or on behalf of a requirement within five business days, your account must be restricted to cash on hand trading for 90 days.
	www.tradestars.com /content/risk-seeking.asp (162 words)

	Target Risk - Chapter 9
		Risk aversion (underconfidence) is reflected in choosing safety margins that are too wide, while risk seeking (overconfidence) is manifested in safety margins that are too narrow for net points to be maximal.
		Risk optimization is in evidence if the player's net points earned equal the potential maximum, that is, when the player could not have increased net points earned, either by narrowing or by widening the chosen safety margins by a constant across the questions.
		It is conceivable, therefore, that a person is actually optimizing the degree of risk taking in his or her behaviour against the composite criterion of all of his or her goals, although the calculated deviation from optimality against the criterion of monetary gain, for instance, is substantially different from zero.
	pavlov.psyc.queensu.ca /target/chapter09.html (6447 words)

	Risk bias
		Another reason that people seem attracted to risk is that it the shortest route to what lies beyond it.
		There may still be a buzz in the risk, but it is not the real goal.
		Those who tend more to avoiding risks are at the opposite end of the scale to the risk-seekers.
	changingminds.org /explanations/preferences/risk_bias.htm (339 words)

	The Influence of Risk
		A number of studies have suggested that people who participate in high risk activities tend to be high in the Sensation Seeking trait, which supports the hypothesis that people take risks because they want to have new and exciting experiences.
		The married man or woman who is charmed by an attractive stranger weighs the threat to his or her valued marital relationship and the possibilities of contracting a sexually transmitted disease against the possibility of a thrilling sexual encounter” (2000).
		The results indicated that for both genders, “masculinity was significantly and directly associated with sensation seeking” and that for males only, “femininity was significantly and inversely associated with sensation seeking.” Tobacyk and Thomas also explored the correlation between masculinity and femininity according to the four Sensation Seeking sub-dimensions.
	faculty.mckendree.edu /scholars/winter2005/dennis.htm (4096 words)

	March & Shapira - Managerial Perspectives on Risk
		Risk is thus seen as a choice based on the expected value of return of an alternative.
		Risk seeking people prefer relatively high risks and are willing to sacrifice some expected value to increase variation.
		Risk seems to depend on which of two targets the person is focusing upon.
	faculty.babson.edu /krollag/org_site/org_theory/march_articles/marshap_mgrrisk.html (1459 words)

	Risk Takers Follow in Parents' Dangerous Footsteps \| LiveScience
		The scientists were particularly interested in how people dealt with financial risks and whether parents passed on their willingness to risk some money for a bigger reward.
		Kuhnen doubts that there is a significant genetic component to risk attitudes and said they are most likely learned, not inherited, from parents.
		Huffman's risk study found that not only were subjects similar to their parents but also to their spouses, suggesting people look for mates who share their inclination to seek or avoid risk.
	www.livescience.com /health/061206_risk_takers.html (795 words)

	Psychotherapy: Eight Factors Found Most Important in Evaluating Suicide Risk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Seeking the assistance of a therapist can be a difficult process...
		Participants were presented with 48 risk factors for suicide and were asked to rate the factors from low importance to critical or high importance.
		The most critical risk factors for suicide completion (in order of their seriousness) were: the medical seriousness of previous suicide attempts, history of suicide attempts, acute suicidal ideation, severe hopelessness, attraction to death, family history of suicide, acute overuse of alcohol, and loss/separations.
	www.selfhelpmagazine.com /articles/psychotherapy/eightfacts.html (558 words)

	FPA Journal - Past Issues & Articles - 2003 Issue - January Issue - Article 11
		The risk measure, or denominator, for the Sortino ratio, is the semi-variance or lower partial moment.
		For the UPR, we use the downside risk, or semi-variance metric, as recommended with the Sortino ratio; however, the UPR uses an alternative denominator value to calculate the reward for bearing the downside risk.
		However, the risk of lump-sum investing, as measured by the standard deviation, is also the greatest for all four asset groupings.
	www.fpanet.org /journal/articles/2003_Issues/jfp0103-art11.cfm (2874 words)

	Peter Sandman: Risk Communication
		And the criteria for “effective risk communication” ought to be things like the openness of the process to all viewpoints and the extent to which values are distinguished from scientific claims, rather than whether the audience’s opinions, feelings, and actions come to reflect the source’s assessment of the risk.
		Since most people prefer to worry about the same risks as their friends, they are alert and responsive to evidence that a particular hazard is or is not a source of widespread local concern.
		When a risk manager continues to ignore the nontechnical components of the situation, and continues to be surprised by the public’s “overreaction,” it is worth asking just whose behavior is irrational.
	www.petersandman.com /articles/riskcomm.htm (2230 words)

	Risk Aversion, Risk Neutrality, Risk Seeking
		An investor is said to be risk averse if he prefers less risk to more risk, all else being equal.
		The opposite of risk aversion is risk seeking (sometimes called risk loving).
		Between risk aversion and risk seeking is a state called risk neutrality.
	www.riskglossary.com /articles/risk_aversion.htm (235 words)

	Management, Risk, and Exploration
		In decision making risk is seen as the variability in int he distribution of possible outcomes, likelihoods, and subjective values.
		Risk preferences are individual tendencies to evaluate variation in expected outcomes.
		But this assumption caused the average risk taking to fall as the organization ages, which could hurt the organization in competitive situations where some risk taking is necessary, especially when the number of organizations is large.
	faculty.babson.edu /krollag/org_site/org_theory/march_articles/mn_risk1.html (1183 words)

