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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Robert Adrain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Robert Adrain (September 30, 1775 - August 10, 1843) was a scientist and mathematician.
		Adrain certainly did not know of the work of C.F. Gauss on least squares (published 1809), although it is possible that he had read A.M. Legendre's article on the topic (published 1804).
		Adrain, Gauss, and Legendre all motivated the method of least squares by the problem of reconciling disparate physical measurements; in the case of Gauss and Legendre, the measurements in question were astronomical, and in Adrain's case they were survey measurements.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Robert-Adrain (312 words)

	Robert Adrain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Robert Adrain (September 30, 1775 - August 10, 1843)was a scientist and mathematician.
		Adrain certainly did not know of the work of C.F. Gauss on least squares (published 1809), although it is possible that he hadread A.M. Legendre 's article on the topic (published1804).
		Adrain, Gauss, and Legendre all motivated the method of least squares by the problem of reconciling disparate physicalmeasurements; in the case of Gauss and Legendre, the measurements in question were astronomical, and in Adrain's case they weresurvey measurements.
	www.therfcc.org /robert-adrain-128697.html (172 words)

	Robert Adrain -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Robert Adrain (September 30, 1775 - August 10, 1843) was a (A person with advanced knowledge of one of more sciences) scientist and (A person skilled in mathematics) mathematician.
		Adrain certainly did not know of the work of (Click link for more info and facts about C.F. Gauss) C.F. Gauss on least squares (published 1809), although it is possible that he had read (Click link for more info and facts about A.M. Legendre) A.M. Legendre's article on the topic (published 1804).
		Adrain died in (A province in southeastern Canada) New Brunswick, (A Mid-Atlantic state on the Atlantic; one of the original 13 colonies) New Jersey.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/ro/robert_adrain.htm (265 words)

	Adrain biography
		Adrain was appointed as a master at Princeton Academy and remained there until 1800 when the family moved to York in Pennsylvania.
		It was in 1808 that Robert Patterson proposed a surveying problem in the Analyst and, after comments from Bowditch suggesting two procedures, Adrain gave an argument to establish the validity of the normal distribution for the errors, and he then used it to prove the validity of the method of least squares.
		Adrain's improvement on Laplace's value was, of course, made because Adrain had been inspired to work on the topic because of the contributions of Laplace.
	www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk /history/Biographies/Adrain.html (1413 words)

	Robert Adrain (1775-1843), University of Pennsylvania Archives
		Robert Adrain was born in Carrickfergus, Ireland, September 30, 1775, the son of a school teacher who also made mathematical instruments.
		From 1809 to 1813 Adrain was Professor of Mathematics in Queens College, now Rutgers College, and then resigned to accept the Chair of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Columbia, receiving the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from Columbia in 1818.
		Adrain continued as a Penn faculty member until his resignation in 1834 because of problems with discipline in his classes.
	www.archives.upenn.edu /histy/people/1700s/adrain_robt.html (371 words)

	Geometry.Net - Scientists: Adrain Robert
		After his parents died, Adrain had to work to support both himself and his four brothers and sisters and it was entirely natural for this well educated young man to earn his living as a teacher.
		robert adrain Professor of Mathematics, sealof the University of Pennsylvania, 17821847, depicting the Rittenhouse Orrery.
		robert adrain, born in Ireland in 1775,was Professor of Mathematics at the University of Pennsylvania, 1827-1834.
	www.geometry.net /scientists/adrain_robert.php (2065 words)

	Descendants of Ann "Nancy" Pollock and Robert Adrain
		...4 Robert Adrain b Dec. 17, 1853 in New Brunswick, NJ.
		Adrain & Story are found again in an 1857 S.F. city directory.
		In the 1860 census of San Francisco, Calif., W. Adrain, merchant, is living with P. Williamson and his wife, Eliza Adrain Williamson.
	www.members.cox.net /bsowers/Ann.htm (1281 words)

