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Topic: Road from Varangians to Greeks

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Varangian

Ukrainian language

	Varangian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Varangians in Russia The Varangians ('''Varyags''', in Russian) are first mentioned by the Russian Primary Chronicle as having arrived from beyond the Baltic Sea around the mid-9th century, invited by the warring Slavic and Fennic tribes to bring peace to the region.
		Varangians first appear in the Byzantine world in 839, when the emperor Theophilus negotiated with them to provide a few mercenaries for his army.
		The Varangian Guard was one of the fiercest and most loyal elements of the Byzantine army, as described in Anna Comnenas chronicle of the reign of her father Alexius I, the Alexiad.
	varangian.iqnaut.net (639 words)

	Polans (eastern) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An important trade route called the Road from Varangians to Greeks passed through the land of the Polans and connected Europe with the Black Sea and the Byzantine Empire.
		In 9th and 10th century the Polans had a well-developed arable land farming, cattle-breeding, hunting, fishing, wild-hive beekeeping and various handicrafts such as flsmith, casting, pottery, jewelers art etc. Thousands of pre- Polans kurgans, found by the archaeologists in the Polan region, indicate that that land had a high population density.
		In the 880s, the land of the Polans was conquered by Oleg of Novgorod and would become the centre and the driving force of the Rus statehood.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polans_(eastern) (468 words)

	Viking Answer Lady Webpage - Vikings in the East: Rus and Varangians
		The Greek sources attribute this to a miracle, brought about by the singing of hymns to the Virgin and a procession around the City walls, led by the Patriarch, bearing the robe of the Virgin about the City, which apparently resulted in a huge storm which scattered the Rus forces and saved the City.
		The duties of the Varangians, in addition to safeguarding the person of the Emperor and his family, included accompanying the Emperor to festivals and celebrations, accompanying the Imperial family to church services at Hagia Sophia, serving as door guards in the palace, and acting to provide crowd control when the Emperor was present.
		The Varangian Guard had important ceremonial duties during the crowning of a new Emperor, during Easter, and near Palm Sunday, as well as serving roles during Imperial weddings, the coronation of Empresses, and at the funerals of deceased Emperors.
	www.vikinganswerlady.com /varangians.shtml (3682 words)

	varangians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Instead, the Varangian ruling classes of the two powerful city-states of Novgorod and Kiev were eventually Slavicized, but Old Norse was spoken in Novgorod until the 13th century, and a Varangian mercenary force continued in the service of the Byzantine Emperors.
		Varangians had been trading in the Baltic as far back as the seventh century and in 839, they first appear in the Byzantine world, as mercenaries hired by the emperor Theophilus.
		These raids were successful only in causing the Byzantines to re-arrange their trading arrangements; militarily, the Varangians were always defeated by the superior Byzantine forces, especially by the use of Greek fire.The Varangians were hired by the Kievan and Novgorodian princes as mercenaries from the ninth century until the eleventh century.
	www.9nvesting.com /wiki/?title=Varangians (1827 words)

	Central Europe
		The main languages of Europe--Latin, Greek, Welsh, English, German, French, and the Baltic, Slavic and Scandinavian languages--are all classified as Indo-European and are assumed to have a common root language.
		Greek had always been the common and cultured language of the Roman Empire, except in the west and the Balkans, and it eventually replaced Latin.
		Phanariots were Orthodox Greeks from the Phanar quarter of Constantinople, in the northwest of the city by the Golden Horn, where the Orthodox Patriarchate was located.
	www.du.edu /~etuttle/misc/europe.htm (23125 words)

	[No title]
		The native Greeks had that mark of a civilized people, that they never bore weapons during the time of peace, unless the wearer chanced to be numbered among those whose military profession and employment required them to be always in arms.
		The Varangian seemed tired of the short and lingering circle in which he had now trodden for more than an hour, and in which he still loitered like an unliberated spirit, which cannot leave the haunted spot till licensed by the spell which has brought it hither.
		He was not, therefore, acquainted with the minute observances which the Greeks, who were the most formal and ceremonious soldiers and courtiers in the world, rendered not merely to the Greek Emperor in person, but throughout the sphere which peculiarly partook of his influence.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext04/wvr1210.txt (10473 words)

