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	Robert Fogel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Robert William Fogel (born July 1, 1926) is an American economic historian and scientist, and Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel winner in 1993 (with Douglass North).
		Fogel has taught at Johns Hopkins (1958-1959), the University of Rochester (1960-1965 and 1968-1975), the University of Chicago (1964-1975 and 1981-) and Harvard University (1975-1981).
		For this reason, Fogel argued that the railroads as an engine of economic growth were overrated, and that much of U.S. economic expansion was in fact fueled by the building of canals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Robert_Fogel (708 words)

	Robert Fogel
		Fogel has also researched the effects of microeconomics on technological revolutions and modifications in the demographics of the national population and the labor force.
		Fogel constructed a hypothetical alternative, a so called counterfactual historiography; that is he compared the actual course of events with the hypothetical to allow a judgement of the importance of the railways.
		Fogel's use of counterfactual analysis of the course of events and his masterful treatment of quantitative techniques in combination with economic theory, have had a substantial influence on the understanding of economic change.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/biography/fogel.html (819 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Robert Fogel
		Fogel was born in New York City and was awarded a BA by Cornell University in 1948, an MA by Columbia University in 1960 and PhD by Johns Hopkins University in 1963.
		Fogel was a professor at Johns Hopkins (1958-1959), the University of Rochester (1960-1965 and 1968-1975), the University of Chicago (1964-1975 and 1981-) and Harvard University (1975-1981).
		Fogel constructed a hypothetical alternative, a so-called "counterfactual historiography"; that is, he compared the actual course of events with the hypothetical to allow a judgment of the importance of the railways.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Robert-Fogel (1020 words)

	Copenhagen Consensus 2004 – addresses 10 major challenges in the world. - Robert Fogel
		Fogel first attracted attention in the early 1960s, when he utilized statistical analysis to argue that the development of railroads in the United States in the 19th century had contributed little to the overall growth of the economy.
		Fogel's foremost work concerns the role of the railways in the economic development of the United States, the importance of slavery as an institution and its economic role in the USA, and studies in historical demography.
		Fogel's use of counterfactual analysis of the course of events and his masterful treatment of quantitative techniques in combination with economic theory, have had a substantial influence on the understanding of economic change (The Nobel e-Museum).
	www.copenhagenconsensus.com /Default.aspx?ID=182 (323 words)

	Railroads and American Economic Growth: Essays in Econometric History
		If Fogel had limited his work to the last two essays - the two that in many ways were the most central to the then intense discussions of the "Axiom of Indispensability," the work would have been important; but it would never have had anywhere near the impact that it actually did.
		Fogel's primary interest, however, was not on the production of the new series, but on estimating the importance of the railroads in the development of the iron industry.
		Fogel then estimates alpha for a sample of counties in the North Atlantic region and concludes that the direct costs (alpha) would amount to a loss of 2.5% of GNP, and that adjustment for excluded indirect costs (alpha-2) would have increased that figure to 2.8% of GNP.
	eh.net /bookreviews/library/davis.shtml (1652 words)

	Robert Fogel
		Robert W. Fogel, joint winner of the 1993 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, will present the W.P. Carey Nobel Laureate Lecture in Economics on the "The Fourth Great Awakening: The Future of Egalitarianism" on April 30.
		Fogel is the Charles R. Walgreen Distinguished Service Professor of American Institutions at the University of Chicago, where he also directs the Center for Population Economics.
		Fogel showed that the established opinion that slavery was an ineffective, unprofitable, and pre-capitalist organization was incorrect.
	www.coloradocollege.edu /publications/Access/March-April1999/fogel.html (688 words)

	Robert Fogel - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Robert William Fogel (born July 1, 1926), American economic historian and scientist, Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel winner in 1993 (with Douglass North).
		Fogel based this anaylsis largley on plantation records and claimed that slaves worked less, were better fed and were whipped only occusionally.
		Many have questioned Fogel and Engerman's research on the topic, and beyond that, have contended that using purely quantitative methods to examine slavery is inadequate.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Robert_Fogel (529 words)

