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	Robert Andrews Millikan 1868-1953
		Millikan was appointed associate professor only at the age of 38, in a time when the median American physicist became a full professor at the age of 32.
		Millikan emphasized that the very nature of his data refuted conclusively the minority of scientists who still held that electrons (and perhaps atoms too) were not necessarily fundamental, discrete particles.
		Early in 1917 Millikan went to Washington to be executive officer of the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, charged with war research on the detection of submarines and other essential problems.
	www.aip.org /history/gap/Millikan/Millikan.html (863 words)

	IEEE - Robert A. Millikan, 1868 - 1953
		Robert Andrews Millikan was born in Morrison, Illinois, on 22 March 1868.
		Although Millikan had rejected his atom-building hypothesis by 1935, he clung tenaciously to the assumption that some fraction of the primary cosmic radiation could be photons, and developed a new theory that cosmic ray photons originated in the spontaneous annihilation of atoms in interstellar space.
		Robert Millikan won the AIEE Edison Medal in 1922 4"?For his experimental work in electrical science." Millikan was an able lecturer, and after he won the Nobel Prize in 1923 he became perhaps the most famous American scientist of his day.
	www.ieee.org /web/aboutus/history_center/biography/millikan.html (1075 words)

	Mag Lab Education - Pioneers in Electricity and Magnetism: Robert Millikan
		Millikan’s first experience teaching physics spawned a lifelong love of the field, and he remained at Oberlin for two years after he received his undergraduate degree in 1891 to obtain his master’s and continue his role as an instructor.
		Millikan spent a significant amount of time in his early years at Chicago trying to establish a solid physics curriculum, for the field of physics was then in its initial stages of development in America.
		Millikan’s experiment featured a closed, see-through chamber with two parallel metal plates, one of which was placed toward the top of the chamber and the other at the bottom.
	www.magnet.fsu.edu /education/tutorials/pioneers/millikan.html (1355 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Robert Millikan (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Robert Andrews Millikan (March 22, 1868 – December 19, 1953) was an American experimental physicist who won the 1923 Nobel Prize for his measurement of the charge on the electron and for his work on the photoelectric effect.
		Millikan thought the cosmic ray photons were the "birth cries" of new atoms continually being created by God to counteract entropy and prevent the heat death of the universe.
		Robert Andrews Millikan was born on the 22nd of March, 1868, in Morrison, Ill. (U.S.A.), as the second son of the Reverend Silas Franklin Millikan and Mary Jane Andrews.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Robert-Millikan (3398 words)

	Robert A. Millikan - Biography
		Robert Andrews Millikan was born on the 22nd of March, 1868, in Morrison, Ill. (U.S.A.), as the second son of the Reverend Silas Franklin Millikan and Mary Jane Andrews.
		Millikan was an eminent teacher, and passing through the customary grades he became professor at that university in 1910, a post which he retained till 1921.
		Professor Millikan has been President of the American Physical Society, Vice-President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and was the American member of the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations, and the American representative at the International Congress of Physics, known as the Solvay Congress, at Brussels in 1921.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1923/millikan-bio.html (829 words)

	Sigma Xi: The Scientific Research Society: 2000 Forum Proceedings: In the Case of Robert Andrews Millikan
		Millikan was born in 1868, the son of a Midwestern minister.
		To Millikan’s surprise, what happened instead was that nearly all of the droplets with their different positive and negative charges dispersed, leaving in view just a few individual droplets that had just the right charge to permit the electric force to come close to balancing the effect of gravity.
		To deal with this problem, Millikan assumed, entirely without theoretical basis, as he stressed in his paper, that Stokes’ law could be adequately corrected by an unknown term that was strictly proportional to the ratio of the distance between air molecules to the size of the drop, so long as that ratio was reasonably small.
	www.sigmaxi.org /meetings/archive/forum.2000.millikan.shtml (3887 words)

