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	Birch - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Birch is the name of any tree of the genus Betula, in the family Betulaceae, closely related to the beech/oak family, Fagaceae.
		Birch is used as a food plant by the larvae of a large number of Lepidoptera species, see List of Lepidoptera which feed on Birches.
		Birch tar, extracted from birch bark, was used as a lubricant and for medicinal purposes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Birch (538 words)

	River Birch
		River birch (Betula nigra) is a handsome tree native to the southeastern United States.
		The bark of a mature birch is ridged and deepens to dark brown.
		River birch is not susceptible to invasion by the bronze birch borer, a common problem with other birches in the south.
	hgic.clemson.edu /factsheets/HGIC1005.htm (656 words)

	RIVER BIRCH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The primary range of river birch is the southeastern quarter of the United States from eastern Texas and southeastern Iowa to Virginia and northern Florida.
		As river birch is primarily a streambank tree, a list of its associates includes practically all bottomland plants in the eastern half of the United States.
		In Ohio, 58-year-old river birches grown in plantations average 23 to 41 cm (9 to 16 in) in d.b.h.
	personalpages.tds.net /~pjhuddleston/riverbirch.html (1644 words)

	Birch Trees (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Birches are graceful and elegant trees, often used in the landscape because of their attractive bark and small leaves, that flutter in the slightest breeze.
		River birch can almost always be found in nurseries and garden centers, it is the only birch that is adaptable to moist, wet soils like those found along streams, ponds, swamps, river banks and on low bottom land.
		This is a dwarf cultivar of the River Birch and relatively new.
	www.hortsource.com /birch_trees.htm (3542 words)

	Untitled Document
		River birch is found by large rivers of the coastal plain.
		River birch can be used as a screen or shade tree, and as a street tree with irrigation.
		River birches are attractive when planted in groups, especially against a dark background.
	www.uky.edu /Ag/Horticulture/kytreewebsite/treewalk/walkprofiles/bnigrainfo2.htm (614 words)

	Betula nigra 'Cully' HERITAGE
		River birches are perhaps the most culturally adaptable and heat tolerant of the birches.
		This river birch cultivar is a vigorous, fast-growing, medium-sized tree which can be grown as either a single trunk or multi-stemmed tree.
		River birches in general and 'Heritage' in particular is extremely resistant to the bronze birch borer and also has good resistance to leaf spot diseases.
	www.mobot.org /gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=A200 (371 words)

	West Virginia's Scenic Birch River - Contents
		Birch River in this area has always been sparsely populated because of the river's remoteness, but in the early part of the 20th century there were more families living on the river as compared to now.
		The largest tributary of Birch River heads near the Webster County town of Erbacon and flows for 19.84 miles, entering Birch 13.1 miles above the mouth of the river at a defined corner of Nicholas and Braxton counties.
		Birch River enters the Elk River at Glendon at milepost 80.7 (Elk at that point is 80.7 miles above its mouth at Charleston, the capital city of West Virginia).
	www.scenicbirchriver.com /contents.htm (2625 words)

	Botanical and ecological characteristics
		River birch does not spread vegetatively, but multiple stems arising from stump sprouts are common [13].
		River birch often occurs on soils that are too acid for most other hardwoods (pH range 2 to 4) [13], but also occurs on soils of higher pH [37].
		River birch may be the initial colonizer of sandbars, or may establish after sandbars are stabilized by more flood-tolerant alders (Alnus spp.) or willows (Salix spp.) [25].
	www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/betnig/botanical_and_ecological_characteristics.html (637 words)

	Birches In The Landscape, HYG-1079-88
		The river birch is pyramidal while young with reddish-brown or mahogany bark that exfoliates or peels off in thin layers, producing a slightly shaggy appearance.
		Because river birch is somewhat more resistant to the birch borer than other species, is suitable for moist areas and has exfoliating bark, it deserves to be planted more than it is. Heritage is a superior cultivar.
		The European birch is pyramidal in habit with white trunk and older branches and lateral branches that are slightly pendulous.
	ohioline.osu.edu /hyg-fact/1000/1079.html (804 words)

	Betula nigra - river birch
		There is a great variation in bark coloration for river birch, with colors ranging from red to grey-brown, and even a cultivar, 'Heritage', which has whitish bark.
		Birches are much loved for bonsai because of their elegant beauty, but as I and other posters can personally attest, they do not take easily to pot culture.
		Unlike many birch species, river birch does not seem to share the common problem of excessive "bleeding" after pruning, which makes this species easier to work with as a bonsai.
	www.bonsaiweb.com /care/faq/betulanigra.html (687 words)