	TCS Daily - The Great Escape
		Robert Fogel: Well a group of other people in demography economics and the biomedical sciences and I began collaborating back in the mid-'70's to first measure the decline in mortality in the United States.
		Robert Fogel: The poorest 20 percent of the population, was slowly starving to death.
		Robert Fogel: I picked the right century to be born in, and my grandchildren have also picked the right century.
	www.tcsdaily.com /120105B.html (3829 words)

	Fogel wins Nobel prize
		Fogel said the conclusion of the work, which he said was "startling and upsetting" when it appeared in 1974, was that slavery was economically more efficient than free agriculture.
		Fogel's predecessor in the Walgreen professorship was George Stigler, who won the Nobel prize in 1982, and whom Fogel called "one of my principal teachers in economics." Stigler died in 1991.
		Fogel is currently directing a five-year interdisciplinary study that will examine the life profiles of 40,000 Civil War veterans, whose accurate medical records represent a rare treasure-trove of socioeconomic and medical information about thousands of men born between 1822 and 1845, from the time they enlisted until the last one died in 1954.
	chronicle.uchicago.edu /931014/nobel.shtml (828 words)

	Robert W. Fogel
		Fogel, Robert W. "Modeling Complex Dynamic Interactions: The Role of Intergenerational, Cohort, and Period Processes and of Conditional Events in the Political Realignment of the 1850’s." NBER working paper, March 1990.
		Fogel, Robert W. "The Relative Efficiency of Slavery: A Comparison of Northern and Southern Agriculture in 1860." Engerman, Stanley L.; Explorations in Economic History.
		Fogel, Robert W. "A Model for the Explanation of Industrial Expansion during the Nineteenth Century: With an Application to the American Iron Industry." Engerman, Stanley L.; Journal of Political Economy.
	www.eumed.net /cursecon/economistas/fogel.htm (510 words)

	CSISS Classics - Robert W. Fogel: The Argument for Wagons and Canals, 1964.
		Robert W. Fogel (born 1926) is best known as the leading proponent of revisionistic economic analysis of some of the most cherished assumptions of American history.
		After all, it was the railroad that opened the vast breadbasket of the Midwest, the railroad that tied the continenent together, and the railroad that spurred the spectacular growth of the American economy.
		Robert Fogel believed that much of the praise heaped on the economic contributions of the railroad were little more than overblown rhetoric, and he set out to prove it.
	www.csiss.org /classics/content/19 (820 words)

	Dr. Robert Fogel Bronx Chiropractor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Robert Fogel has been in practice for 26 years serving the greater NY Metropolitan Area with high quality affordable and gentle chiropractic health.
		Fogel is a walking and hiking enthusiast and is often found on the trails of Harriman State Park.
		Fogel will let you know whether your problem is a herniated disc, a pyriformis muscle spasm or an osteoarthritic spine or hip.
	www.chiromassageusa.com (2528 words)

	Robert Fogel to lecture
		Robert Fogel, a Nobel laureate in economics in 1993 and a 1948 graduate of Cornell, will give a public lecture on campus Monday, Oct. 18.
		Fogel was born in New York City in 1926, the second son of parents who had emigrated to the United States from Odessa four years earlier.
		Robert Fogel invited his brother's widow, Charlotte, a social worker and therapist in the Ithaca area for many years, to accompany him and his wife, Enid Cassandra, to the Nobel award ceremonies in Stockholm.
	www.news.cornell.edu /http://www.news./Chronicle/04/10.14.04/Fogel_lect.html (617 words)

	PCOM - Robert M. Fogel, D.O. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Fogel has been at PCOM since 1993, initially serving as Professor and Chair of the Department of Pathology, and currently as Chair of the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology.
		Fogel has taught at Kansas City College, Oklahoma College, Kirksville College and the University of Tulsa, and has held the positions of Laboratory Director and Chief Pathologist in hospitals throughout that region.
		Fogel's other professional appointments include terms as Deputy Medical Examiner and Consultant Forensic Pathologist for the Oklahoma State Medical Examiner's Office (1969-1975), Faculty for the Homicide by Explosion division of the U.S. Treasury Department's ATF Division (1971-1972), and investigator for the Legislative Commission on Agent Orange (1981-1983).
	www.pcom.edu /Department_Web_Pages/dept_path_m_i/Robert_M__Fogel__D_O_/robert_m_fogel_do.html (184 words)