	Millikan
		December 19, 1953, San Marino, Calif., U.S.A. Robert A. Millikan was the most famous American scientist of the 1920s, and the second American to receive the Nobel Prize in physics in 1923 for his study of the elementary electronic charge and the photoelectric effect.
		Millikan jumped at it, although he could have had an appointment elsewhere at twice the salary, for Michelson promised that he could spend up to half his time doing his own research, a privilege not granted at most colleges.
		Millikan's success was above all attributable to an ingenious device he termed "a machine shop in vacuo." A rotating sharp knife, controlled from outside the evacuated glass container by electromagnetic means, would clean off the surface of the metal used before exposing it to the beam of monochromatic light.
	chem.ch.huji.ac.il /~eugeniik/history/millikan.html (3896 words)

	The religion of Robert Andrews Millikan, physicist
		Robert A. Millikan born to a clergyman of Scottish descent.
		The physicist Robert Andrews Millikan (1868-1952) was one of six children of a midwest clergyman of Scottish descent.
		Millikan regarded the electron theory of matter as "one of the grandest, because simplest, of all physical generalizations." He was made a member of the National Academy of Science at forty-six.
	www.adherents.com /people/pm/Robert_Millikan.html (795 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Robert Millikan
		Robert Andrews Millikan (March 22, 1868 - December 19, 1953) was an American physicist who won the 1923 Nobel Prize for Physics primarily for his work in determining the value of the charge on the electron and for the photoelectric effect.
		This led Millikan to a further series of measurements which he published in 1913 to reassert his original results.
		Though accusations have been made that Millikan was guilty of fraud and pathological science, it seems more likely that he was using his deep experimental insight and subject-matter expertise to reject unreliable observations on sound physical grounds.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Robert_Andrews_Millikan (712 words)

	Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You - Timeline - Robert Andrews Millikan
		Robert Millikan was an American physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his experiments on the photoelectric effect and on the charge carried by an electron.
		Millikan was born on March 22, 1868 in Morrison, Illinois and took a job as a court reporter after he graduated from high school.
		Millikan’s oil-drop experiment helped firmly establish that electrons are discrete particles, a claim that was under significant dispute at the time, and gave credence to Niels Bohr's quantum theory of the atom.
	www.molecularexpressions.com /optics/timeline/people/millikan.html (790 words)

	Robert A. Millikan - Biography
		Millikan was an eminent teacher, and passing through the customary grades he became professor at that university in 1910, a post which he retained till 1921.
		During 1920-1923, Millikan occupied himself with work concerning the hot-spark spectroscopy of the elements (which explored the region of the spectrum between the ultraviolet and X-radiation), thereby extending the ultraviolet spectrum downwards far beyond the then known limit.
		Professor Millikan has been President of the American Physical Society, Vice-President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and was the American member of the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations, and the American representative at the International Congress of Physics, known as the Solvay Congress, at Brussels in 1921.
	www.nobel.se /physics/laureates/1923/millikan-bio.html (829 words)

	Robert_Andrews_Millikan - The Wordbook Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Professor Robert Andrews Millikan (March 22, 1868 - December 19, 1953) was an American experimental physicist who won the 1923 Nobel Prize for his measurement of the charge on the electron and for his work on the photoelectric effect.
		Millikan received a Bachelor's degree in the classics from Oberlin College in 1891 and his doctorate in physics from Columbia University in 1895 - he was the first to earn a Ph.D. from that department.
		Robert Millikan is widely believed to have been denied the 1920 prize for physics owing to Felix Ehrenhaft's claims to have measured charges smaller than Millikan's elementary charge.
	www.thewordbook.com /Robert_Andrews_Millikan (1716 words)

	Geometry.Net - Nobel: Millikan Robert Andrews
		robert andrews millikan was born on the 22nd of March, 1868 Reverend Silas Franklinmillikan and Mary Jane andrews.
		Extractions: Robert Andrews Millikan was born on the 22nd of March, 1868, in Morrison, Ill. (U.S.A.), as the second son of the Reverend Silas Franklin Millikan and Mary Jane Andrews.
		POL robert andrews millikan robert andrews millikan was born on 22nd March 1868at Morrison in the In 1923 robert millikan received a nobel prize.
	www.geometry.net /nobel/millikan_robert_andrews.php (2108 words)