	River Birch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		However, it should be noted that River Birch is resistant to the bronze birch borer, which plagues the birches of colder climates when they are planted too far south of their natural range (the warmer winters do not kill off the larvae), and is very heat tolerant in summer.
		River Birch has leaves that are more triangular in shape than Yellow Birch or Black Birch, due to its relatively wide leaf bases.
		River Birch trees that occur in the wild usually have excessively flaky, dark gray to fl outer bark with hints of an orange and cream inner bark.
	www.dnr.state.oh.us /forestry/Education/ohiotrees/birchriver.htm (540 words)

	River Birch - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		River Birch (Betula nigra) is a common small birch native in flood plains or swamps in the eastern United States from New Hampshire west to southern Minnesota, and south to northern Florida and east Texas.
		The fruit is unusual among birches in maturing in late spring; it is composed of numerous tiny winged seeds packed between the catkin bracts.
		Native Americans used the boiled sap as a sweetener similar to maple syrup, and the inner bark as a survival food.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/River_Birch (295 words)

	Birch Leafminer, HYG-2035-91
		Damage to birch trees is done by the larval stage as it feeds between the upper and lower layers of the leaves.
		The river birch (B. nigra) and Dahurian birch (B. davurica) have bark with curly flakes and seem to be resistant to bronze birch borers as well as the leafminers.
		In Ohio, birch trees are usually attacked by the first generation of leafminers during the first two weeks of May. Contact insecticides may need to be re-applied every 5 to 10 days depending on their residual activity.
	ohioline.osu.edu /hyg-fact/2000/2035.html (1044 words)

	ISU Forestry Extension - River Birch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		River birch is a medium-sized tree associated with moist, rich soils along streams, rivers and swampy locations.
		River birch is distinguished by having alternate, simple leaves, 1 1/2 to 3 1/2 inches long, 3/4 to 2 1/2 inches wide, sharp pointed, double toothed or shallowly lobed, with a wedge shaped base.
		River birch is intolerant of shade; its small seeds require bare, mineral soil to germinate.
	www.ag.iastate.edu /departments/forestry/ext/trivbirch.html (419 words)

	Species:
		River birch is occasionally harvested with other bottomland species for pulpwood [7], and is used in some areas for veneer [6].
		River birch is ranked intermediate in ecological fire tolerance by Givnish [10].
		Of 13 species tested, river birch bark was intermediate in heat resistance in the 0.20-inch- (0.508-mm-) thick category, but ranked relatively lower with increasing bark thicknesses; even though the heat resistance of river birch bark increases with thickness, other tree species gain more heat resistance for the same amount of thickness gain [14].
	www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/betnig/all.html (2592 words)

	West Virginia's Scenic Birch River - Monthly Spotlight - March
		Although the largest rocks of Birch are geological marvels, the sum of all the parts is mind-boggling.
		There is one particular section of the river which the author describes as "a maelstrom of swift water and rocks," an appellation that could be applied to more than one stretch of the river.
		Birch is a small stream and very benign at normal flows but during times of high water it can be a raging torrent.
	www.scenicbirchriver.com /marchspotlight.htm (652 words)

	Tree Guide - The National Arbor Day Foundation
		The cinnamon-colored, exfoliating bark of the River Birch is spectacular in the winter.
		The catkins of the River Birch are used by redpolls and pine siskins.
		The River Birch is one of the 12 Birch species that extend southward from the Arctic Circle.
	www.arborday.org /trees/treeguide/print.cfm?ID=22 (319 words)

	Betula nigra - river birch
		River birch can grow 50 to 90 feet tall but is often seen 40 to 50 feet.
		River birch can be easily trained with one central leader or as a multi-stemmed tree.
		Birches are much loved for bonsai because of their elegant beauty, but they do not take easily to pot culture.
	www.bonsai-bci.com /species/betulanigra.html (462 words)

	BIRCH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Birch is the name of a group of about 40 slender trees and shrubs of North America, Europe, and Northern Asia.
		The river birch is a medium-sized tree 50 to 60 feet (15 to 18 meters) high.
		The sweet birch is B. lenta, and the gray birch is B. populifolia.
	www.worldbook.com /features/cybercamp/html/walkbrch.html (530 words)

	Betula nigra 'Heritage': 'Heritage' River Birch
		A North American native, `Heritage' river birch can grow 50 to 80 feet tall but is often seen at 40 to 50 feet.
		River birch is seen in the wild almost exclusively along stream banks.
		Propagation of `Heritage' river birch is by softwood cuttings but the plant is patented.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /ST095 (767 words)

	Birch Culture - Landscape Nursery and Urban Forestry - UMass Extension
		Birches do not cast dense shade, therefore they can be combined with a number of understory shrubs and herbaceous plants.
		Birches are susceptible to numerous other pests and diseases which are less common.
		Generally, birch species with non-white bark are less susceptible to bronze birch borer and birch leaf miner.
	www.umassgreeninfo.org /fact_sheets/plant_culture/brich_culture.html (426 words)

