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Topic: Robbery in English law

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	Outlaws and Highwaymen - A History
		In the argot used by professional crooks, highway robbery was known as the high law.
		Gamaliel Ratsey, a gentleman soldier who was hanged for robbery in 1605, became the hero of two collections of stories about his exploits as a highwayman.
		At the end of the century, a passage in the feminist writer Mary Wollstonecraft demonstrates the persistence of the belief that the behaviour of English highway robbers proved the superiority of the English over the French.
	www.outlawsandhighwaymen.com /history.htm (1607 words)

	Robbery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Robbery is the crime of seizing property through violence or intimidation.
		A perpetrator of a robbery is a robber.
		Because violence is an ingredient of most robberies, they sometimes result in the harm or murder of their victims.
	www.eastcleveland.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Robbery (350 words)

	Robbery
		Robbery is the crime of seizing property through violence or intimidation, sometimes resulting in in the murder of the victim.
		Armed robbery involves the use of a weapon.
		In English law, a robbery is any theft involving the use of force, or the threat of force, to carry out the theft, see theft in English Law.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/r/ro/robbery.html (133 words)

	English Legal System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		English common law or the body of customary law based on judicial decisions and embodied in report of decided cases,originated in the early Middle Ages in decision of local courts which applied custom and reason to every day disputes with the aid of but few formal enactments.
		English common law continued to be developed by judges as opposed to legislators and their case law continues today to decide the meaning of legislative enactments and fill in gaps in the law by « declaring » (in effect extending and developing) the common law.
		The Common Law is the oldest national law in Europe (12th century,1066) and is common to a whole kingdom administered by a central court with a nation-wide competence in first instance.
	www.u-psud.fr /SCEAUX/enseignement/R.nsf/els.htm?OpenPage (11686 words)

	Robbery Summary
		Robbery is the crime of seizing property through violence or intimidation.
		A perpetrator of a robbery is a robber.
		Violence is an ingredient of most robberies, and its use sometimes results in the murder of the victim(s).
	www.bookrags.com /Robbery (1094 words)

	Robbery
		Norrmalmstorg robbery The Norrmalmstorg robbery occurred in 1973, and was famous for two reasons: It inspired the first...
		Robbery in English Law Robbery in Theft Act 1968.
		Elements of Robbery Robbery consists of an act of theft coupled with:...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/robbery.html (159 words)

	Supreme Court - Henry II and the English Common Law: Lawlink NSW (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		To be within the law, one had to be an accepted member of the household of a magnate who was responsible for one’s good behaviour, or an accepted member of a vill, or of an incorporated city or borough, of which there were at first very few.
		The method of trial was wager of law; complex rules decided which party had the burden of proof or disproof of a claim; that party had to establish his position not only by swearing that his position was true, but also by producing a number of oath-helpers to swear that his oath was reliable.
		Although there were few crimes at common law, the King’s Peace covered most of the acts of violence which occurred, and the sheriffs or his officers had the means of bringing accused persons before the King’s justices and pursuing the accusation.
	www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au /sc\sc.nsf/pages/bryson1 (10230 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Roman Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The Roman law in its maturity recognized a definite natural-law theory as the ultimate test of the reasonableness of positive law, and repudiated the concept that justice is the creature of positive law.
		Law was natural or positive (man-made); it was natural strictly speaking (instinctive), or it was natural under the Roman concept of the jus gentium (law of nations) — natural in itself or so universally recognized by all men that a presumption arose by reason of universality.
		By the law of nations they became slaves by reason of captivity; by civil law, by the status of their parents or in the occasional case where they permitted themselves to be sold in order to participate in the price, if they were over twenty years of age.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09079a.htm (12228 words)

	Robbery in English law - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		It is a statutory offence contrary to Section 8 of the Theft Act 1968 and carries a maximum sentence of life imprisonment.
		Robbery consists of an act of theft coupled with:
		The use of force, or putting or seeking to put the victim in fear of subjection to force, in order to steal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Robbery_in_English_law (150 words)

	[No title]
		In the conclusion "the law actually is thus and so," the word "law" no longer refers to a norm or a rule about which the defendant is mistaken, but to an empirical concept of law equivalent to whether the court actually acquits in the particular case.
		However, Hall contends that mistake of law should not be a defence.68 The reason he gives is the 'the plea of mistake implies that the penal law in question was actually brought to D's attention.....This places D in a much less favourable position than that of the invincibly ignorant person.
		In English law the concept of involuntariness is readily accepted when the actor surrenders to external pressure but it does not seem to be so ready to accept moral involuntariness which might arise because of a mistake of law.
	law.anu.edu.au /criminet/kumar.html (10817 words)