	American Scientist Online - Science on the Farther Shore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This lesser-known inventor was Robert Adrain, who published an account of the method—and also of the closely related bell-shaped curve we now know as the normal or Gaussian distribution—at roughly the same time as Gauss's own publication.
		The reason is that Adrain lived and worked and published in an out-of-the-way corner of the world, cut off from communication with the main centers of learning.
		Adrain's story is already well known to historians of mathematics, and I have nothing new to add to the factual record.
	www.americanscientist.org /template/AssetDetail/assetid/14774 (410 words)

	Geometry.Net - Scientists: Adrain Robert
		The names of Robert Adrain 's parents are unknown but we do know that his father was a schoolteacher and that he made mathematical instruments.
		Robert Adrain (1775-1843) After Adrain came to the US from his native Ireland in 1798 (or 9), he settled first at Princeton, NJ, where he was appointed a master at Princeton Academy.
		Adrain took part in the Irish rebellion of 1798 and escaped with his wife to the USA.
	www.geometry.net /detail/scientists/adrain_robert.html (1992 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Robert Bourassa's speech on the end of the Meech Lake Accord
		Robert Bruce Stuart, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne
		Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/r/ro (93 words)

	A History of Mathematics at Rutgers
		Robert Adrain was born in Ireland and emmigrated after the Irish Rebellion of 1798.
		Robert Adrain was rehired as the Professor of Mathematics, at an annual salary of $1,750.
		Robert Wilson is Associate Dean of FAS and Mike Beals is FAS Dean of Undergraduate Education.
	www.math.rutgers.edu /docs/history.html (13274 words)

	Math words page 15
		Adrain and N. Bowditch were probably the two premier mathematicians in America before 1876.
		In 1809, while analyzing errors in surveying and dead reckoning at sea, Adrain discovered the Gauss Distribution in Probability Theory, demonstrating that errors are distributed according to a bell-shaped curve f(x) = C exp(-hx^2).
		Adrain was unaware that the French mathematician Adrien Legendre had asserted this without proof in 1805, and Karl Friedrich Gauss was to give a more rigorous proof later on, but Adrain's was the first proof.
	www.pballew.net /arithm15.html (4028 words)

	The Winchester Star (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Robert Michael “Mike” Adrain, 47, of Winchester, died Tuesday, Aug. 31, 2004, in Winchester Medical Center.
		Adrain was born Nov. 30, 1956, in Loudoun County, the son of Samuel R. and Mary Ellen Fletcher Adrain.
		Surviving with his parents, of Boyce, are three sisters, Kelley Adrain and Donna Adrain, both of Sterling, and Sandra Hottel of Purcellville; and his grandmother, Eugenia Adrian of Berryville.
	www.winchesterstar.com /TheWinchesterStar/040904/Obituaries.asp (808 words)

	Chronology of Science in the United States
		Robert Hare (1781-1858) presented to the Chemical Society of Philadelphia his paper, "Memoir of the Supply and Application of the Blow-Pipe." It presented the twenty-year-old scientist's discovery relating to the intense production of heat with his oxyhydrogen blow-pipe, progenitor of the welding torch.
		Robert Adrain (1775-1843) published The Analyst, or Mathematical Companion, a periodical produced in Philadelphia.
		Adrain was an important contributor; others who published there included Nathaniel Bowditch (1773-1838) and Robert Patterson (1743-1824).
	home.earthlink.net /~claelliott/chron1800.htm (1815 words)

	Kaaba bei eLexi - das Onlinelexikon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Robert Jay Lifton (born May 16, 1926) is a prominent American psychiatrist and author.
		He was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Harold A. (a businessman) and Ciel (Roth) Lifton.
		Robert Vaughn Young (also commonly known by his initials, RVY) was the public relations officer for the Church of Scientology for many years.
	www.elexi.de /en/k/ka/kaaba.html (633 words)