	Robert Fogel and Stanley Engerman's Time on the Cross
		Fogel and Engerman feel their research provides corrections to the traditional view of the economics of slavery.
		Fogel and Engerman report the results of an extensive method to compare the efficiencies of free-labor farms, north and south, with slave-labor plantations in the Old South and the New South.
		Fogel and Engerman's conclusions were based upon economies of scale in production.
	www.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/fogel.htm (1126 words)

	The Prize in Economics 1993 - Press Release
		Robert Fogel and Douglass North are the economic historians that have come furthest in such a scientific integration.
		Robert Fogel's foremost work concerns the role of the railways in the economic development of the United States, the importance of slavery as an institution and its economic role in the USA, and studies in historical demography.
		Fogel and North have thus in different ways renewed research in economic history, by making it more stringent and more theoretically conscious.
	www.nobel.se /economics/laureates/1993/press.html (1720 words)

	Robert Fogel - "Changes in the Process of Aging during the Twentieth Century" - WSKG Radio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Last Fall WSKG recorded an address by eminent economist, Robert W. Fogel, which traces changes in the patterns of the state of well being of elder Americans through the last century and draws innovative conclusions.
		An author of many books and a recipient of many academic honors and prizes, Dr. Fogel is probably best known for this scholarly analysis on the economics of the practice of slavery in the United States: “Time on the Cross, the Economics of American Negro Slavery,”; which he wrote with Stanley L. Engerman.
		Fogel started his remarks with extemporaneous remembrances of his personal and academic life in Ithaca, New York, including an anectdote and reflection on his former economics professor, Dr. Alfred Kahn, later to be President Jimmy Carter's Chief Economic Advisor.
	www.wskg.com /fogel.htm (340 words)

	Robert Fogel lectures
		Nobel economist Robert Fogel tells students that new research will extend their healthy lives well beyond past predictions, in a talk held Oct. 18 in 105 Ives Hall.
		Aiming to change that, Fogel studied three cohorts: one from the Civil War era; one born in the 1920s (himself included); and one he called the IT (information technology) generation of current undergraduate and graduate students.
		Of the current IT generation, Fogel said: "Today, only 13 percent of your income is spent on food, clothing and shelter, compared with 75 percent of the income of cohort one.
	www.news.cornell.edu /http://www.news.corne/Chronicle/04/10.28.04/Fogel_lect.html (569 words)

	GSB news—Alliance for Aging Research Recognizes Robert Fogel As “Indispensable Person in Health ...
		Robert Fogel, Charles R. Walgreen Distinguished Service Professor of American Institutions, was honored for his research on the economics of health and healthcare.
		The Alliance for Aging Research named Fogel, who heads the Center for Population Economics, its "Indispensable Person in Health Research" for 2006.
		Fogel, a nobel laureate, began to focus on what he called “the problem of creating and studying large life-cycle and intergenerational data sets,” in the 1980s.
	gsb.uchicago.edu /news/2006-09-12_fogel_alliance_on_aging.aspx (226 words)

	GSB news— Nobel Laureate Robert Fogel sees positive future for China’s economy
		Robert W. Fogel, Nobel Laureate and Charles R. Walgreen Distinguished Service Professor of American Institutions, spoke at the 2005 Annual Conference of the Chinese Economists Society.
		Fogel, who heads the Center for Population Economics at the GSB, predicted annual growth of at least eight percent for the next 35 years.
		Examining China’s goal of US$3000 per capita GDP by the year 2020, Fogel stated the target “was well within the experience of the rapidly growing Southeast Asian economies.” The road to China’s economic growth, however, was not without pitfalls, observed Fogel.
	gsb.uchicago.edu /news/2005-07-11h_fogel_china_sos.aspx (202 words)

