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	Edge: ROBERT AXELROD
		ROBERT AXELROD is the Arthur W. Bromage Distinguished University Professor of Political Science and Public Policy at the University of Michigan.
		Among his honors and awards are membership in the National Academy of Sciences, a five year MacArthur Prize Fellowship, the Newcomb Cleveland Prize of the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences for an outstanding contribution to science, and the National Academy of Sciences Award for Behavioral Research Relevant to the Prevention of Nuclear War.
		Recently Axelrod has consulted and lectured on promoting cooperation and harnessing complexity for the United Nations, the World Bank, the U.S. Department of Defense, and various organizations serving health care professionals, business leaders, and K-12 educators.
	www.edge.org /3rd_culture/bios/axelrod.html (212 words)

	Robert Axelrod - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Robert Axelrod is the Arthur W. Bromage Distinguished University Professor of Political Science and Public Policy at the University of Michigan.
		Robert Axelrod has recently been elected to be the President of the American Political Science Association (APSA) for the 2006-2007 term.
		In May 2006, Robert Axelrod was awarded with an honorary degree from Georgetown University.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Robert_Axelrod (287 words)

	Robert_Axelrod (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Axelrod besitzt einen Abschluss in Mathematik (1964) und er promovierte in Politikwissenschaft (1969) an der Yale University.
		Axelrod ist besonders für seine interdisziplinär angelegten Konfliktanalysen bekannt.
		Axelrod untersuchte, was sich ergibt, wenn sich diese Situation über viele Male wiederholt; wenn sich die beiden Spieler immer wieder begegnen, ohne zu wissen, wann sie zum letzten Mal zusammentreffen werden.
	bodo.subdomain.de /Robert_Axelrod (552 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Robert Axelrod
		Robert Axelrod, "The Dissemination of Culture: A Model with Local Convergence and Global Polarization," 1997.
		Axelrod, Robert M. and Dion, Douglas (1988) 'The Further Evolution of Cooperation', Science, 242 (4884), 9 December, pp.
		Axelrod, Robert M. and Hamilton, William D. (1981) 'The Evolution of Cooperation', Science, 211 (4489), pp.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Robert-Axelrod (853 words)

	Robert Axelrod's Research Papers
		Robert Axelrod and Lisa D'Ambrosio "Annotated Bibliography on The Evolution of Cooperation," 1994.
		Robert Axelrod, "A Model of the Emergence of New Political Actors," 1995.
		Ross A. Hammond and Robert Axelrod, "The Evolution of Ethnocentrism," 2006.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~axe/research_papers.html (403 words)

	The Trouble With Axelrod: The Prisoners' Utility Cannot be Measured or Compared - Mises Institute
		Axelrod's defense of the possibility of cooperation between two actors in the absence of an independent enforcement agency is based upon several computer tournaments he sponsored at the University of Michigan to investigate the best possible solution to the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma.
		The empirical results of Axelrod's tournament, however, indicate that cooperation is not only possible between two players in a Prisoner's Dilemma, it is the best possible strategy for both players to adopt if they wish to maximize their absolute gains over multiple iterations of the game.
		Axelrod's argument, (and all game theoretic modeling, welfare economics, and utilitarian moral philosophy, in fact), would require that it be possible for one to measure and compare the utilities of different people on the same scale of measurement.
	www.mises.org /story/2198 (1344 words)

	Peter Hulm on Robert Axelrod
		Robert Axelrod's The Evolution of Co-operation (1984) was one of the classics of Cold War political science.
		Axelrod developed his research into seeing how co-operation emerges without a central authority, and then he collaborated with a biologist on the implications in the life sciences, producing a paper which won a prize from the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
		What Axelrod found is that quite different histories resulted from the simulations run under the same conditions: from no fights after 200 of 1,000 years, a major collapse into multiple battles after the loss of resources one time in five, with between two and five dominant actors from the original ten players.
	www.mediantics.com /ph/34xwaxel.htm (3250 words)