	Robert Adrain
		After Adrain came to the US from his native Ireland in 1798 (or 9), he settled first at Princeton, NJ, where he was appointed a master at Princeton Academy.
		The Mathematical Correspondent, an early American mathematics journal, began publishing in 1804 under the editorship of George Baron and Adrain became one of its main contributors.
		Letter from VanDeventer to Thayer, November 2, 1820, about appointing Adrain or Douglass as mathematics professor at USMA.
	www.dean.usma.edu /math/people/Rickey/dms/Non-grads/adrain_robert.htm (171 words)

	Descendants of Ann "Nancy" Pollock and Robert Adrain
		...4 Robert Adrain b Dec. 17, 1853 in New Brunswick, NJ.
		Adrain & Story are found again in an 1857 S.F. city directory.
		In the 1860 census of San Francisco, Calif., W. Adrain, merchant, is living with P. Williamson and his wife, Eliza Adrain Williamson.
	members.cox.net /bsowers/Ann.htm (1281 words)

	HASSLER2
		Carl Friedrich Gauss was the first to develop a means to place bounds on a portion of this error with his celebrated mathematical technique of "least squares." He developed this technique as a youth in 1795, apparently just prior to his entrance at Gottingen.
		He did not publish the method at that time, and it remained to the French mathematician Adrien-Marie Legendre and the American Robert Adrain to develop and publish the concept independently in the early Nineteenth Century.
		Hafner Publishing Co., New York.) It is probable that Hassler also knew Robert Adrain, who published a mathematical journal in Philadelphia, as Robert Patterson was a mutual friend of both.
	www.lib.noaa.gov /edocs/HASSLER2.htm (6218 words)

	Bangor Swimming Club (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Top performer amongst the boys was Steven McQuillan who took gold and silver in the 100 IM and 50 fly respectively.
		Robert Adrain put in a very creditable performance to take gold in the 50 breaststroke in 32.81 seconds, closely followed by club mate Chris Hardy in silver position in 33.35.
		The Girls found the hunt for medals a lot more difficult with only Catherine Wells taking a bronze in the 50 backstroke in a time of 33.72.
	www.bangorsc.org /oldsite/Grammar_2002.htm (178 words)

	Penn_Math_Time_Line
		1782 - Robert Patterson appointed the Professor of Mathematics
		1814 - Robert Maskell Patterson (son of Robert Patterson) appointed the Professor of Mathematics
		1827 - Robert Adrain appointed the Professor of Mathematics
	www.math.upenn.edu /History/penn_math_time_line.html (757 words)

	The Dugout Messageboard : "We wipe our arses with 50 pound notes!" the story of Chelsea
		I was looking on at the game through the rays of beautiful moonlight (ok then, the driving rain, the gale-force winds, doesn't have the same effect) and we had then, on 10 mins began to play.
		Mutu had almost scored, played through by in-form Joe, Adrain looked to bury iy, but saw it stopped bt their keeper whose name i'm got gonna BOTHER to try and spell.
		The 5 th was a class pass by Duffer, adrain was there, and a hat-trick was sealed.
	www.thedugout.tv /cgi-bin/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic&f=56&t=000588&counterhit=yes (4619 words)

	ADRAIN, Garnett Bowditch (1815-1878) Guide to Research Papers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		New Brunswick, NJ Papers: In the Robert Adrain Papers, 1844-1910, 6 volumes.
		Includes a docket (1844-1877) of Robert Adrain’s father, Garnett B. Adrain.
		Includes correspondence between Garnett Bowditch Adrain and Benjamin Williamson.
	bioguide.congress.gov /scripts/guidedisplay.pl?index=A000058 (52 words)

	Robert Adrain,d.1843, b.Carrickfergus
		I'm researching Robert Adrain (sic), a noted mathematician who became vice-provost of the Univ. of Pennsylvania.
		He was born in Carrickfergus in 1775, emigrated in 1798.
		His son was Garnett Adrain who became a Congressman
	www.genforum.familytreemaker.com /adrian/messages/19.html (35 words)