	Patent-Invent: Robert Millikan
		Robert Andrews Millikan (March 22, 1868 - December 19, 1953) was a U.S. experimental physicist who won the 1923 Nobel Prize for his measurement of the charge of the electron and for his work on the photoelectric effect.
		Though accusations have been made that Millikan was guilty of fraud and pathological science, some believe that he was using his experimental insight and personal expertise on the subject-matter to reject unreliable observations on sound physical grounds.
		Since Millikan's work formed some of the basis for modern particle physics, it is ironic that he was rather conservative in his opinions about 20th century developments in physics, as in the case of the photon theory.
	www.electro.patent-invent.com /electricity/inventors/robert_millikan.html (1033 words)

	Robert Andrews Millikan - Encyclopedia.com
		Robert Andrews Millikan, 1868-1953, American physicist and educator, b.
		Deaths: Emily Bronte, novelist, 1848; Joseph Mallord William Turner, painter, 1851; Robert Andrews Millikan, physi-cist, 1953.
		Anthony Reid Holmes, Rives Millikan Howard, Shelley Hasson Hunt...
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Millikan.html (838 words)

	Robert Andrews Millikan
		obert Andrews Millikan was born on 22nd March 1868 at Morrison in the United States.
		After return to his native country he became an assistant to Albert Michelson (at the Chicago University) - a great physicist who proved that the speed of light does not depend on the direction of observation.
		In 1922 he was appointed a United States representative at the Committee for Intellectual Collaboration of the League of Nations.
	library.thinkquest.org /19662/low/eng/biog-millikan.html (199 words)

	Robert Andrews Millikan Winner of the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physics
		Robert A. Millikan — Biography (submitted by Chinnappan Baskar)
		Robert Andrews Millikan Biography from Encyclopedia Britannica (submitted by www.britannica.com)
		Robert Millikan: The Oil-Drop Experiment (submitted by Julian Rubin)
	www.almaz.com /nobel/physics/1923a.html (120 words)

	Robert Millikan: The Oil-Drop Experiment - Determining The Charge of the Electron
		The measurement of the electron's charge independently was achieved by Millikan by his famous experiment from 1909 and with Thomson's results also a value for the electron mass was obtained.
		Robert Millikan won the 1923 Nobel Prize in physics.
		Millikan repeated the experiment numerous times, each time varying the strength of the x-rays ionizing the air, so that differing numbers of electrons would jump onto the oil molecules each time.
	www.juliantrubin.com /bigten/millikanoildrop.html (907 words)

	Robert Millikan : Robert Andrews Millikan
		Robert Andrews Millikan (March 22, 1868 - December 19, 1953) was an American physicist who won the 1923 Nobel Prize for Physics primarily for his work in determining the value of the charge on the electron and the photoelectric effect.
		His oil-drop experiment to measure the electronic charge (since repeated by generations of physics students) measured the force on tiny charged droplets of oil suspended against gravity between two metal electrodes.
		A version of the oil drop experment has subsequently been used to search for free quarks (which would have a charge of 1/3 e), without success.
	www.fastload.org /ro/Robert_Andrews_Millikan.html (193 words)

	DesMoinesRegister.com
		Robert Andrews Millikan was an authority on cosmic rays, the highly energized electrons and ions striking the Earth's atmosphere.
		Millikan once said that he had "milked more than 10,000 cows when I was between 8 and 18, and I curried more than 20,000 horses - and liked it." Millikan attended Oberlin College in Ohio, graduating in 1891.
		Millikan taught at the University of Chicago beginning in 1896, then moved to Pasadena, Calif., in 1921 with the promise he could continue his own research.
	www.desmoinesregister.com /apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/99999999/FAMOUSIOWANS/41217015/0/LIFE01 (396 words)

	Robert Millikan
		Robert Andrews Millikan was born on the 22nd of March, 1868, in Morrison, Ill. (U.S.A.), as the second son of the Reverend Silas Franklin Millikan and Mary Jane Andrews.
		On the instigation of his professors, Millikan spent a year in Germany, at the Universities of Berlin and Göttingen.
		He was author or co-author an impressive series of books.
	www.corrosion-doctors.org /Biographies/MillikanBio.htm (662 words)