	Robert Axelrod - The Complexity of Cooperation
		Robert Axelrod's recent Complexity of Cooperation is a sequel to his celebrated Evolution of Cooperation (1984).
		Axelrod then simulated the effect of evolution operating on his 63 strategies using an updating rule which ensures that strategies that achieve a high payoff in one generation are more numerous in the next.
		Axelrod (1984) attributes this behaviour to tit-for-tat reasoning, but such an explanation overlooks the obvious fact that the players didn't begin by being nice to each other.
	jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk /1/1/review1.html (4298 words)

	Harnessing Complexity: Organizational Implications of a Scientific Frontier - Robert Axelrod - Michael D. Cohen - Palm ...
		Now two pioneers in the field, Robert Axelrod and Michael D. Cohen, provide leaders in business and government with a guide to complexity that will help them make effective decisions in a world of rapid change.
		Their approach to management is based on the concept of the Complex Adaptive System, which can describe everything from rain forests to the human gene pool, and from automated software agents to multinational companies.
		Axelrod and Cohen explain that in successful adaptive systems, rich networks of horizontal linkages foster cooperation and provide an advantage over other less cooperatively networked groups...
	www.ebookmall.com /ebook/116085-ebook.htm (855 words)

	Robert Axelrod - Moviefone
		Robert Axelrod is the Arthur W. Bromage Distinguished University Professor of...
		Robert Axelrod, The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of...
		Robert Axelrod has recently been elected to be the President of the American...
	movies.aol.com /celebrity/robert-axelrod/2997/main (71 words)

	The Axelrod Group: Products
		"Axelrod defines four leadership challenges that must be met if an organization is to deal with the dramatic changes that are our ongoing reality: widening the circle of involvement, connecting people to each other and ideas, creating communities for action, and embracing democractic principles.
		Axelrod and Cohen are professors of public policy.
		Axelrod is the author of the groundbreaking The Evolution of Cooperation (1984) and its follow-up, The Complexity of Cooperation (1997).
	www.axelrodgroup.com /products.shtml (1503 words)

	Robert Hoffmann: Twenty Years on: The Evolution of Cooperation Revisited
		Axelrod's work on this issue culminated in a book containing the results of his first four articles (Axelrod 1984) followed by a number of further contributions reprinted in another single volume (Axelrod 1997).
		Axelrod's results thus demonstrate that TFT can be viable for individual use, capable of spreading in learning populations and resists invasion once adopted by an entire population.
		Axelrod considered population structures other than the round robin such as matching on the basis of player labels and location and detected changes in his results (Axelrod 1984, chapter 8).
	jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk /3/2/forum/1.html (5129 words)

	Altruism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Robert Axelrod and Richard Dawkins also showed that altruism may be harmful to society by nourishing exploiters and abusers (and making them more and more powerful until they can force everyone to cooperate unconditionally), which is not the case for "Tit for tat".
		In the context of biology, the "Tit for tat" strategy is also called reciprocal altruism or Mutual Aid (one of the earliest proponents of it being considered a basic natural behaviour was Peter Kropotkin).
		Robert Wright, The moral animal, Vintage, 1995, ISBN 0-679-76399-6.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Altruism (2857 words)

	Prisoner's Dilemma
		In analyzing the his second tournament, Axelrod noted that each of the entrants could be assigned one of five "representative" strategies in such a way that a strategy's success against a set of others can be accurately predicted by its success against their representative.
		Axelrod, borrowing from Trivers and Maynard Smith, includes a description of the EPD with proportional fitness, and a brief analysis of the evolutionary version of his IPD tournament.
		Axelrod randomly distributed four copies of each of the 63 strategies submitted to his tournament on a grid arranged so that each cell had four neighbors.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/prisoner-dilemma (14067 words)

	Robert Axelrod (actor) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Robert Axelrod (born May 29, 1949 in New York, New York) is an actor who has been in several movies and lent his voice to countless television shows including Digimon.
		One of his best known roles was that of Lord Zedd, the main antagonist of the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers.
		One of his known aliases is Axel Roberts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Robert_Axelrod_(actor) (181 words)