	Amazon.com: The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism: Books: Robert William Fogel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Fogel argues that the egalitarian platforms of the third awakening have been more or less implemented--the condition of the poorest families in America, he suggests, has improved dramatically; the labor reforms that Social Gospelers called for have been written into law; many people have access to decent health care.
		Fogel applauds the democratizing of self-realization, and he emphasizes the need to provide an education for all; he is especially keen to see more Americans pursuing higher education.
		Fogel points ou that change has come in an astonishingy short period, he oints out, technical process has made it possible for almost everyone in the rich world to have food, clothing and shelter: which, a century ago, absorbed 8o% of the average household's consumption.
	amazon.com /Fourth-Great-Awakening-Future-Egalitarianism/dp/0226256626 (2506 words)

	Defending Federal Greed
		The first is the 1974 book by Robert Fogel and Stanley Engerman, Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery, which found that slavery was a vibrant institution of capitalism.
		While economists and historians have poked many holes in their book, and Fogel has had to retreat from his initial positions, I have shown their work to be fundamentally flawed and completely misleading.
		By estimating the value of slaves and the cost of the war, the article very cleverly suggests that the Southern states fought to defend slavery and the Northern states fought to abolish slavery; the Civil War was basically fought over the issue of slavery, with the Union fighting to end fl slavery and preserve union.
	www.lewrockwell.com /orig/thornton6.html (1461 words)

	Scientist - List of Items - MSN Encarta
		Coase, Ronald H. Fogel, Robert W. Friedman, Milton
		Mundell, Robert A. Myrdal, (Karl) Gunnar (1898-1987) and Myrdal, Alva Reimer (1902-86)
		Fogel, Robert W. Fogel, Robert W., born in 1926, American economist and corecipient with Douglass C. North of the 1993 Nobel Prize in economics for applying modern...
	encarta.msn.com /refedlist_210029226_30.6/Fogel_Robert_W.html (93 words)

	Amazon.com: The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700-2100: Europe, America, and the Third World (Cambridge ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Fogel argues that health care should be viewed as the growth industry of the twenty-first century and systems of financing it should be reformed.
		Fogel's treatment of the confluence of technological change, diet, morbidity, work demands, leisure and mortality extends beyond developments in Western society to include the rapid pace of technophysio evolutionary changes in third world countries whose per capita income increases piggybacked on Western innovations, consequently dwarfing the much slower pace of Western improvements a century earlier.
		Professor Fogel touches very briefly on in utero, childhood and adolescence effects of economic status on morbidity and mortality, but his comment that "The exact mechanisms by which malnutriiton and trauma in utero or in early childhood are transformed into organ dysfunctions are still unclear." (p.
	www.amazon.com /Escape-Hunger-Premature-Death-1700-2100/dp/0521808782 (1906 words)

	Coping With Leisure in the Twenty-First Century
		Robert W. Fogel won the Nobel Prize for Economic Science in 1993 for turning the theoretical and statistical tools of modern economics on the historical past: on subjects ranging from slavery and railroads to ocean shipping and property rights.
		Robert W. Fogel, Ph.D. is the Charles R. Walgreen Professor, Department of Economics and Graduate School of Business; Director, Center for Population Economics, University of Chicago.
		Fogel was awarded the Nobel Prize for Economic Science in 1993.
	litsite.alaska.edu /healing/fogel.html (967 words)

	Robert William Fogel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The two were cited for developing cliometrics, the application of statistical analysis to the study of economic history.
		The publication in 1974 of Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery, which he wrote with Stanley L. Engerman, generated considerable controversy, because it contended that slavery had been a profitable enterprise that had collapsed for political, rather than economic, reasons.
		The resulting furor over this theory compelled Fogel to write a defense of his work, Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery (1989), which included a moral condemnation of slavery and clarified his earlier research.
	www.nobel-winners.com /Economics/robert_william_fogel.html (260 words)

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