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	Encyclopedia: Robert Conquest
		Robert Conquest (born 15 July 1917) is a historian specializing in the Soviet Union.
		Conquest’s past was exposed by the Guardian of 27 January 1978 in an article which identified him as a former agent in the disinformation department of the British Secret Service, i.e., the Information Research Department (IRD).
		Conquest’s book was intended for presentation to ‘useful fools’, such as university professors and people working in the press, radio and TV, to ensure that the lies of Conquest and the extreme right continued to be spread throughout large swathes of the population.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Robert-Conquest (398 words)

	Robert Conquest - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Robert was educated at Winchester College, the University of Grenoble, and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he was an exhibitioner in modern history and took his bachelor's and master's degrees in Philosophy, Politics and Economics, and his doctorate in Soviet history.
		Conquest refused to accept the assertion made by Nikita Khrushchev, and supported by many Western leftists, that Stalin and his purges were an aberration from the ideals of the Revolution and were contrary to the principles of Leninism.
		Conquest argued that Stalinism was a natural consequence of the system established by Lenin, although he conceded that the personal character traits of Stalin had brought about the particular horrors of the late 1930s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Robert_Conquest (2210 words)

	Robert Conquest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Conquest was born in Malvern (additional info and facts about Malvern), Worcestershire (A savory sauce of vinegar and soy sauce and spices), England (A division of the United Kingdom), the son of an American (A native or inhabitant of the United States) businessman and an English mother.
		Conquest is sometimes disparagingly referred to as a "mere journalist" so it is important to note that he is a professionally qualified historian, despite not having had a conventional academic career.
		Conquest is now senior research fellow and scholar-curator of the Russian and Commonwealth of Independent States (An alliance made up of states that had been Soviet Socialist Republics in the Soviet Union prior to its dissolution in Dec 1991) Collection at the Hoover Institution.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/ro/robert_conquest.htm (1854 words)

	ipedia.com: Robert Conquest Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Conquest's time with the IRD has become a favourite topic of those on the left who have sought to discredit his later historical work by alleging that it is all a piece of anti-Soviet fabrication or "fl propaganda." No historian familiar with Conquest's work takes these assertions seriously.
		Conquest claimed that the trials and executions of these former Communist leaders were a minor detail of the purges, which had wiped out virtually the whole of the pre-Stalin Communist Party and intelligentsia and had led to the deaths of somewhere between 12 and 20 million people.
		Conquest argued that Stalinism was a natural consequence of the system of totalitarian rule established by Lenin, although he conceded that the personal pathology of Stalin had brought about the particular horrors of the late 1930s.
	www.ipedia.com /robert_conquest.html (2308 words)

	Online NewsHour: Reflections on a Ravaged Century -- December 24, 1999
		ELIZABETH FARNSWORTH: Historian Robert Conquest has written a new book "Reflections on a Ravaged Century." It is the culmination of a lifetime researching end observing the ideology he holds responsible for the mass murders of the past 100 years.
		ROBERT CONQUEST: I think once you accept that you have the answer to everything, you can do anything to bring it about because your enemies are trying to stop you, are enemies of reason, of truth of everything -- enemies of the future.
		ROBERT CONQUEST: I think that happened in ancient Greece -- all politics, fighting in the streets -- whereas Rome, they had terrific troubles in early Rome, but finally it was settled legally -- the rise of the Plebs -- after endless trouble, because they had some sort of legal system which the Greeks didn't.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/gergen/july-dec99/conquest_12-24.html (1482 words)

	Reason magazine -- August/September 2000, Grand Inquisitor by Michael Young
		Conquest is someone in perpetual search of the reasonable middle, at ease with the customary--those habits and principles born of experience.
		Conquest does a service in bringing the debate back to the realm of culture and politics, since the aficionados of Europe mainly use economic arguments to justify what is at heart a political and cultural phenomenon.
		Conquest writes, "It might be argued that real knowledge of, even affection for, continental Europe makes one reject a light-minded and premature political unity." What Conquest apparently desires --and the key word here is affection--is a genuine harmony of interests built against the backdrop of a time-tested, historical understanding of Europe's cultural and political diversity.
	www.reason.com /0008/bk.my.grand.html (1915 words)

