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Topic: Ritsuryo

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	Ancient Japan :: Paganality.com :: (yes, it's magik :) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Under the ritsuryo system, the Japanese emperor, for example, was in some respects an absolute monarch who ruled over the whole country as the head of a bureaucracy in the same manner as the emperor of China.
		Prospective bureaucrats were required to study at a central college and to pass prescribed examinations; during their term of office their performance was subjected to scrutiny once a year, and their rank and position were adjusted in accordance with the results.
		The provinces were divided into three types of administrative division: the kuni, or koku (province), the kori, or gun (county), and the sato, or ri (village), to be administered by officials known as kokushi, gunji, and richo, respectively.
	www.paganality.com /pagan-article-historical-places-ancient-japan (9933 words)

	The Founding of Dazaifu - Fukuoka History - A Forum For Research on Kyushu
		In the previous chapters we examined the ritsuryo state (which was established in the seventh century and based upon the Chinese legal system) from two angles; first, a "top view" focusing on the central elite and their ideas of statehood, and second, a "bottom view" showing how the state interacted with local Japan.
		Having established the chronological limits of the ritsuryo state, I would like to examine another type of limit: the geographical fringes of state authority, where institutions of local control were significantly different from those in the interior.
		Although, as I have indicated, the boundaries of the early ritsuryo state more or less followed those of the earlier Yamato polity, it is significant that these zones only came to be visualized as boundaries at the beginning of the ritsuryo period.
	fukuokahistory.com /live/content/view/15/0 (10827 words)

	[No title]
		Taiho: Ritsuryo:, the quantity of paper work was small enough and did not demand scribes in all sections of central offices.
		Comparing this with Ritsuryo:'s data, it is clear that the number of scribes increased in both the capital and in the provinces, but the percentage of increase was dramatically different: 256 percent and 126 percent, respectively.
		In fact, all documents issued by offices of Ritsuryo: state existed in at least two copies; one was kept at the office and another was sent to the proper destination (Suzuki Shigeo.
	www.japantoday.ru /association/6.shtml (3882 words)

	Taika reforms in medieval Japan
		The taika reforms had the unfortunate effect of weakinging the Ritsuryo state in medieval (8th century) Japanese history.
		The decline of the Ritsuryo state of medieval Japan was the result of the weak organization created through the Taika reforms.
		Because the follow-up to the Taika reforms only strengthened the Uji at the expense of the emperors, the Ritsuryo state was bound to fall.
	ks.essortment.com /taikareforms_rrtu.htm (632 words)

	The Early Road System
		The Tokaido is also the name of the highway which ran through the region, being more or less the same road which gained prominence around one thousand years later in the Edo period.
		This was also the name of the largest of the circuits, stretching the length of the central mountain ranges and extending over almost all of modern day Tohoku, the northern island of Hokkaido and the northern segment of Tohoku were not then under imperial control).
		To the west of the imperial capital the islands of Shikoku and Kyushu formed the Nankaido and Saikaido circuits respectively, and south-west Honshu was divided into the San'indo (Japan sea coast) and San'yodo (Pacific coast) circuits.
	hkuhist2.hku.hk /nakasendo/early.htm (1000 words)

	Sociology of Religion: Rationalization of state and society: a Weberian view of early Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		By the first decade of the 7th century, the Yamato court adopted the Seventeen-Article "Constitution" which was to a significant extent framed and validated in terms of Confucian categories of political thought and ethical precepts.
		The Ritsuryo system, which combined a kind of penal code with an administrative and civil code, provided a common basis of mutual understanding among emerging nations on the periphery of China.
		In the late 7th century, Shinto and the traditional sacred authority of the tenno underwent an unprecedented rationalization process of their own; Confucianism, from which the Ritsuryo codes were derived, was integrated and co-opted into Shinto.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0SOR/is_n1_v59/ai_20576007/pg_5 (1512 words)

	The ritsuryo system (from Japan) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The ritsuryo system refers to the governmental structure defined by ritsu, the criminal code, and ryo, the administrative and civil codes.
		Such a system had long been in force in China, and the Japanese ritsuryo was an imitation of the lü-ling of T'ang China and incorporated many of its original articles.
		More results on "The ritsuryo system (from Japan)" when you join.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-23133 (857 words)

