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	Robben Island, Cape Town
		Robben Island, just off the coast of Cape Town, is famous for the imprisonment of South Africa’s first democratic President, Nelson Mandela in its maximum-security prison and its association with apartheid.
		Robben Island was a prison for indigenous African leaders, Muslim leaders from the East Indies, Dutch and British settler soldiers and civilians, women and anti-apartheid activists.
		The island is also a sanctuary for bird life, with over 132 bird species and the ferry trip to the island offers a chance to spot some of the marine life.
	www.cape-venues.co.za /site-seeing/robben-island.htm (0 words)

	Robben Island
		During the apartheid years Robben Island was used to isolate opponents of apartheid and to crush their morale.
		Overcoming opposition from the prison authorities, prisoners on the Island after the 1960s were able to organise sporting events, political debates and educational programmes, and to assert their right to be treated as human beings, with dignity and equality.
		Robben Island was used at various times between the 17th and 20th centuries as a prison, a hospital for socially unacceptable groups and a military base.
	www.places.co.za /html/robin_island.html (588 words)

	Cape Town, South Africa - Attractions - Robben Island
		From 1846-1931, the island harboured a hospital for leprosy patients, and the mentally and chronically ill. During this time, political and common-law prisoners were still kept on the island, and the island was as much a prison to them as to the patients, for whose ailing there was no cure and little effective treatment available.
		Robben Island not only holds historical remnants of an era considered to be one of the most important learning curves of South Africa; it also tells us about 'the indestructibility of the spirit of resistance against colonialism, injustice and oppression'.
		Much has been done to restore the island's ecological haven to what it used to be before the intervention of man. In 1991 Robben Island was included in the SA natural heritage program and the northern part of the island was declared a bird sanctuary.
	www.cape-town.info /cape-town-attractions/robben-island (644 words)

	robben island \|cape town luxury hotels and accommodation
		Robben Island, which lies approximately 11 kilometres north of Cape Town, is where former President, Nelson Mandela was incarcerated for most of his 27 years of imprisonment.
		The island, once described by Nelson Mandela as "the harshest, most iron-fisted outpost in the South African penal system," was used as a place where the pre-democratic authorities in South Africa banished their political opponents.
		In its tumultuous history, Robben Island has served as a sheep farm, a penal settlement, a leper colony, a pauper camp, an infirmary and a lunatic asylum.
	www.thelastword.co.za /cape_attractions/robben_island.php (0 words)

	A Touch of Mandela - Robben Island
		The culmination of the containment of unwanted elements was between 1961 and 1991 during which over 3 000 fl male activists were imprisoned on the island because of their resistance to the apartheid system.
		Robben Island was a naval training base until 1959 when the apartheid government decided to build a maximum-security prison for fl men.
		With the release of Nelson Mandela in 1990 and the last of the political prisoners in 1991, Robben Island became a symbol of human freedom.
	www.ddc.co.za /clients/tom/robben/index.html (543 words)

	Robben Island Information
		Robben Island (Afrikaans Robbeneiland) is an island in Table Bay, 12 km off the coast from Cape Town, South Africa and is located at 33.806734° S 18.366222° E.
		Robben Island was first inhabited thousands of years ago by stone age people, at a time when sealevels were considerably lower than they are today and people could walk to it.
		From 1836 to 1931 the island was used as a leper colony and in the 20th century it became infamous as a gaol for political prisoners under apartheid.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Robben_Island (756 words)

	Maza ’s Weblog » Robben Island
		Robben Island was first inhabited thousands of years ago by stone age people, at a time when sealevels were considerably lower than they are today and people could walk to it.
		rom 1836 to 1931 the island was used as a leper colony and in the 20th century it became infamous as a gaol for political prisoners under apartheid.
		It is not generally known that the use of the island as a prison was greatly inhibited for centuries by a lack of fresh water.
	www.mazalien.nl /weblog/archives/2006/06/04/robben-island (729 words)

	Tourism Cape Town - Robben Island - Destination Cape Town
		For nearly 400 years, Robben Island, 12 kilometres from Cape Town, was a place of banishment, exile, isolation and imprisonment.
		The duty of those who ran the Island and its prison was to isolate opponents of apartheid and to crush their morale.
		Robben Island came to symbolise, not only for South Africa and the African continent, but also for the entire world, the triumph of the human spirit over enormous hardship and adversity.
	www.destinationcapetown.com /about/robben-island.htm (169 words)

	The Harsh Island - Robben Island
		Robben Island is a small oval outcrop, 10 km north of Mouille Point, guarding the entrance to Table Bay.
		Robben Island also became a whaling station in 1806, under the control of John Murray, secretary to the Government.
		Robben Island acted mainly as a hospital in the nineteenth century.
	www.encounter.co.za /article/65.html (652 words)