	"ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF TURPITUDE" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Conquest, one of the world’s leading historians and a biographer, novelist, translator, and poet to boot, is well situated to carry it out and does so with the sweeping erudition that is his trademark.
		Conquest writes, "is natural" and "hardly a matter of choice." But in its extreme forms, and when it is exploited by demagogues, it can turn poisonous, being in part "a reversion to primitive gang loyalties" and in part an irrational ideological absolute.
		Conquest once characterized the 1939 Soviet census as a "fake," an assertion that earned him a reprimand from a "Sovietological expert" on the grounds that "no census was perfect." But the members of the 1939 Soviet census board certainly did have powerful incentives, as Mr.
	www-hoover.stanford.edu /pubaffairs/newsletter/00winter/review.html (823 words)

	Robert Conquest honored at Stanford University for pioneering research on Famine-Genocide (12/21/03) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Conquest is a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, a fellow of the British Academy, an adjunct fellow of the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington and a research associate of Harvard University's Ukrainian Research Institute.
		Conquest is also a poet and novelist, the author of six volumes of poetry and one of literary criticism, a science fiction novel and another novel authored jointly with Kingsley Amis.
		Conquest showed that the Famine that swept across Ukraine and Ukrainian ethnographic territories in the Kuban was a deliberate policy intended to accomplish what the campaign of collectivization in Ukraine had started - that is, the systematic elimination of social classes and national groups who posed a threat to Soviet power.
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/2003/510303.shtml (418 words)

	THE RAVAGED CENTURY: A Look Back at the Twentieth Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Robert Conquest is a fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University.
		Robert Conquest: Well, well I think as Orwell wrote somewhere that, that the great bulk of the population is both too sane and too stupid to follow the arguments.
		Robert Conquest: I'd agree with-I'd agree with that but the-the level of Marxism is intellectual and the level nationalism is-is much less so although it was founded, the-the idea of the blood fueled stuff goes right back to the German national intellectuals' big people in the 1820's and '30's.
	www.uncommonknowledge.org /00fall/501.html (3941 words)

	\| Review \| The History Teacher, 35.3 \| The History Cooperative
		Robert Conquest is one of the West's most eminent, and often controversial, historians.
		Conquest's most recent volume, Reflections on a Ravaged Century, is an erudite, idiosyncratic, and unapologetically conservative attempt to explain the myriad tragedies that have so bloodied the history of the twentieth century.
		In the first half of the book, titled "Mindslaughter," Conquest contrasts those states based on the rule of law and political liberty—"the culture of sanity,"—with utopian and totalitarian systems, which, in their attempt to mold "new men" and achieve ideological purity, have been responsible for immeasurable human suffering in the twentieth century.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ht/35.3/br_7.html (497 words)

	Robert Conquest Honored
		Historian Robert Conquest, Senior Research Fellow and scholar-curator of the Russian and CIS Collection at the Hoover Institution, was honored at Stanford University for his pioneering research on the Ukrainian Famine.
		Robert Conquest is the author of seventeen books on Soviet history, politics, and international affairs, including the classic The Great Terror (1968) and the acclaimed Harvest of Sorrow (1986).
		Conquest is a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, a fellow of the British Academy, an adjunct fellow of the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, D.C., and a research associate of Harvard University's Ukrainian Research Institute.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/CREES/Newsletter_FW_03-04/Conquest04.html (344 words)