	Bambooweb: Robbery
		Robbery is the crime of seizing property through violence or intimidation, sometimes resulting in the murder of the victim; a perpetrator of a robbery is a robber.
		Armed robbery involves the use of a weapon.
		In English law, a robbery is any theft involving the use of force, or the threat of force, to carry out the theft, see theft in English Law.
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/r/o/Robbery.html (116 words)

	Tennessee Law Review
		Because English law assumed that power corrupts, the Crown was not vested with the legal authority to indict Zenger and put him on trial by itself.
		Laws and regulations are becoming unenforceable as people refuse to obey them out of elitism, self-defense, or lack of moral motivation to obey.
		This charge complies with an often-cited 19th century ruling that claims jurors are obligated to follow the law: "[the] jury is expected to be governed by law, and the law it should receive from the court." Sparf v.
	www.saf.org /LawReviews/Gifford1.htm (19181 words)

	Police-information.co.uk legislation index - Scotland
		Any person who, without lawful authority or reasonable excuse, the proof whereof shall lie with him/them, has with him/them, in any public place any offensive weapon shall be guilty of an offence.
		Robbery is the felonious appropriation of property by means of violence or threats of violence.
		Violence or threats of violence are an essential element of robbery, and must have been used with theftuous intent.The appropriation of the property must be simultaneous with the violence used or threatened.
	www.police-information.co.uk /legislation/legislationindexsco.html (6976 words)

	Torture and English Law Plantagenets to Stuarts
		In these circumstances, it is not surprising that the Crown made use of all of those instruments that, de facto, were at its disposal for the discovery of its subjects who might attack or subvert it and of their strategies.
		On the other hand, even as far as concerned political or politico-religious cases, Robert Cecil’s letter of the 28th of February, 1594, about Lopez, suggests that extra-judicial confessions might be crucial evidence against those who made them; as we have noticed, Lopez’s associates were said to have been convicted upon their confessions.
		Sir Julius Caesar (Master of the Rolls), the Lieutenant of the Tower, the (Common) Law Officers, two sergeants-at-law, and one of the clerks of the Council, concerning a clergyman, Edmund Peacham.
	phoenixandturtle.net /excerptmill/heath.htm (3578 words)

	Articles - Theft Act 1968 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The Theft Act 1968 resulted from the efforts of the Criminal Law Revision Committee to reform the English law of theft.
		While the law had been tinkered with in many respects, it failed to cover some important classes of criminal taking and was legally complicated.
		The intention of the Theft Act 1968, was to replace the existing law of theft and other deception related property offences, by a single enactment, while at the same time putting the law on a principled footing.
	www.sidepoint.com /articles/Theft_Act_1968 (215 words)

	NRA-ILA :: Fact Sheets
		While America is quite different from certain countries in terms of firearms laws, we are just as different from those countries in other respects which have a much greater influence on crime rates.
		Kopel notes that crime is also suppressed in some foreign countries by law enforcement and criminal justice policies that would run afoul of civil rights protections in the U.S. Constitution and which the American people would not accept.
		The grand jury, an ancient common law institution, was abolished in 1933.
	www.nraila.org /Issues/FactSheets/Read.aspx?ID=78 (1940 words)

	Robbery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Wikimedia needs your help in its US$200,000 fund drive.
		Contract law · Tort law · Property law
		This page was last modified 12:56, 7 August 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Robbery (319 words)

	The Crown's Justice, A Brief Look At English Tipstaves by Patrick Lynch IV - Photo Gallery at Police Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		By the end of the 17th century, highway robbery had become so prevalent in England that the King was required to call on regular troops to make an unsuccessful effort to make travel on the highways safe.
		Continuing in this effort, in 1692 a law was passed offering rewards for highwaymen killed or captured, and pardons were provided for accomplices who turned in their companions.
		Rioting had become so commonplace that the law was amended so that once a responsible party read the riot act to a mob, the mob must disperse.
	www.policeguide.com /britpol.htm (2513 words)

	AllRefer.com - Sir Thomas Malory (English Literature To 1499, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		He was evidently a violent, lawless individual who committed a series of crimes, including poaching, extortion, robbery, and murder.
		Most of his life from 1451 was spent in prison, and he probably did most of his writing there.
		The last medieval English work of the Arthurian legend, Malory's tales are supposedly based on an assortment of French prose romances.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/Malory-S.html (313 words)