	Risk mitigation
		Risk assessment is the problem definition stage of risk management, the stage that identifies, analyzes, and quantifies program issues in terms of probability and consequences, and possibly other considerations (e.g., time to realize the benefit of substation automation).
		Risk ratings also help to identify the areas that should be reported within and outside the program.
		Risk can be simply modeled as the interaction of two variables: probability of failure, and the effect or consequence of the failure.
	www.opusss.com /risk_mitigation.htm (1299 words)

	Andrey D. Ukhov - Research
		Under perfect competition when all agents are homogeneous, we prove that although individual agents have concave indifference curves (corresponding to risk seeking), the aggregate economy has a convex (linear) indifference curve that corresponds to risk aversion.
		When agents are heterogeneous in their initial endowment, aggregating risk seeking individual agents under perfect competition leads to an aggregate indifference curve that is strictly convex indicating that the economy demands a risk premium.
		In the case of risk seeking individual agents with identical initial endowments, assuming a budget constraint, and facing perfect competition the aggregate economy is risk neutral.
	www.kelley.iu.edu /aukhov/Research/research.htm (2630 words)

	Chicago GSB \| Capital Ideas
		Risk preference is defined as one's tendency to choose a risky option (such as an investment that has equal chances to yield a 20 percent return or a 0 percent return), or a safe option of an equal or lower expected value (such as an investment with a guaranteed return of 5 percent).
		To determine whether participants can accurately judge the risk preference of other cultures, respondents in the first study were also asked to predict how their counterparts from the other country would react in the outlined situations.
		To explain why the Chinese are more risk seeking than the Americans, the authors explored two possible hypotheses: the "cushion" hypothesis and the "opportunity" hypothesis.
	www.chicagogsb.edu /capideas/sept04/riskpreference.html (1195 words)

	Risk evaluation and risky behavior of high and low sensation seekers Social Behavior and Personality - Find Articles
		High sensation seekers are found to be higher in risk taking than in risk evaluation while the low sensation seekers are higher in risk evaluation than in risk taking.
		Risk taking can be any behavior that has a significant degree of uncertainty about the losses associated with its outcome (e.g., driving at high speed).
		The term Sensation Seeking refers to individual differences in optimal levels of arousal and stimulation, manifested as a character dimension (Zuckerman, 1994) and regulated by neuroregulators like the catecholamines, dopamine and norepinephrine.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3852/is_200301/ai_n9199540/pg_1 (763 words)

	Risk-neutral measure - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		is recognizable as the market price of risk.
		Q is the unique risk neutral measure for the model.
		A player could choose to play no casino games (zero risk, expected return zero) or play some games (significant risk, expected negative return).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Risk-neutral_measure (506 words)

	Risk Management: Show me the data! Good data management leads to even better risk management. But risk managers seeking ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		But risk managers seeking their company's loss and claims data often find that their broker, insurer or TPA is either unable or unwilling to share information.
		This is no truer than in the risk management industry, which has to handle an increasingly mind-numbing array of information.
		Risk managers must collect whatever data they can, analyze it and distribute it to a global base.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_go1487/is_200210/ai_n7088637 (265 words)

	A Bird In The Hand? Proverbs Show Differering Cultural Views
		However, because of the importance of their social network, Chinese are less willing to take social risks in which they might alienate friends or family.
		The participants were then asked if each proverb promoted risk aversion or risk seeking in two different situations: one financial and one social.
		They rated the proverbs on a five-point scale in which 1 was risk-averse, 3 was neutral and 5 was risk seeking.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1998-11/OSU-ABIT-031198.php (829 words)

	Abstract from 1996 SRA-Europe Annual Meeting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In most cases the supplied dimensions can be reduced to just two which account for the majority of the variance in the ratings: the "severity" of the risk from the hazard; and the degree of "knowledge" one has about the hazard.
		The risk factors have been chosen so that there are two representatives of each of the four quadrants of the 'risk space' found by the existing psychometric studies of food-risk perception [2, 6].
		focus-group research [6] has found that the risks to health associated with foodstuffs are not a major consideration in food purchasing decisions, except when they are the subject of current or recent media attention (e.g.
	www.riskworld.com /Abstract/1996/sraeurop/ab6ad011.htm (1142 words)

	A Framework for Military Decision Making Under Risks, by Schultz - abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		If the domain is one of losses, the decision maker will tend to be risk seeking, if gains, then he will be risk averse.
		One implication of this study is that if the decision maker can do the same for a subordinate or for an enemy, he may be better able to predict their responses in a given situation.
		Also, that knowing one’s risk propensity does not necessarily enable the decision maker to change his frame of reference or to consider the choice problem from different perspectives.
	www.au.af.mil /au/awc/awcgate/saas/schultz-abstract.htm (549 words)

	Research Activities, February 2004: Health Care Disparities/Minority Health: Attitude toward risk does not fully ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The first study to examine variations in risk attitude by race and sex reveals that fls are more risk-seeking relative to whites, even after adjustment for educational status, and that individuals with no college education are more risk-averse than those with some college education.
		Blacks may be more willing to live with the risks of their underlying diseases and thus undergo fewer procedures.
		Although fls were more risk seeking that whites, both groups were risk averse, with median risk postures of 0.8 for fls and 0.69 for whites.
	www.ahcpr.gov /research/feb04/0204RA9.htm (392 words)

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