	History News Network
		Conquest's right-wing political leanings - he still drops in on Margaret Thatcher, an admirer, on annual trips to the UK - have long made his work a target of criticism on the left.
		Conquest's wife - his fourth, Elizabeth - is away with her grandchildren and the eminent writer affects a degree of elderly helplessness.
		Conquest recounts a recently-attributed comment in which Stalin explained why he had lowered the age for the death penalty to just 12.
	hnn.us /comments/9186.html (1312 words)

	Robert Conquest at the heart of the myths
		Robert Conquest is one of the two authors who has most written on the millions dying in the Soviet Union.
		Conquest writes of millions dying of starvation in the Ukraine, in the gulag labour camps and during the Trials of 1936-38, using as his sources of information exiled Ukrainians living in the US and belonging to rightist parties, people who had collaborated with the Nazis in the Second World War.
		Conquest’s ‘work’ there was to contribute to the so-called ‘fl history’ of the Soviet Union fake stories put out as fact and distributed among journalists and others able to influence public opinion.
	www.etext.org /Politics/Staljin/Staljin/articles/lies/node7.html (819 words)

	Guardian Unlimited Books \| By genre \| Profile: Robert Conquest
		Conquest stepped in to claim that Dante was a still better poet in Provençal, and recited a chunk of The Inferno from memory in that language, a feat of deflation that won him a friend for life.
		Conquest says in praise of Thom Gunn, "he's one of the very few people who can read a poem without making a nuisance of himself" - without drawing attention to the fact that he is reading a poem or stressing the rhymes.
		Conquest's serious poetry is very highly regarded, and surprisingly varied - there is, for example, a long poem, as from an alien, considering the human practice of poetry - and it is often overlooked because of his astonishing skill at light verse.
	books.guardian.co.uk /poetry/features/0,12887,902797,00.html (3583 words)

	HistoryWiz Books: Harvest of Sorrow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As Robert Conquest shows in heart-rending detail, Stalin's plan to collectivize Soviet agriculture amounted to an unparalleled assault on the Soviet peasantry and Unkrainian nation, resulting in a death toll higher than that suffered in World War I by all the belligerent nations combined.
		Conquest meticulously reconstructs the background of the tragic events: the lives and aspirations of the peasants, the Ukrainian national struggle, the motives and methods of the Communist leadership.
		Robert Conquest is a Senior Research Fellow and Scholar-Curator of the East European Collection at the Hoover Institution, Stanford, University.
	books.historywiz.org /moreinfo/harvestofsorrow.htm (566 words)

	Utopian delusions - The Washington Times: Books - March 13, 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Conquest distinguishes between a British Enlightenment concerned with law and particularity and its French or continental counterpart with its intoxicating generalizations.
		Conquest notes, believed "that the existence of any false charges against the Maoist leaders clears them completely." She typically cast debate in a barren dichotomy that equated the bourgeois West with fascism or highlighted the undoubted faults of China's old regime.
		Conquest highlights the consequences their arguments had for the way people saw events at a critical period.
	www.washtimes.com /books/20050312-100953-2490r.htm (1065 words)

	THE BATTLE FOR BRITAIN: Britain and the European Union (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Robert Conquest is a fellow at the Hoover Institution.
		Robert Conquest by contrast is a stout Euro-skeptic.
		Robert Conquest: The same dates for the opening of one of the bird shooting seasons, which is different in France, I take it, than in Germany.
	www.uncommonknowledge.org /00fall/512.html (4477 words)

	Dr. Robert Conquest elected to Academy of Arts and Sciences (05/30/04)
		Conquest is the 31st Hoover Institution fellow to be elected to the academy.
		Robert Conquest's awards and honors include the Jefferson Lectureship in the Humanities, the federal government's highest distinction in the field, in 1993; the Richard Weaver Award for Scholarly Letters in 1999; and the Alexis de Tocqueville Award in 1992.
		Conquest has been literary editor of the London Spectator, brought out six volumes of poetry and one of literary criticism, edited the seminal New Lines anthologies (Macmillan, 1955-1963), and published a verse translation of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's epic "Prussian Nights" (Harvill Press, 1977).
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/2004/220428.shtml (598 words)

