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Topic: River Irthing

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	River Eden, Cumbria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Continuing north, it passes the ancient stone Long Meg and Her Daughters and the sparsely populated beef and dairy farming regions of the vale of Cumbria.
		After flowing through Wetheral it merges with the River Irthing from the east, followed by the River Petteril and River Caldew from the south as it winds slowly through Carlisle.
		The river was known to the Romans as the Ituna.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/River_Eden,_Cumbria (262 words)

	River Irthing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The River Irthing is a river in Cumbria, England and a major tributary of the River Eden.
		At Butterburn, the river flows over the ten-metre high Crummel Linn waterfall and into a sandstone gorge.
		Passing Brampton it merges with the River Gelt, and soon after meets the River Eden near Warwick Bridge, just north of Wetheral.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/River_Irthing (175 words)

	Hadrian's Wall - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hadrian's Wall ran for 120 km, virtually due west, from Wallsend on the River Tyne to the shore of the Solway Firth.
		Local limestone was used in the construction, except for the section to the west of Irthing where turf was used instead as there were no useful outcrops nearby.
		Also some time still during Hadrian's reign (i.e., before 138 AD) the wall west of the Irthing was rebuilt in sandstone to basically the same dimensions as the limestone section to the east.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hadrians_Wall (1653 words)

	David Archer / Daryan Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Perhaps the most common and most useful description of river regime is the flow duration curve, which is used in assessing the effects of river abstractions and discharges, river regulation by reservoirs and impact on river ecology.
		With the advent of the National Rivers Authority in 1989 and a new tariff available under the Non-Fossil Fuel Option, an opportunity was opened for creating a new release policy that would go some way towards returning the river to a natural regime.
		Kielder Water on the River North Tyne in northeast England, the largest manmade lake in Britain was opened in 1982 and the hydropower plant completed in 1984.
	www.daryanpress.co.uk /land_use.html (1420 words)

	MiscParish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This parish is circumscribed by the parishes of Crosby, Scaleby, Kirklinton, Hayton, Brampton and Walton, and derives its name from the Irthing, which flows at its southern extremity.
		It is bounded on the north by the river just named; on the south by Stanwix, Scaleby, and Walton; on the east by Stapleton; and on the west by Rockcliffe.
		: This parish lies on the north side of the river Irthing, between the rivulets Kingwater and Cumbeck, and is bounded on the north by Kirklinton and Stapleton, on the east by Lanercost, on the south by Brampton, and on the west by Irthington.
	musgravemanor.homestead.com /MiscParish.html (704 words)

	Northwest England (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		RIVER EAMONT (Ullswater to Brougham Castle) - draining Ullswater in the Lake District.
		RIVER GRETA (Lake District) - a Grade 3 gem in the north Lake District.
		RIVER IRWELL (Rawtenstall to the Burrs) - the raging river of Bury!
	www.s106156335.websitehome.co.uk /nwengland.htm (789 words)

	Hadrian's Wall-The Wall
		Since the aim was to speed the movement of troops, the Stanegate road ran along the river valleys, avoiding the hills wherever possible, and was dominated by higher country to the north.
		The chosen line involved a number of river crossings but Roman soldiers were experts at building bridges The Stanegate was still useful for moving troops and supplies therefore it was decided to use the existing forts as permanent bases for the troops who were to defend it.
		At intervals of one Roman mile, a series of small fortlets were built to house the troops that were assigned the duty of patrolling that particular stretch of wall and, in most cases, to serve as a gateways for local traffic.
	www.odysseyadventures.ca /articles/hadrian-wall/article_hadrianswall-thewall.htm (1846 words)

	Images Of Cumbria - Lanercost Abbey Parish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This large and picturesque district, which extends about ten miles in length from E. to W., and nine from N. to S. is bounded on the south and east by the river Irthing, on the north by the parish of Bewcastle, and on the west by the parishes of Walton and Stapleton.
		The soil, in the low lands, is generally loamy and fertile; on the banks of the Irthing and Kingwater it rests upon limestone, and is very fruitful in the production of grain, except on the eastern side, bordering on Northumberland, where it is cold and sterile.
		The earl of Carlisle is the principal owner of the soil, which is mostly wet and cold, except on the banks of the Irthing, and on the north-west side of the township.
	www.stevebulman.f9.co.uk /cumbria/lanercost.html (1353 words)

	Our woods in focus
		Irthing Gorge Woodland is located along the steep incised gorge of the River Irthing, the boundary between Cumbria and Northumberland, in the parish of Thirlwell.
		The river is fast flowing and rocky and has side streams and waterfalls.
		On the lower slopes adjacent to the river there are areas of wet woodland, with predominantly alder with ash and hazel.
	www.wt-woods.org.uk /irthinggorgewoodland/description.asp (566 words)

	Willowford Bridge, Hadrian's Wall, Gilsland, Cumbria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Since Roman time, the River Irthing has changed its course and moved westwards.
		The stonework here (and in the aerial picture above) is the remains of an abutment which supported the east end of a bridge carrying Hadrian's Wall across the River Irthing, and which protected the river bank from erosion.
		In 2001 a new metal bridge was built over the River Irthing, to provide a continuous route from Gilsland to Birdoswald.
	www.visitcumbria.com /car/willow.htm (115 words)