	Apirl 13, 1204 Sack of Constantinopolis - Soccer Fans Network Forums
		In the eyes of all Greeks who knew of this decision, it was a shocking sign of desperation and weak leadership, which deserved to be punished by God.
		The city was re-captured by the Greeks under Michael VIII Palaeologus in 1261, and commerce with Venice was re-established.
		In a way, Greeks thought that the Byzantine civilisation which was centered at the Orthodox faith, would be more secure under Ottoman rule, and preferred to sacrifice their political freedom in order to preserve their religious one.
	forums.soccerfansnetwork.com /showthread.php?t=41774 (4024 words)

	UNIFORM INSIGNIA FORUM :: View topic - Greek Armed Forces History
		The Greeks forgot about their squabbles and joined forces.They saw that this struggle was not about freedom as it once was against Persia; it was not going to be enough now to offer earth and water.
		Soon, the portion of the Greek army that was from that area, were breaking out of the Greek camp to defend their homeland.
		At sunrise the Greeks attacked the Gauls from Delphi, the main force came straight at them by the road, but the Phocians, as they knew the ground better, climbed quietly through the snow by the precipices of Parnassus and got behind their backs, shooting and throwing javelins in perfect security.
	forum.uniforminsignia.net /viewtopic.php?p=10269 (9954 words)

	The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire Chapter 56 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Greeks assumed as their own the merit of the conquest and the pomp of the triumph; extolled the greatness of their powers, and affected to deride the intemperance and sloth of the handful of Barbarians who appeared under the banners of the Carlovingian prince.
		His captives of the Greek nation or party were castrated without mercy, and the outrage was aggravated by a cruel jest, that he wished to present the emperor with a supply of eunuchs, the most precious ornaments of the Byzantine court.
		By the union of the Greeks and Venetians, the Adriatic was covered with a hostile fleet; but their own neglect, or the vigilance of Robert, the change of a wind, or the shelter of a mist, opened a free passage; and the Norman troops were safely disembarked on the coast of Epirus.
	www.ccel.org /g/gibbon/decline/volume2/chap56.htm (15187 words)

	Untitled Document
		The girdle of Greek colonies surrounded it from the Danube to the Caucasus, and the Byzantine emperors still possessed many towns in the Crimea...
		The Varangians were not very numerous, and their expeditions in Russia were not of a violent character.
		The Greek tradition did not know any image of God the Father as distinct from the Son because in the theology of icons only the Incarnation makes legitimate and humanly possible the representation of the Godhead.
	www.revelation2seven.org /WebPages/SideLinks/TheRussianMind.htm (4809 words)

	RAMBAUD ON THE KIEVAN RUS' PRINCIPALITY UNDER VLADIMIR AND YAROSLAV
		He was faithful to his Greek wife, he no longer loved war, he distributed his revenues to the churches and to the poor, and, in spite of the increase of crime, hesitated to inflict capital punishment.
		The Varangian dynasty was thus mingled with the families of the Christian princes, and we may say of the Russia of the XIth century, what we can no longer say of the Russia of the 16th century, that she was a European State.
		This Greek ideal was the Emperor, the Tzar of Constantinople, heir of Augustus and Constantine the Great, Vicar of God upon earth, the typical monarch on whom the eyes of the barbarians of Gaul as well as those of Scythia were fixed.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/VladYar.html (5572 words)

	Saint Luke Orthodox Church - Saints - Saints by Day - January - 1st (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		An agreement was concluded, according to which Vladimir had to send in aid to the emperors six thousand Varangians, to accept holy Baptism, and under these conditions he would receive the hand of the imperial daughter Anna.
		But the Greeks, gladdened by their unexpected deliverance, were in no hurry to fulfill their part of the agreement.
		Vexed at the Greek duplicity, Prince Vladimir "hastened to collect his forces" and he moved "against Korsun, the Greek city", the ancient Chersonessus.
	www.stlukeorthodox.com /html/saints/july/15th.cfm (3717 words)

	Medieval Russia
		The Greeks and Romans knew of them and called them Venedi, but no civilized explorer visited their home before the sixth century A.D., so most of what was known about the Slavs came as hearsay from the Germanic tribes living next to them.
		The Greeks, however, were uncooperative about trading with these newcomers, so Oleg sent an expedition to Constantinople to change their minds, consisting of 2,000 ships carrying 80,000 Vikings.
		The first Varangian tax collectors behaved as if they were on plundering expeditions; after this a formal procedure of revenue assessment and collection was set up to make the whole business less extortionate.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /russia/ru01.html (11703 words)