	Avian Demography Unit: Robben Island
		Robben Island is the largest of the islands along the coastline of South Africa.
		Robben Island's proximity to Cape Town had the inevitable result of it becoming the least natural of all the islands along the South African coastline.
		The section of the island's coastline in front of the hide was the part that was worst impacted by the Treasure oil spill in June 2000.
	web.uct.ac.za /depts/stats/adu/robben.htm (770 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Africa \| Cat fight over SA's Robben Island
		At a meeting last week, officials of the Robben Island Museum - the custodian of the island - wildlife experts and SPCA representatives, a decision was taken to resume the shootings immediately as the cats were "having a devastating effect on most of the endangered birds" on the island.
		Robben Island is homes to about 132 bird species and about 7,000 breeding pairs of African penguins, as well as reptiles such as the dwarf chameleon.
		Robben Island was used as a leper colony, military base and prison from the 17th to the 20th century.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/africa/4919354.stm (419 words)

	Robben Island
		The Robben Island Museum was established as a National Monument and a National Museum in September 1996.
		The first reported shipwreck near Robben Island was that of Yeanger of Horne, which was wrecked near the northern shore in 1611.
		The sandy beach on the Eastern side of the island (adjacent to the harbor) is the burial ground of many of those who died in the accident.
	www.sunsetbeach.co.za /robben_island.htm (435 words)

	ROBBEN ISLAND
		Robben Island, Cape Town: For nearly 400 years, Robben Island, 12 kilometres from Cape Town, was a place of banishment, exile, isolation and imprisonment.
		Overcoming opposition from the prison authorities, prisoners on Robben Island after the 1960s were able to organise sporting events, political debates and educational programmes, and to assert their right to be treated as human beings, with dignity and equality.
		In the 1840s, Robben Island was chosen for a hospital because it was both secure (isolating dangerous cases) and healthy (providing a good environment for cure).
	www.sa-venues.com /attractionswc/robben-island.htm (0 words)

	Robben Island Museum
		For nearly 400 years, Robben Island, 12 kilometres from Cape Town, was a place of banishment, exile, isolation and imprisonment.
		The duty of those who ran the Island and its prison was to isolate opponents of apartheid and to crush their morale.
		Robben Island came to symbolise, not only for South Africa and the African continent, but also for the entire world, the triumph of the human spirit over enormous hardship and adversity.
	www.robben-island.org.za (0 words)

	Robben Island and Prisoner Resistance to Apartheid
		Though Robben Island is only part of the overall story of the struggle, understanding what transpired on the island from roughly 1960 to 1990 is a crucial component of any understanding of the resistance movement itself.
		The inmates on the island transformed themselves and the anti-apartheid struggle in part by escalating their resistance to the authorities beyond the base need for survival—e.g., the struggle over access to education while in the prison—to active engagement in the effort to destroy apartheid.
		But Buntman also analyzes the influence of the Robben Island inmates on the larger resistance movement, both as a symbol of resistance to ordinary people and as a source of foot soldiers as some inmates were released from imprisonment.
	www.bsos.umd.edu /gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/buntman604.htm (1675 words)

	Robben Island remembers - SouthAfrica.info
		The windswept island, with its astounding legacy of confinement and brutality for those exiled there - and its paradoxical existence as a sanctuary for bird and animal life - is a place of mystery and amazement to the many who visit it.
		Robben Island, declared a World Heritage Site in 1999, is home to the Robben Island Museum, a national museum and monument which displays its astounding history to the many tourists who flock there in search of more information and understanding about South Africa’s past.
		Robben Island generates its own electricity and is involved in a research initiative to draw electricity from the strong waves that pound its shores.
	www.southafrica.info /ess_info/sa_glance/history/robbenisland.htm (900 words)

	Robben Island - Book Cape Town
		Robben Island, a small piece of land just off the Cape coast, has a dark and complex history.
		It is home to the Robben Island Living Museum and is being developed as a National Heritage and conservation project, while the symbolism of the island is maintained.
		Robben Island Tours are run regularly each day from the VandA Waterfront.
	www.bookcapetown.com /things-to-do/places/robben-island.html (248 words)

	Robben Island - Go2Africa Newsletter September 2006
		The Robben Island Museum is very much in character for South Africa, with extreme beauty offset against an ugly political and economic history.
		The Robben Island Kramat was built in 1969 to commemorate Sheikh Madura, one of the founders of Islam in South Africa, whom the Dutch exiled to the island in the mid 1740s, until his death in 1754.
		In the 1980s cameras were even smuggled onto Robben Island, and some of the pictures on display throughout the tour are the fruits of this covert convict activity.
	www.go2africa.com /newsletter/2006/09/robben-island.asp (2298 words)