	Superintendencia de Bancos de Panamá - English Information - Law 41 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		This Code revokes the Penal Code approved by Law 6 of November 17, 1922, and all the stipulations of reforms, additions or complementaries.
		In reference to the indictment aspect of the investigations, monies, goods, titles, securities or other financial resources related to the crime of capital laundering, Articles 28,29,30,31,33, and 34 of Law 23, of December 30, 1986, amended by Law 13 of July 27, 1994 shall be applied wherever compatible (Single text).
		The monies seized which are product of the crime of capital laundering shall be immediately placed under disposition of the Special Fund for Retired and Pensioned subject to a sentence that orders their definite incorporation into the Fund or its return to the processed party or the victim, whichever is the case.
	www.superbancos.gob.pa /english/law-41.html (771 words)

	Criminal Law in English (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In the United States, general criminal law is applied to American citizens
		Therefore, the State enforces the law and the
		robbery, and generally carry a maximum punishment of one year.
	www.law.du.edu /lawinspanish/projects/overview.htm (320 words)

	Virginia Armed Robbery Lawyer Maryland Carjacking Defense Attorney Criminal VA MD MA Massachusetts
		When a person seizes the property of another through violence or intimidation, then the person may be charged with robbery.
		Generally, some form of violence is used in the commission of a robbery.
		Robbery combined with the use of a weapon is classified as armed robbery.
	www.srislawyer.com /PracticeAreas/Robbery-Carjacking-Lawyer.asp (519 words)

	Law Library - American Law and Legal Information
		Highlights, Trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg and Morton Sobell: 1951 - Invited To Engage In Espionage, Prosecution Witnesses Provide Details, A Jell-o Box Cut In Two, Dennis v.
		Betty Naomi Goldstein Friedan, Friend of the Court, Friendly Fire, Henry Jacob Friendly, Friendly Suit, Fries's Rebellion, Frisk, Frivolous, Frolic, Frontiero v.
		Kerr-McGee, California First English Evangelical Lutheran Church of Glendale v.
	law.jrank.org (1059 words)

	English Books > Law > Criminal Law
		Founding The Criminal Law: Punishment And Political Thought In The Origins Of America
		Fraud Report on a Reference Under Section 3 (I) (E) of the New Law Commissions Act 1965
		From Social Justice To Criminal Justice: Poverty & The Administration Of Criminal Law
	www.netstoreusa.com /books/index/bkbll600F.shtml (407 words)

	OUP: English Public Law: Feldman
		This work sets out to become the essential first point of reference on English public law for lawyers in the UK and worldwide.
		Written by a team of leading English experts in the public law field, this companion volume to English Private Law examines all the key areas of public law: constitutional law, human rights, administrative law, judicial review, and criminal law.
		Contained within a single volume lawyers will find an authoritative and well-organized analysis of the English law on these subjects.
	www.oup.co.uk /isbn/0-19-876551-7 (980 words)

	English Books > Law > Jurisprudence
		White, Robin C.A. (Professor of Law and Dean, Faculty of Law, University of Leicester)
		Administrative Law Application and Enforcement of Community Law in the Netherlands
		American Law In The Age Of Hypercapitalism: The Worker, The Family, And The State
	book.netstoreusa.com /index/bkblp200.shtml (765 words)

	English Books > English Law > English Criminal Law: Offences Against Property > Index > World Retail Store
		Blacks Law: A Criminal Lawyer Reveals His Defense Strategies In Four Cliffhanger Cases
		Cases And Materials On The Law Of Sentencing, Corrections, And Prisoners Rights
		Criminal Law And Procedure For The Paralegal: A System Approach
	www.worldretailstore.com /index/BE-LCRH.html (878 words)

	Torah MiTzion - Parsha Resource List (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Dvar Torah Parashat Noach – Repercussions of the Sin of Robbery (English)
		The Buds are Appearing in the Land (English)
		The Judge, The Judgment And The Altar (English)
	www.torahmitzion.org /eng/resources/parsha.asp (449 words)

	EXPLORE - Law Dictionary and Encyclopedia With Over 3,000 Legal Terms! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		EXPLORE - Law Dictionary and Encyclopedia With Over 3,000 Legal Terms!
		If you are not taken to the home page in 5 seconds, please click on this link: Dictionary of Law
		Thank you for using the Dictionary of Everything!
	www.explore-law.com /law/R/Robbery.html (47 words)

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