	Angling News : Fishing Reports For England (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Eden is still one of the Country’s premier rivers for Spring Salmon although these have declined in recent years as they have on most rivers.
		The Association was established in 1856 for the preservation of Trout in the rivers Irthing, Gelt and their tributaries.
		The Association controls some 4 miles of fishing on large sections of the river Irthing, a major tributary of the river Eden, running close to Hadrian’s Wall for much of its length and the rivers Gelt and Kingwater.
	www.anglingnews.net /reports.asp?Country=England&RNumber=491&RepNo=3736 (3166 words)

	Images Of Cumbria - Jollie's Guide, Chapter 9
		The cliff is of a vast height, overhanging the river; and the face of the rock, on which the inscription is cut, is of an angular form.
		Here, also, we have a beautiful vista; including, in the view, a stretch of the river, with its rocky, wooded banks on the one hand; and the church, priory, and vicarage of Wetheral, through the trees, on the other; while Warwick church, and the far distant mountains of Scotland, form a background.
		From the latter a pleasant walk extends up the borders of the river, passing where the water is bayed across, and where the salmon are frequently seen bounding above the foaming flood, in unavailing attempts to leap over the bay.
	www.stevebulman.f9.co.uk /cumbria/jollieguide9_f.html (3377 words)

	QMUL > Department of Geography > Staff (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In recent years, groundwater-fed rivers throughout lowland England have exhibited increases in both suspended sediment loads and concentrations of macro-nutrients linked to changes in land use and river management practices.
		In upland river catchments, rivers have a tendency to migrate laterally across their floodplains and have also experienced periods of vertical incision during the Holocene (the last 10,000 years).
		Biotic response to late Holocene floodplain evolution in the River Irthing catchment, Cumbria.
	www.geog.qmw.ac.uk /staff/cotton.html (518 words)

	GENUKI: Lanercost, Cumberland - Extract from National Gazetteer, 1868
		The parish, which is very extensive, being 10 miles in length from E. to W., and 9 from N. to S., is situated on the river Irthing, and is intersected by the Kingwater and several streams, also by the Carlisle and Newcastle railway.
		The Cambock, a branch of the river Irthing, runs through the township A small castle was erected here for protection against the borderers, at which Lord Dacre, Warden of the Marches in the reign of Henry VIII., resided.
		It is situated on the river Irthing, near the borders of Northumberland.
	www.genuki.org.uk /big/eng/CUL/Lanercost/Gaz1868.html (966 words)

	GENUKI: Irthington, Cumberland - Extract from National Gazetteer, 1868
		It is situated on the N. side of the river Irthing, which rises in Spadeadam Moss on the borders of Northumberland.
		The village, which is considerable, is situated on the river Irthing, a tributary of the Eden, and near Watch Cross on the Wall, a spot planted with fir-trees."
		The village, which is considerable, is situated near the river Irthing, which rises in Spadeadam Moss on the borders of Northumberland, and joins the Eden near Warwick Bridge.
	www.genuki.org.uk /big/eng/CUL/Irthington/Gaz1868.html (504 words)

	Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Brampton Angling Association was established in 1856 for the preservation of trout in the Rivers Irthing, Gelt and their tributaries.
		In 1891 an agreement was reached with the Earl of Carlisle to rent fishing in the Rivers Irthing, Gelt, Kingwater and Cambeck.
		The Association controls fishing on large sections of the River Irthing, a major tributary of the River Eden, running close to Hadrian's Wall for much of it's length, and the Rivers Gelt and King Water.
	www.bramptonangling.fsnet.co.uk (401 words)

	Biogeomorphology_Baptist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Biogeomorphological modelling of secondary channels in the Waal river, River Flow 2002, September 4-6, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
		Re-naturalization of the Meuse river in the Netherlands.
		River dynamics and the diversity of the Amazon lowland forest.
	www.biogeomorphology.org /baptist/literature.html (886 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Irthing House Cottage nestles into the hillside just half a mile outside the historic village of Gilsland, on the Cumbria Northumberland border.
		The cottage is located on Irthing House Farm, on the banks of the River Irthing and is surrounded by gentle Northumbrian countryside.
		Guests can also take advantage of private fishing on the banks of the Irthing and can explore the wildlife on our 90 acres of fields and woodland, including deer, herons, woodpeckers, siskins, badgers and foxes.
	www.cottagesinnorthumberland.com (154 words)

	The Construction Of Hadrian's Wall
		In Britain there was no convenient river, like the Danube, that could be used as a boundary, so Hadrian’s Wall was built across one of the narrowest parts of the country linking two rivers.
		When it was finished the Wall was 80 Roman miles long (117km or 73 modern miles) and stretched from Wallsend on the river Tyne in the east to Bowness-on-Solway in the west.
		The stone Wall extended to the river Irthing.
	museums.ncl.ac.uk /wallnet/wall/wall.htm (594 words)