	AllRefer.com - Japan - Kofun And Asuka Periods, Ca. A.D. 250-710 \| Japanese Information Resource
		Although the missions continued the transformation of Japan through Chinese influences, the Korean influence on Japan declined despite the close connections that had existed during the early Kofun period.
		Although it did not constitute a legal code, the Taika Reform (Taika means great change) mandated a series of reforms that established the ritsuryo system of social, fiscal, and administrative mechanisms of the seventh to tenth centuries.
		The ritsuryo system was further consolidated and codified in 701 under the Taiho Ritsuryo (Great Treasure Code or Taiho Code), which, except for a few modifications and being relegated to primarily ceremonial functions, remained in force until 1868.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/japan/japan16.html (1640 words)

	Asuka
		The Palace and its Soverign Emperor (Tenno) or Empress (Kogo) came to be the focus of a bustling Capital of a unified Japanese Nation.
		The central Ritsuryo System of government developed diplomatic and economic ties to neighbouring nations and promoted internal trade and taxes and penal laws and links to all its provinces.
		The process of developing this nation state is documented in the history of the Asuka period under excavation in and around Nara Ken. It truely is a remarkable story of cultural assimilation, involving migration of tens of thousands both within and from outside the borders.
	terryq14.tripod.com /Asuka/history.htm (665 words)

	Sociology of Religion: Rationalization of state and society: a Weberian view of early Japan
		This paper has attempted to interpret Japanese institutional syncretism in light of the Weberian theory of rationalization with its familiar dimensions of institutionalization of law codes, codification, and formal systematization in general, and of course bureaucratization in major institutional realms (polity and religion).
		In order to achieve this it was decided to appropriate the Chinese Ritsuryo system and to base Japanese governmental organization on it as it was being practiced under the Tang dynasty.
		Thus the classical Japanese state, in short, originated from the combination of ancient sacred kingship (tenno) with a bureaucratic administration and Buddhism borrowed from China, beginning around the end of the 6 century C.E. The origins of Japanese religion as sycretistic religion were also essentially derived from the same sources.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0SOR/ai_20576007/pg_8 (1175 words)

	index332 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Their lives were complicated in that they always embodied two sides, the ruler and the ruled, the exploiter and the producer.
		ritsuryo system, exploitation by the central authorities grew so much that the local gentry hardly knew whether they were supposed to act as agents of the exploiters or as protectors of local interests.
		Mao leaves behind his studies to wander in the mountains, later meeting another buddhist priest (Gonzo?) who would be his first teacher.
	www.lotustemple.com /index332.htm (1452 words)

	ААссоциация японоведов \\ Публикации \ Russian journal of Japanese Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		As for the quantity of work made by the copyists, we have reliable data for the year 772.The average quantity of production per days was 8.6 standard pages of copied sutras, which makes about 3,800-4,000 characters.
		According to Ritsuryo:, almost all central offices (kan, councils, and sho:, ministries) in the capital employed scribes (the only exception was Jingikan, Council of Gods
		In fact, all documents issued by offices of Ritsuryo: state existed in at least two copies; one was kept at the office and another was sent to the proper destination (Suzuki Shigeo.Kodai Bunsho-no Kino:teki Kennkyu:.Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1997, p.118).
	japan-assoc.ru /publics/yrbk/en/2001/texts/t6 (1583 words)

	Japan & External Influences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In the case of Japan, their origin can be traced to the seventh and eighth centuries, when the country chose to adopt Chinese notions of law and order.
		Several law codes were later compiled and revised until finally, in 701, what is now known as the Taiho Code (Taiho Ritsuryo) was promulgated.
		Due to the copious commentaries of the latter, which were compiled by an imperial order in 834, the contents of this ancient code are available for study today.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~asiactr/haq/200004/0004a005.htm (2919 words)

	Changes in ritsuryo government (from Japan) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In 794, as noted above, the emperor Kammu shifted his capital to Heian, diluted the ties between government and Buddhism, and attempted to revive government in accordance with the ritsuryo.
		More results on "Changes in ritsuryo government (from Japan)" when you join.
		More from Britannica on "Changes in ritsuryo government (from Japan)"...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=23138 (776 words)