	Russia: A Country Study
		Historians have debated the role of the Varangians in the establishment of Kievan Rus'.
		Because the East Slavs learned neither Greek nor Latin, they were isolated from Byzantine culture as well as from the European cultures of their neighbors to the west.
		In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the princes and their retinues, which were a mixture of Varangian and Slavic elites and small Finno-Ugric and Turkic elements, dominated the society of Kievan Rus'.
	www.cla.wayne.edu /polisci/kdk/easteurope/sources/russia1.htm (16148 words)

	Урядовий портал :: About Ukraine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		And though Ryukyr had already died, and his son Ihor (in Scandinavian Inhvar) was young to be at the head of the army, Oleh, who was a regent (tutor), until Ihor attained his majority, brought together a retinue of Varangians, Slavs and Finns took Ihor and sailed to Kyiv.
		Varangian princes did not consider Rus as a simple area for further conquests or a land for exploitation.
		This fortress was not only important for the fact of controlling a certain, dependent on Kyiv territory or serving the rout “From Varangians to Greeks” up or down the main artery of Kyivan state.
	www.kmu.gov.ua /control/uk/publish/printable_article?art_id=2629325 (3612 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Russia
		There are Greek colonies also in the chief centres of population of Russia, especially at Odessa and St. Petersburg.
		According to the statistics of 1907, secondary instruction for men is given in 246 gymnasia and 37 pro-gymnasia, having 2912 classes, 4668 masters, and 107,296 students; for women, in 433 gymnasia and 172 pro-gymnasia, with 5432 classes, 10,272 teachers, and 200,761 students, and in 178 Realschulen, 1590 classes, 2538 teachers, and 55,499 students.
		Hostilities were resumed in 1772, and culminated in the treaty of Kutchuk-Kainardii (1774), by which the independence of the Tatars of the Crimea was recognized, while Azoff, Kinburn, and the strongholds of the peninsula were ceded to Russia, which received a war indemnity of 4,500,000 roubles.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13231c.htm (19680 words)

	The Fourth Crusade and the Fall of Constantinople
		The Crusaders were cut to pieces by the axes of the Varangian Guard, but the Venetians scaled the harbour walls and captured twenty-five towers within an hour.
		He decoyed the Varangians away from Alexios, threw him in prison, and took the Imperial diadem for himself.
		The rift between the Greek Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church was perpetuated.
	www.geocities.com /egfrothos/FourthCrusade.html (2526 words)

	Table of Contents and Excerpt, Warner, Russian Myths
		The subsequent impetus for the urbanization and statehood of the early Slavs was provided by the arrival in the ninth century of the Varangians, or Vikings (known locally as the 'Russ'), who were attracted by the commercial advantages offered by this river network, the 'road from the Varangians to the Greeks'.
		Oleg the Holy established his power base at Ladoga; then, at the head of a predominantly Varangian army he moved south, first to Novgorod and then to Kiev.
		However, while the more sophisticated mythological systems may be poorly represented in Russia, the converse is true for the more primitive levels of myth concerned with the natural world, the family and the basic needs of ordinary people.
	www.utexas.edu /utpress/excerpts/exwarrup.html (846 words)

	Table of Nations and Genealogy of Mankind
		Their geographical locations (what is now eastern Europe, southern Russia and Asia Minor) were referred to by the Greeks under the name of Celto-Scythae, which was populated by the Celts to the south and west, and the Scythians to the north.
		The ancient Greeks first called the northern peoples by the general name of Scythae; but when they became acquainted with the nations in the west, they began to call them by the different names of Celts, including the Celto-Scythae.
		For example, scholars note evidence that suggests the descendants of Lud (Shemites) migrated north and intermarried with the Greeks (descendants of Japheth), and were eventually absorbed in that culture.
	www.soundchristian.com /man (8606 words)

	Lord and Peasant in Russia
		Often these mercenaries were Vikings -- or Varangians, as they are known in Russian history -- who began to come down the Russian waterways from their native Scandinavia probably in the eighth century.
		Though their relations with the Greeks were marred by armed conflicts, amicable trading connections were finally established.
		The "road from the Varangians to the Greeks" -- as the chronicler called the great trade route that ran from the Black Sea up the Dnieper and Lovat Rivers, through Lake Ilmen past Novgorod, then down the Volkhov into Lake Ladoga and thence into the Baltic -- became the chief artery of Russian commerce.
	www.ditext.com /blum/blum1.html (3185 words)