	The Evolution of Cooperation by Robert Axelrod, An Evolution of Consciousness Review by Bobby Matherne
		Axelrod takes off from these pointed questions, but not as Emerson or Aristotle might have, expostulating basic reasons why cooperation is morally better than not cooperating.
		Axelrod sent out invitations to 63 experts around the world and when their responses came in, he input them into his computer and allowed them to play against each other.
		Axelrod, without ever talking about property, freedom, or morality, showed that the tenet of Galambos was not only true, but demonstrably provable.
	www.doyletics.com /art/teocart.htm (1545 words)

	Robert Axelrod's Homepage
		Robert Axelrod and Douglas Dion, "The Further Evolution of Cooperation," Science, 242 (9 December1988), pp.
		William D. Hamilton, Robert Axelrod and Reiko Tanese, "Sexual Reproduction as an Adaptation to Resist Parasites," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 87 (May 1990), pp.
		Robert Axelrod, The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997).
	www-personal.umich.edu /~axe/homepage.html (314 words)

	GBN: The Evolution of Cooperation
		In today’s tense geopolitical landscape, with its Freedom Fries and angry denouncements of unilaterism, we might be forgiven for despairing of the state of international cooperation.
		Axelrod explores various prisoner’s dilemma-like problems, as well as strategies for eliciting cooperation among competitive actors.
		Axelrod concludes the book with practical and unobvious advice on both how to foster cooperation and how to reform systems to promote its natural growth.
	www.gbn.com /BookClubSelectionDisplayServlet.srv?si=25815 (949 words)

	Amazon.com: The Evolution of Cooperation: Books: Robert Axelrod (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Robert Axelrod is Professor of Political Science and Public Policy at the University of Michigan.
		Axelrod's research was and is important for several reasons, one of which has to do with evolutionary theory: it shows that, under the right conditions, natural selection can tend to generate cooperation rather than competition, even among actors who act solely out of self-interest.
		However, Axelrod also mentions that the stability of cooperation based upon the reciprocity can be impaired by (1) the rotation of troops (2) the artillery less dependent on reciprocity for its life than infantry in trench (3) the raids.
	www.amazon.com /Evolution-Cooperation-Robert-Axelrod/dp/0465021212 (4382 words)

	Pomerantz - Attorney Bio Master
		Robert J. Axelrod is a partner at Pomerantz Haudek Block Grossman & Gross LLP, resident in the New York City office.
		Axelrod is also a member of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York, the New York State Bar Association, and the American Bar Association, and serves as a member of the Class Action Subcommittee of the New York State Bar Association.
		Axelrod is a member of the Temple University College of Liberal Arts Alumni Board, and serves as a trustee of Temple Beth El in Huntington, New York.
	www.pomerantzlaw.com /attorneys/attybio.cfm?bioID=11 (201 words)

	KLI Theory Lab - Authors - Robert Axelrod (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Axelrod, R. The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration.
		Hamilton, W.D. Axelrod, R. /Tanese, R. Sexual reproduction as an adaptation to resist parasites.
		Axelrod, R. Hamilton, W.D. The evolution of cooperation.
	www.kli.ac.at /theorylab/AuthPage/A/AxelrodR.html (101 words)

	Robert Axelrod — Lisa Axelsson : ZoomInfo Business People Information
		Robert Axelrod, former director of EPA's Indoor Air Division, is now part of the agency's new Office of Children's Health...
		Robert Axelrod is the Arthur W. Bromage Distinguished University Professor of Political Science and Public...
		Axelrod is the Director of the Cuyahoga County Department of...
	www.zoominfo.com /people/level2page1596.aspx (1547 words)