	Vocabulary of 'law'
		Under Ritsuryo regime of 8th century, Japan was divided into 58 kuni and 66 kuni under Engishiki of 10th century.
		Initially kuni was administered by kokushi appointed by Yamato court then by shugo appointed by Kamakura shogunate but they lost gradually power and han administered by daimyo became regional units.
		Issued from families surrendered to Yamato court during the unification process of Japan or descents of Yamato court's princes who had replaced the resistant powers, there had been more than 100 "kuni no miyatsuko", i.e.
	www.docoja.com /cgi-bin/keywordj?histg+law+dico/hisgifg (904 words)

	The Emperor of Japan and the Imperial Institution
		This period of direct imperial rule was characterised by the effort to establish a centralised bureaucratic state in Japan patterned on the example offered by Tang dynasty China.
		The key instrument in this process was the adoption of law codes, known collectively as the ritsuryo (legal codes) system, that established an elaborate hierarchy of offices headed by the emperor and prescribed the procedures of governmental administration at both national and provincial levels.
		However, the 9th century saw several efforts to personalise imperial rule by freeing it from the entrenched bureaucracy backfires, beginning a process in which the emperor was increasingly isolated from the machinery of government.
	www.embjapan.dk /spotlight/Emperor_history.htm (1747 words)

	E-Budo.com - Ujigami (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Ujigami arose as a result of the concentration of central power with the ritsuryo system and the increasing role role of clans.
		Chinju were protactive deities of private estates (shoen) in the early medieval period, following the decline of the ritsuryo system.
		However, with the decline of the shoen, the name was transferred to other deities of autonomous village communites and even larger administrative units, as chinjugami or chinju-no-kami.
	www.e-budo.com /forum/archive/index.php/t-27111.html (264 words)

	The Ancient Period by Austin J Damiani
		There are seven written works that constitute the body of the ancient period of Japanese literature.
		Among other statutes, the Ritsuryo system established a class of peasant farmers and a system of taxation that would support the burgeoning aristocracy.
		During these periods, Japan was developing as a nation and did so in the shadow of China.
	static.eastasiacenter.net /austindamiani/19theAncientPeriod.htm (2772 words)

	HAKUTSURU SAKE
		And there are no clear writings that the "sake" was made from rice.
		The "Engi Shiki" was enacted in 967 to regulate the fundamental policies and principles of the Ritsuryo state.
		Towards this end, the contents of the "sake" making in the courts at the time are recorded in detail, and it is said that the "sake" making leader, the "sake no kami" and 76 court artisans would follow these details and make 15 types of "sake".
	www.hakutsuru-sake.com /content/054.html (921 words)

	ASUKA/asukazensi
		After the 4th and 5th centuries, the moving forces behind the country's politics at the "center" were a number of powerful and near-autonomous wealthy families (gozoku), of which the most important, at least for ceremonial purposes, was the house of the ruling emperor.
		The latter task was for the most part completed during the reigns of Tenmu (672 686) and his wife Jito (686 697).
		The Fujiwara capital (Fujiwara-kyo), completed for occupancy in 694 (the 8th year of Empress Jito's reign),may be said to have been at the same time intended as a sort of monument to commemorate what was thought of as the completion (nominally, at least) of a nation-state operating under the new regulations of the ritsuryo system.
	www.asukanet.gr.jp /asukahome/ASUKA2/ASUKAZIDAI/asukazen.html (1088 words)

	netcyclo: Japan: History 2
		The revolt was led by Prince Naka and Nakatomi Kamatari, who seized control of the court from the Soga family and introduced the Taika Reform.
		The mi Code, named after the provincial site of Emperor Tenji's court, was completed in about 668.
		Further codification took place with the promulgation by Empress Jito in 689 of the Asuka- Kiyomihara Code, named for the location of the late Emperor Temmu's court.
	www.netcyclo.com /places/polit/nations/japan/ja-his02.htm (1581 words)

	Week III: Part 2 ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS: JAPAN - THE ARCHAELOGICAL AGE
		The initial construction of the Inner Shrine is thought to date from the late fifth to the mid-sixth century.
		Under the ritsuryo code, noone but members of the imperial family worshiped there and thus Ise was the center of imperial rites.
		Of these, the Niiname-sai (first fruits festival) and the Daijo-sai (enthronement ceremony) were the most important in the very elaborate, yearly ritual calendar.
	www.pitt.edu /~asian/week-4/week-4.html (1056 words)