	Northvegr - A History of the Vikings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The story goes that the Varangians were expelled from their new dominions in 862 and that after the Swedish suzerainty was thus ended, anarchy reigned among the native people; clan battled against clan, and so disastrous was this internal strife that the Slavs voluntarily invited the Swedes to return and rule them.
		The chronicler says that the Varangians (northerners) concerned in this episode were called Russians, but he does not use this name as the equivalent of Swedes, for he adds that other Varangians were called Swedes, Normans, Angles, and Goths.
		On the other hand, the chronicler's use of the word Varangians here might be taken as support for the theory that the founder of the Russian state was not a Rurik of Sweden but Rorik of Denmark (see note 1, p.
	www.northvegr.org /lore/history_viking/034.php (982 words)

	How did the Empire of Nicaea emerge as the front-runner of the Byzantine Successor States and eventually become the ...
		The second major Greek successor state, the Empire of Trebizond, was established in the month before the fall of Constantinople by two brothers, Alexius and David Comnenus, grandsons of Andronicus I, who had fled to Georgia following the deposition of their grandfather in 1185 and now wished to continue the family dynasty.
		Not only was it the prominent Greek state in Asia, but it was now the principal Greek state in Eastern Europe and with the Latin Empire under the leadership of an eleven-year-old boy, Baldwin II, and his octogenarian regent, the former king of Jerusalem, John of Brienne, the race for Constantinople looked entirely winnable.
		Their relations became so close that some of Vatatzes’s Greek troops were found fighting in Frederick’s army in Italy and when Vatatzes’s wife died, he married the daughter of the German emperor, Constance.
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Article/398203 (5808 words)

	KOESTLER'S JEW = KHAZAR THEORY. : Utah IMC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The amputation of his nose, perhaps of his tongue, was imperfectly performed; the happy flexibility of the Greek language could impose the name of Rhinotmetus ("Cut-off Nose"); and the mutilated tyrant was banished to Chersonae in Crim-Tartary, a lonely settlement where corn, wine and oil were imported as foreign luxuries.
		Indeed the king of the Greeks at the present time, the Year of the Hegira 332 [AD 943-4] has converted the Jews in his kingdom to Christianity by coercion....
		Anyone refusing to accept their erroneous belief was placed in an olive mill under a wooden press, and squeezed in the way olives are squeezed in the mill.
	utah.indymedia.org /mail.php?id=8078 (20447 words)

	Ukraine Trip - ukrainetrip.com
		The famous Dnipro River trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" ran through Kyiv, and the Zalizny route led to the Sea of Azov as well.
		The next time the world heard about Ukraine was during the period of the Cossack Republic - centered in the famed "Zaporizka Sich" Fortress - at the end of the 15th century.
		The long road to independence by the Ukrainian people began with Cossack military campaigns.
	www.ukrainetrip.com /about_ukraine_history.shtml (601 words)

	RAMBAUD ON THE KIEVAN RUS' IN THE APPANAGE PERIOD--UNITY IN DIVISION
		Her situation on the Dnieper, the neighborhood of the Greek Empire, the fertility of the Black Land, for long secured to this State the supremacy over the other Russian principalities.
		On the south she bordered directly on the nomads of the steppe, against whom her princes were forced to raise a barrier of frontier towns.
		There was the unity of historical development, as up to that time the RussoSlavs had all followed the same road, had accepted Greek civilization, submitted to the Varangians, pursued certain great enterprises in common-such as the expeditions against Byzantium and the war with the nomads.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Ramapp1.html (4624 words)

	Rome and Romania, Roman Emperors, Byzantine Emperors, etc.
		In the Middle Ages, the Greeks used their own word for "Greeks," Hellênes, to mean the ancient pagan Greeks, as in the Bible.
		It is also from this point that the status of the Emperor is elevated far beyond that of a mere official to a being with semi-divine status, altering the form of government from "Principate" (from princeps, "prince" or "first") to "Dominate" (from dominus, "lord").
		I suspect that the vividness of the Arthur stories, like that of the Greek epics and of the Mahâbhârata in India, is an artifact of a literate society that for a time lost its literacy but remembered, after a fashion, what it was like.
	www.friesian.com /romania.htm (13905 words)

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