	Let's Go Cape Town - Robben Island (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Official tours to the 'museum to crown all museums' are conducted exclusively by the Robben Island Museum, and the cost of the cruise includes a comprehensive tour of the political prison and a bus ride which takes visitors right across the island.
		The island started out as a post office depot and supply canter for fresh meat and vegetables for ships passing the Cape, and its quarries were also the source of the Colony's slate, stone and lime while, in later years, it served as a leper colony.
		Robben Island's most significant features, however, are its birds, plants and animals - including the seals after which the island is named - and the prison buildings, including the cell in which Nelson Mandela spent 19 years of his 27-year sentence.
	www.letsgocapetown.co.za /html/robben.htm (184 words)

	GRADE 4: Heritage and Identity (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Robben Island was used as a prison and a place where people were isolated, banished and exiled to for nearly 400 years.
		In the 1900’s Robben Island changed again and all the lepers were sent to hospitals in the Cape.
		Robben Island was declared a World Heritage Site because the buildings on the island are a reminder of its sad history and because the same buildings also show the power of the human spirit, freedom and the victory of democracy over oppression.
	www.sahistory.org.za /pages/classroom/pages/projects/grade4/lesson4/robben-island.htm (553 words)

	robben island - nelson mandela - south africa
		Robben Island is located outside Table Bay and is 12km off the coast from Cape Town, South Africa.
		Robben Island was declared a World Heritage Site on December 1, 1997 and has become a symbol of the triumph of the human spirit.
		Robben Island is now a living museum and is an essential excursion for those wishing to learn more about its place in history.
	www.intoweb.co.za /affiliate_relais_hotel_robben_island.html (601 words)

	History of Robben Island prison
		Robben Island was discovered in 1488 when Bartolomeu Dias anchored his ship off of its coast.
		Robben Island was said to be Hell, a place of desolate banishment from which few returned.
		Today the island exists as a reminder of the horror of the past and a tribute to those who gave their lives and their freedom for the right to liberty.
	ut.essortment.com /robbenislandpr_rirv.htm (1106 words)

	Robben Island Museum
		Overcoming opposition from the prison authorities, prisoners on the Island after the 1960s were able to organise sporting events, political debates and educational programmes, and to assert their right to be treated as human beings, with dignity and equality.
		The image we have of the Island today is as a place of oppression, as well as a place of triumph.
		It runs educational programmes for schools, youths and adults, facilitates tourism development, conducts ongoing research related to the Island and fulfils an archiving function.
	www.robben-island.org.za /departments/heritage/heritage.asp (0 words)

	Robben Island - Accommodation, Restaurants and Attractions on Robben Island
		Robben Island, surrounded by Great White Shark infested waters, together with the extremely cold, strong current of the Atlantic waters deterred all prisoners from making a swim to the mainland.
		In earlier years Robben Island was a training and defense station during World War II (1939-1945) and a hospital for leprosy patients, and the mentally and chronically ill (1846-1931).
		Robben Island served as a “prison” to its hospital patients suffering from leprosy and mental illness due to the fact that no real medication was available.
	www.robben-island.com /history.htm (300 words)

	Magazine 2002 - Robben Island
		I arrived on Robben Island fully aware it had been the place of banishment, exile, isolation and imprisonment for political prisoners for over 30 years of the apartheid era.
		While it was the duty of those who ran Robben Island to isolate and crush morale, those imprisoned succeeded in turning their time into positive action.
		We want Robben Island to be a Monument reflecting the triumph of the human spirit against the forces of evil.
	www.manannan.org.im /aosa/magazines/magazine_02/mag2002_robben_island.htm (866 words)

	[No title]
		Since the early 1600s, Robben Island (Dutch for “Seal Island”), 7.5 miles (12 km) from the mainland and encompassing some 1,420 acres (5.7 km²;), has served as a site of desolate banishment, exile and isolation to leprosy sufferers, mentally ill patients and political dissidents.
		When Robben Island established a General Infirmary, from 1846 to 1931, becoming the main leper colony in the cape, with more than a thousand inmates, it was recorded that the “misfits” were treated with no respect whatsoever.
		Robben Island was meant to “cure” the lepers, as sea bathing improved their skin-condition, but, instead, the only treatment they received was hostility.
	www.goworldtravel.com /ex/aspx/articleGuid.A9074DB5-E307-4867-AE16-1E65A7996705/xe/email.htm (1375 words)

	Robben Island
		Robben Island is a tiny island which lies 9 km to the south of the mainland of Cape Town.
		In 1658 van Riebeeck established a penal colony on the island and it was declared a maximum security prison.
		Robben Island is synonymous with the imprisonment of Nelson Mandela.
	hometown.aol.com /unicornlvr340911/robben.html (242 words)

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