	[No title]
		Adrain +------------------------------------------------------------ Adrain Adrain Robert (1775-1843) +------------------------------------------------------------
		Anstice +------------------------------------------------------------ Anstice Anstice Robert (1813-1853) +------------------------------------------------------------
		Grosseteste +------------------------------------------------------------ Grosseteste Grosseteste Robert (1168-1253) +------------------------------------------------------------
	www.math.harvard.edu /~knill/sofia/data/mathematicians.txt (6427 words)

	College Mathematics Journal, The: Bicentennial of American Mathematics Journals, The (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		We describe six of its major contributors, two of whom are known somewhat (Robert Adrain and R. Patterson), but the other four seem to have slipped into obscurity in spite of accomplishments that deserve more recognition (William Lenhart, Enoch Lewis, John Gummere, and John Eberle).
		Most of the MC was devoted to problem solving, because over its entire run, the MC included only five papers (three by Baron and two by Robert Adrain), one note (by Richard Tagart), two notes on problems (by William Elliott and James Temple), and two reprints of works that initially appeared in England.
		We have already cited Baron's open contempt for his contemporary Nathaniel Bowditch (1777-1838), who is regarded today as one of America's top three mathematicians in the first half of the nineteenth century.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3773/is_200501/ai_n9478356 (1402 words)

	Robert Adrain
		You are in: Museum of History >> Hall of North and South Americans >> Robert Adrain
		ADRAIN, Robert, mathematician, born in Carrickfergus, Ireland, 30 September 1775; died in New Brunswick, New Jersey, 10 August 1843.
		Any official or affiliated sites that are related to this subject will be hyper linked below upon
	www.famousamericans.net /robertadrain (376 words)

	The Rhode Island Foundation: About - Press Releases - Other
		Lorne Adrain, founder of KindMark, a leading software developer in the philanthropy sector, and owner of a national insurance, investments, and estate planning practice for high net worth individuals, was named chairman of the Council.
		Adrain earned an MBA from Harvard Business School.
		Golden also thanked departing members: Robert L. Batchelor, CPA, retired from Batchelor, Frechette, McCrory, Michael and Co.; Robert E. Borah, CLU, R.E. Borah Associates, Providence; William R. Harvey, Esq., Sheffield and Harvey, Newport; Richard A. Plotkin, CPA, Rooney, Plotkin and Willey, Newport; and Michael T. Ryan, Ph.D., CFP, of Professional Planning Group, Westerly.
	www.rifoundation.org /matriarch/DisplayLinksPage.asp?PageID=228&PageName=AboutPressReleasesOther&LinksPageID=252&p= (829 words)

	Flugstunden, Applaus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Robert Adrian X & Rupert Huber, Applaus: Werks/Edition, ORF / Kunstradio, 1996
		Rupert Huber personally wants to thank Robert Adrain X for the possibility to work together and tells us: "if you can tell who made the cover- you will win one of 5 CDs!"
		Just write to V:NM or fa.huber@snafu.de, and maybe you will win one of the strangest Cds ever produced in austria...
	vnm.mur.at /cds/flugstunden.html (182 words)

	The Bureau of Biological Research
		1809-27 Robert Adrain became Professor of Mathematics at Rutgers from 1809 to 1813, moved to Columbia College as Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy from 1813-1825, returned to Rutgers as Professor of Mathematics from 1826 to 1827, moved to the University of Pennsylvania http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Adrain.html where he was Professor of Mathematics from 1827 to 1834.
		Department of Biological Sciences is reorganized to form the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (Richard Triemer, Chair) and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (Robert Krug, Chair).
		From an address entitled: "Robert Wood Johnson is the Oldest, Episodic Medical School in America" by Robert L. Trelstad, MD, RWJMS Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, June 2, 1999.
	lifesci.rutgers.edu /history (3326 words)

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