	White Birch
		The graceful white birch, often planted in yards as an ornamental tree, is native to the Connecticut River Valley.
		Birch bark played a key role in the manufacture of canoes for transportation, wigwams for shelter, and a host of useful implements made by the many tribes and nations of the Northeast.
		Birch bark canoes made by northern tribes were traded to tribes from more southern regions, where white birch was scarce, and later to European colonists.
	www.bio.umass.edu /biology/conn.river/whiteb.html (961 words)

	Betula nigra 'Little King' FOX VALLEY
		This river birch cultivar is a dense, compact, deciduous, multi-stemmed shrub with an irregular crown which typically grows to only 10' tall with a 12' spread.
		Flowers are contained in drooping, brownish male catkins (2-3" long) and insignificant, smaller, upright, greenish female catkins, both of which appear in spring on the same tree.
		It has some susceptibility to aphids and leaf miner and to iron chlorosis in high pH soils, but these are somewhat minor problems in comparison to the birch borer.
	www.mobot.org /gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=J520 (255 words)

	Birch River, WV - West Virginia Florists, buy flowers from your local full service retail flower shops and florist ...
		Birch River, West Virginia Florists have been brought to you by Flower Shop Network, a directory of United States and Canadian florists.
		It is vitally important that you provide Birch River, West Virginia Florists with accurate, detailed information regarding the name and address of the person to whom you are sending flowers.
		When placing an order for Delivery in Birch River, West Virginia, it is usually wise to keep the order simple, the less specific you are in your request, the less room for error.
	www.flowershopnetwork.com /directory/WestVirginiaFlorists/Birch-River.php (961 words)

	River Birch, Betula nigra NATIVE at American Meadows
		The River Birch tree, Betula Nigra, is a very handsome tree that is used widely for parks, golf courses and other large areas.
		The River Birch has dark green summer foliage and turns a golden yellow in the fall.
		The River Birch trees are beautiful in the summer and winter, are widely adaptable, and also heat tolerant.
	www.americanmeadows.com /trees_detail.cfm?itemid=276 (203 words)

	The Red Birch Tree (River Birch)
		These birches tend to have a reddish trunk that is often smooth when the shed bark is pulled away.
		Their sap can also be used as a water source in times of drought due to its sterile quality and has a slightly sweet taste to it.
		It is said that the Red Birch was once as pale and graceful as her sister the Mithril Birch, but sorrow and blood touched her roots, staining her wood and drooping her leaves forever.
	www.santharia.com /herbarium/birch_red.htm (732 words)

	American Whitewater - River Reach #694
		Birch Hill dam is a Corps of Engineers flood control dam.
		Once you cross the river, go left with the road and immediately park on the left between an unused bridge and a restaurant.
		At the putin there also appears to be a parking area on river left above the Rt 68 bridge which could be used if you wanted to run the broken dam which is just upstream of the putin below the restaraunt.
	www.americanwhitewater.org /rivers/id/694 (736 words)

	birch -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The name bog birch is applied to a species of buckthorn, as well as to B.
		The name bog birch is applied to a species of buckthorn, as well as to B. sweet birch
		It is a mass of exposed Precambrian rock, covered with countless rivers and streams; lakes ranging in size from the great Lake Athabasca to ponds; and muskegs, or bogs.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9080294 (597 words)

	Betula nigra - River Birch
		River Birch, grown mostly for the beauty of its peeling, satiny bark and salmon pink trunk, is a Texas Native.
		The Birch's leaves are deltoid in shape and will turn yellow in the fall before dropping.
		The River Birch is a fast growing tree and even though it can be as old as 30 years its best appearance is in the first 15-20 years.
	www.magnoliagardensnursery.com /productdescrip/Betula.html (164 words)

	River Birch Bed & Breakfast - Powder Springs, Georgia - BBOnline.com / Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		River Birch Bed & Breakfast, located 25 miles west of historic Atlanta, is a five acre oasis...
		A company that publishes books on bicycle riding tails and loops has chosen River Birch as the B&B for bicycling in rural Northwest Georgia.
		River Birch is located in the country and is surrounded by beautiful country roads just waiting to be explored.
	www.bbonline.com /ga/riverbirch (579 words)

	Nicklaus Golf Club at Birch River
		Tucked within the mountains of North Georgia is the Nicklaus Golf Club at Birch River, a semi-private Jack Nicklaus Signature Golf Course.
		Birch River was designed to optimize the natural environment with unique hole strategies, while providing a feel similar to such classic courses as Pinehurst No. 2, Augusta National and Winged Foot.
		Birch River represents the first course developed under a partnership between ClubCorp and Nicklaus Design.
	nicklaus.com /design/birchriver (121 words)

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