	Book.ie - Stalin ($62.95 USD, £34.89 GBP) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Robert Conquest's "Stalin: Breaker of Nations" provides such a biography with the vital information for one to build a basic stable foundation of the life of this twentieth century tyrant.
		Indeed Robert Conquest's work on Stalin has been so extensive that he was chosen to be the main history consultant for the 1992 movie "Stalin", starring Robert Duvall.
		Robert Conquest writes his book for the common reader who only has a minimal knowledge of Stalin and Stalinism.
	www.webtropy.com /book/book.aspx?Stalin (1117 words)

	Robert Conquest
		Conquest has been literary editor of the London Spectator, has brought out seven volumes of poetry and one of literary criticism, edited the seminal New Lines anthologies (Macmillan, 1955–63), and published a verse translation of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's epic Prussian Nights (Harvill Press, 1977).
		Educated at Winchester College, the University of Grenoble, and Magdalen College, Oxford, he was an exhibitioner in modern history and took his B.A. and M.A. degrees in politics, philosophy, and economics and his D. Litt.
		Conquest served through World War II in the British infantry and thereafter in His Majesty's Diplomatic Service, being awarded the Order of the British Empire.
	www-hoover.stanford.edu /bios/conquest.html (410 words)

	Robert Conquest receives Presidential Medal of Freedom
		Historian, Robert Conquest received the Presidential Medal of Freedom at the White House on November 9, 2005.
		In addition to his scholarly work, Conquest is the author of the science fiction novels, A World of Difference, and (with Kingsley Amis) The Egyptologists.
		Robert Conquest and Aretha Franklin at the ceremony
	www.sfwa.org /News/rconquest.htm (247 words)

	National Review: Conquest's Conquest: A man and his admirers - author Robert Conquest
		Conquest has known Martin Amis since he was a child, and he has known Christopher Hitchens a long while too.
		Someone remarked, "Robert Conquest is the angel sitting on Christopher Hitchens's right shoulder; Gore Vidal is the devil sitting on his left one." Indeed, the back cover of Why Orwell Matters contains three blurbs under the heading "Praise for Christopher Hitchens": from Vidal, Edward Said, and Susan Sontag.
		Conquest is now ensconced at the Hoover Institution, casting his eye on the world, writing his books as usual.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1282/is_23_54/ai_94960969 (1476 words)

	Commentary Magazine - The Dragons of Expectation by Robert Conquest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		McClay, Wilfred M....In a sense, Conquest’s manner of discourse serves to model the kind of civilization he esteems—one that values individual idiosyncrasy and openness, and disdains fanaticism and monomania...
		...Conquest’s name will forever be associated, rightly and honorably, with his patient, courageous, and relentless exposure of the depths of depravity to which the regime of Soviet Communism, and the ranks of its Western apologists, descended during the century just past...
		...For if there is one thing that is made clear in The Dragons of Expectation, it is that Robert Conquest is another of those foxes by nature, but one who was forced, by the circumstances of his times and by his subject matter, to function as something of a hedgehog...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V119I3P73-1.htm (1471 words)

	Jay Nordlinger on Robert Conquest on National Review Online
		Second, Conquest was not merely an "anti-Stalinist," but an anti- Communist, period: in Russia, in Vietnam, in Europe, in the Caribbean — everywhere.
		I inform Conquest that some fear that Hitchens is trying to co- opt him — perhaps claim him for the Left, same as he's doing with Orwell (more plausibly, to be sure).
		Shortly after 9/11, Conquest wrote (for National Review Online), "[There is little] knowledge about the mental world of those outside the American, or Western, experience, and in particular about the mental world of the enemies of the democratic way of life.
	www.nationalreview.com /flashback/flashback200511090102.asp (2023 words)

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