	National institutions of governance in marine affairs of India (Krishan Saigal)
		The fundamental framework on which modern fishery policies are structured, with respect both to the fishing industry itself and the conservation of fish resources, can be traced to this document.
		This document codified the customary rules which had prevailed in fishing villages all around Japan, and consisted of three fundamental principles, upon which the feudal fisheries systems under the Tokugawa was developed, and important elements of which are still vital to our present system.
		It is particularly noteworthy that the establishment of fishermen's cooperatives was made compulsory by law, and that the Act placed upon them responsibility for issuing commercial fishing permits.
	www.unu.edu /unupress/unupbooks/uu15oe/uu15oe0f.htm (5463 words)

	Kukai's page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		According to the Procedures of the Engi Era (a collection of supplementary governmental regulations of the tenth century), each province was to provide the resources for such work.
		Indeed, during the zenith of the ritsuryo system, it was, as seen above, a provincial administrator with whom responsibility for building of Mannoike rested.
		About one hundred years later, the central government assigned a specialist to aid the local officials in the task of reconstructing it, but he was unable to complete the work.
	www.asunam.com /kukai_page.htm (4072 words)

	Short story - Price To Pay by Michael Bishop - Page 1 of 4
		His reign of banditry and extortion had ended the moment that Uncle and other leading daimyos had met on Mount Fuji and had sworn to drive Yamato and his men from Ritsuryo.
		However, his carriage was more aristocratic than I expected and he carried himself like the noble that he was masquerading as and not the lowborn worm that he was.
		Then I looked in his eyes and saw why the man had become leader of a host of the dregs of Ritsuryo.
	www.sffworld.com /authors/b/bishop_michael/fiction/pricetopay1.html (677 words)

	think or die: Japanese Organization Ethics
		In the periods before Kamakura, for example in Ritsuryo Period (A.D.645 - 1192), Japanese failed to implement the governmen organization of China.
		In Ritsuryo Period, the pirates from Korean Peninsula occupied the government office in Kyushu.
		Japanese court noble discussed how to fight back the office from Koreans for fifty days but concluded nothing.
	homepage1.nifty.com /masada/globe/syamamoto01.htm (1228 words)

	ААссоциация японоведов \\ Публикации \ Russian journal of Japanese Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The scholar maintains that sovereign authority in the early Japanese state was the strongest in the 5th century, known as the age of the five Yamato rulers.
		In accordance with this theory, the myths of Kojiki and Nihon Shoki are a symbolic interpretation of the origin of a rite or of its plot and its religious message, and a record of dances and songs that accompany rites.
		The bulk of these two writings is formed by rites that were included in the Taiho Ritsuryo Code, instituted in the early 8th century, the scholars say.
	www.japan-assoc.ru /publics/yrbk/en/2001/texts/t4/index.html (11553 words)

	History of Nara
		The prince, Shotoku, who was closely related to the Soga Clan, became a regent in 593.
		He sent the first official diplomatic delegates to China during China's Sui Dynasty to learn about their institutions and their city planning, but it was not until after his death that the Reformation of Taika, when the "Ritsuryo" legal system, which was similar to that of Sui and Tang China, was established.
		Later, the capital city, Fujiwara-kyo, was built in Kashihara city after the Jinshin Disturbance.
	www.pref.nara.jp /pro-e/rekishi.htm (1302 words)

	kojiki ( 古事記 : こじき ) /nihonshoki ( 日本書紀 : ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Ritsuryo was the penal and administrative laws of Early Japan that was modeled off the Chinese form of government and law structure of the T'ang dynasty, first implemented by Emeperor Temmu who took the throne after his brother Emperor Tenji died in 671.
		The Ritsuryo system slowly began replacing the former system of government, Ujikabane seido (Clan-title system) and chipping away at Clan independence.
		There's a heck of a lot more on this but I really really need to go finish up some tasks now, as I leave in 2 days for the Philippines.
	www.ancientsites.com /aw/Journals/Journal/488266 (424 words)

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