	Willowford (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In Roman times, Hadrian's Wall spanned the River Irthing between Gilsland and Birdoswald by means of a bridge and the abutments are still visible.
		To anyone attempting to walk the line of Hadrian's Wall, the alternative to fording the River Irthing (not easy!) was an unpleasant bit of walking on a narrow, sinuous and fairly busy road.
		Access down from Birdoswald is by a very steep path which is unfortunately too steep for cyclist and the bridge construction itself had to cope with an interesting challenge, with the bank on the west (right) bank of the river significantly higher than on the east bank necessitating a bridge with an appreciable gradient.
	www.lunemillenniumbridge.info /Willowford.html (216 words)

	Roman Heritage Way - Walton to Steelrigg
		Banks is a small Cumbrian village sitting to the north of the Irthing River directly on the line of Hadrian's Wall.
		Where the line crosses the Irthing River at Willowford there are well preserved Milecastles and Turrets, although the Roman Bridge is no longer visible.
		The River Irthing is crossed by a modern metal pedestrian bridge with its own unique beauty, before coming to one of the most photographed sections of the Hadrian's Wall at Willowford.
	www.romanheritageway.fsnet.co.uk /section3.html (925 words)

	river_irwell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		River Irwell Ri ve r Irw ell Br idg ewa ter Can al A5014 A5 06 6 A 5 0 6 7 A56 A6042 A6041 A34 A34 A34 A34 A6 A6 A62 A664 A57 A56 A6 A5103 A665 A665 A34 A56 A635 A6 A 50 66 A57(M) University University University College...
		Salford - River Irwell to East Ordsall Lane on the Manchester, Bolton...
		Manchester, Bolton, Bury, canal, Lancashire, Salford, Irwell Salford - River Irwell to East Ordsall Lane on the Manchester, Bolton and Bury Canal, England Pennine Waterways Manchester, Bolton and Bury...
	river_irwell.networklive.org (322 words)

	River Hull - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation River Hull (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		River Hull - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation River Hull.
		The River Hull is a river in the East Riding of Yorkshire in the north of England.
		It then joins the Humber estuary in the centre of Kingston upon Hull.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/River-Hull.html (144 words)

	South Tynedale History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The River South Tyne rises near the Cumbrian town of Alston in the vicinity of Cross Fell, the highest point in the Pennines.
		It begins not far from the source of the River Tees and the streams that feed the two rivers almost merge in the boggy moorland where Tyne and Tees are born.
		The River Allen itself, is in fact a comparitively short ravine, which can be followed only four miles upstream, to where it is formed by the confluence of the much longer valleys of the Rivers East and West Allen.
	www.thenortheast.fsnet.co.uk /SouthTynedale.htm (2817 words)

	Birdoswald Roman Fort (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Birdoswald is located in one of the most picturesque settings along the whole of Hadrian's Wall, overlooking the River Irthing gorge.
		The turf wall, stone wall, Harrow's Scar Milecastle (a short walk along the wall) and the fort itself are all visible reminders of the Roman occupation.
		A new bridge has been constructed which crosses the River Irthing and allows people to follow the wall to Willowford, where there is almost a mile of the best preserved western sector of the wall.
	www.visitcumbria.com /car/birdosw.htm (194 words)

	Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The '''River Irthing''' is a river in Cumbria, England and a major tributary of the River_Eden,_Cumbria River Eden.
		Passing Brampton, Carlisle, Cumbria Brampton it merges with the River Gelt, and soon after meets the River Eden near Warwick Bridge, just north of Wetheral.
		There you find a list of all editors and the possibility to edit the original text of the article River Irthing.
	www.mauspfeil.net /River_Irthing.html (192 words)

	'Cumberland' pattern pill-box at Newby East. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The 'Cumberland' pattern had either sitting or standing variations on two different types, and this example looks like it was built for standing - as opposed to the 'sitting' example at nearby Brampton.
		This pill-box - which guarded the narrow bridge over the river Irthing - was flanked by two trenches (now unrecognisable without prior knowledge) providing a formidable defence-line.
		Its location on the north-west side of the river suggests defence against an attack from the east, borne out by the location of the Brampton pill-box, and by defences on the western side of the river Eden (a natural north-south defence line, and part of Western Command Stop-Line No:18) at Kirkoswald and Langwathby, further south.
	www.users.globalnet.co.uk /~rwbarnes/defence/newby.htm (226 words)

	River Irthing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The river is a 1/2 mile walk down the boggy 'path'.
		There are a number of sloping natural weirs, which could have involving stoppers in particularly high flows, but are otherwise good for surfing.
		OTHER NOTES: Also, this river is a serious scrape if there's not enough water - you'd be much better doing the River Allen or the River North Tyne.
	www.s106156335.websitehome.co.uk /irthing.htm (515 words)

	HESS - Abstract
		Scale effects on the hydrological impact of upland afforestation and drainage using indices of flow variability: the River Irthing, England
		Abstract: Frequent assertions by river users that rivers in northern England now rise and fall more quickly than in the past, have never been validated by analysis on catchments of more than 10 km
		) and the larger River Irthing catchment (335 km
	www.copernicus.org /EGU/hess/7/3/325.htm?FrameEngine=false (246 words)

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