	Amazon.fr : The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration: Livres en anglais: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		"Robert Axelrod's extraordinary book, The Evolution of Cooperation was globally acclaimed for the rich results of its simple model.
		Robert Axelrod is widely known for his groundbreaking work in game theory and complexity theory.
		Written in Axelrod's acclaimed, accessible style, this collection serves as an introductory text on complexity theory and computer modeling in the social sciences and as an overview of the current state of the art in the field.
	www.amazon.fr /Complexity-Cooperation-Agent-Based-Competition-Collaboration/dp/0691015678 (521 words)

	Amazon.de: Harnessing Complexity: Organizational Implications of a Scientific Frontier: English Books: Robert ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Axelrod (The Evolution of the Corporation) and Cohen (a consultant to the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center), both professors at the University of Michigan, aim to draw on the principles of evolutionary biology, computer science and social design to explain the functioning of "complex adaptive systems" (specifically businesses), and how to improve them.
		Although their schematic approach and well-drawn anecdotal examples yield pragmatic insights, Axelrod and Cohen rely on somewhat idiosyncratic terminology to make their key points: "Agents of a variety of types use their strategies in patterned interaction, with each other and with artifacts" (authors' emphasis).
		While most managers are aware of complexity theory and are eager to learn how to adapt it to their organizations, some may be put off by the convoluted language used here.
	www.amazon.de /Harnessing-Complexity-Organizational-Implications-Scientific/dp/0684867176 (994 words)

	Robert Axelrod : "Comment réussir dans un monde d'égoïstes" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Axelrod est un chercheur en sciences politiques de l'université du Michigan., et a travaillé en collaboration avec Hamilton.
		Axelrod a alors organisé un tournois informatique ou chacune de ces stratégies jouait contre toutes les autres, et aussi contre elles-mêmes.
		Axelrod a alors organisé une seconde manche, en fournissant les résultats de la première avec ses conclusions sur la bienveillance et l'indulgence.
	www.cnam.fr /lipsor/dso/articles/fiche/axelrod.html (9163 words)

	Michael D. Cohen
		Robert Axelrod and Michael D. Cohen, Harnessing Complexity: Organizational Implications of a Scientific Frontier, Free Press, 2000.
		Cohen, Michael, Rick L. Riolo and Robert Axelrod, "The Role of Social Structure in the Maintenance of Cooperative Regimes," Rationality and Society, 13(1), 2001, pp.5-32.
		Michael D. Cohen, Rick L. Riolo and Robert Axelrod, "Must there be human genes specific to prosocial behavior?," a response to Henrich, Joseph, "Cultural Group Selection…", Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 53, 49-51, (2004).
	www.si.umich.edu /%7emdc (503 words)

	Bart Stewart -- The Evolution of Cooperation
		In the late 1970s a researcher named Robert Axelrod was studying the question of how cooperation can emerge in an uncooperative world.
		Axelrod's first book directly on the subject of how cooperation can exist and grow amid exploitation.
		The Complexity of Cooperation a study of Robert Axelrod's more recent paper, The Complexity of Cooperation.
	www.draftymanor.com /bart/cooperat.htm (359 words)

	Robert Lowell
		Robert Lowell was born in Boston as the son of Robert Traill Spence Lowell, a naval officer, and Charlotte (Winslow) Lowell, the dominating figure in the family.
		Robert was nicknamed Cal, partly after the the Roman emperor Caligula, known for his cruelty, and Caliban, familiar from Shakespeare's play The Tempest.
		Although Lowell tried to enlist in the armed forces during WW II, he declared himself a conscientious objector by the time he was called for service.
	www.kirjasto.sci.fi /rlowell.htm (1311 words)

	Robert_axelrod (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Analects of Patton: Axelrod gleans Patton's speeches and writings to distill what he believed to be Patton's philosophy of leadership.
		Axelrod sets out each anecdote or saying in boldface and then...
		An excellent book on cognition and politics: Structure of Decision is an edited volume of chapters assembled by Robert Axelrod about the importance of "cognitive maps" of political elites in various decision-making settings.
	books.mysic.com /Author/Robert_Axelrod (992 words)

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