	AllRefer.com - Robert Millikan Information
		If a droplet of weight W is held stationary between plates separated by a distance d and carrying a potential difference V, the charge, e, on the drop is equal to Wd/V.
		Millikan was born in Illinois and studied at Oberlin College and Columbia University, and in Germany with Max Planck at Berlin and Hermann Nernst at Göttingen.
		Millikan also carried out research into cosmic rays, a term that he coined in 1925, when he proved that the rays do come from space.
	www.allrefer.com /robert-millikan (307 words)

	Millikan, Robert Andrews: 1868-1953
		Millikan's deep devotion to cosmic-ray research was the foundation for establishing a research team at the California Institute of Technology which made the most basic of these discoveries.
		Millikan was fascinated and dedicated to the challenges of educating the general reader.
		Robert Andrews Millikan died in San Marino, California in December of 1953, after devoting his life to discoveries of science and the universe.
	www.light-science.com /millikan.html (672 words)

	Robert Millikan - Definition, explanation
		Millikan received a Bachelor's degree in the classics from Oberlin College in 1891 and his doctorate in physics from Columbia University in 1895.
		Millikan's enthusiasm for education continued throughout his career, and he was the coauthor of a popular and influential series of introductory textbooks, which were ahead of their time in many ways.
		Though accusations have been made that Millikan was guilty of fraud and pathological science, some believe that he was using his experimental insight and personal expertise on the subject-matter to reject unreliable observations on sound physical grounds.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/r/ro/robert_millikan.php (1144 words)

	Whiteside Co IL Biographies (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Robert Andrews Millikan, one of the most noted American physicist and scientists of his day.
		Robert Andrews Millikan died in San Marino, California in December of 1953, after devoting his life to discoveries of science and the universe.
		Robert's earliest major success was his "oil-drop" experiments, which measured an electrons charge and showed that the charge was a discrete constant rather than a statistical average.
	www.genealogytrails.com /ill/whiteside/biomillikan.html (354 words)

	Robert Andrews Millikan
		Robert Andrews Millikan (March 22, 1868 – December 19, 1953) was a U.S. experimental physicist who won the 1923 Nobel Prize for his measurement of the charge on the electron and for his work on the photoelectric effect.
		Millikan's enthusiasm for education continued throughout his career, and he was the coauthor of a popular and influential series of introductory textbooks,[1] which were ahead of their time in many ways.
		Repeating the experiment for many droplets, Millikan showed that the results could be explained as integer multiples of a common value (1.592×10-19 coulomb), the charge on a single electron.
	www.mlahanas.de /Physics/Bios/RobertAndrewsMillikan.html (1143 words)

	MILLIKAN, Robert Andrews
		Millikan was born in Morrison, Ill., and educated at Columbia University and the universities of Berlin and Göttingen.
		He joined the faculty of the University of Chicago in 1896, and in 1910 he became professor of physics there.
		A brief look at Andrew Jackson and his role in the War of 1812
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=216480 (534 words)

	Millikan, Robert Andrews
		On the instigation of his professors, Millikan spent a year (1895-1896) in Germany, at the Universities of Berlin and G?ttingen.
		Millikan was an enthusiastic tennis player, and golf was also one of his recreations.
		Professor Millikan married Greta Erwin Blanchard in 1902; they had three sons: Clark Blanchard, Glenn Allen, and Max Franklin.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/M/Millikan/Millikan.htm (779 words)

	Robert Andrews Millikan
		Robert Andrews Millikans Bildungsweg in die Physik war nicht von Anfang an vorgezeichnet.
		Geboren und aufgewachsen ist Millikan in der ländlicher Umgebung von Morrison, Illinois, in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika.
		Da Millikan bei eigenen Messungen Anfang der 20er Jahre keinen Hinweis auf eine außerirdische Strahlung finden konnte, übte er vernichtende Kritik an den Veröffentlichungen von Viktor Franz Hess.
	bodya.htmlplanet.com /rob/8kapitel6.html (801 words)

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