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	Robert Curthose - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Robert fled to his uncle's court in Flanders before plundering the county of the Vexin and causing such mayhem that his father King William allied himself with King Philip I of France to stop his rebellious son.
		Robert married Sybilla, daughter of Geoffrey of Brindisi, Count of Conversano (and a grandniece of Robert Guiscard).
		Robert was forced by diplomacy to renounce his claim to the English throne in the Treaty of Alton.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Robert_Curthose (1158 words)

	Robert Guiscard - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1057 Robert succeeded Humfrey as count of Apulia and, in company with Roger, his youngest brother, carried on the conquest of Apulia and Calabria, while Richard conquered the principality of Capua.
		Guiscard was succeeded by Roger "Borsa", his son by Sikelgaita; Bohemund, his son by an earlier Norman wife Alberada, being set aside.
		In the history of the Norman kingdom of Italy Guiscard remains essentially the hero and founder, as his nephew Roger II is the statesman and organizer.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Robert_Guiscard (997 words)

	Wikipedia: Robert Curthose
		As a result of the insult, Robert attempted to seize the castle of Rouen and afterwards spent several years wandering in aimless fighting before being reconciled with his father.
		Robert married Sybil, daughter of Geoffrey of Brindisi, Count of Conversano (and a grandniece of Robert Guiscard) and had one son, William Clito, heir to the Duchy of Normandy.
		In 1106, Henry defeated Robert's army decisively at the Battle of Tinchebray and claimed Normandy as a possession of the English crown, a situation that endured for over a century.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/r/ro/robert_curthose.html (560 words)

	ROBERT GUISCARD - LoveToKnow Article on ROBERT GUISCARD
		In 1046 arrived Robert, the sixth son of Tancred of Hauteville.
		Guiscard " by Grace of God and St Peter duke of Apulia and Calabria and future lord of Sicily " agreed to hold by annual rent of the Holy See and to maintain its cause.
		Robert, returning to restore them, occupied Corfu and Kephalonia, but died of fever in the latter on the 15th of July 1o85, in his 7oth year.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /R/RO/ROBERT_GUISCARD.htm (807 words)

	Robert Guiscard. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Robert’s attacks on the duchy of Benevento, a papal fief, resulted in his excommunication (1074), but a reconciliation was brought about because the pope, Gregory VII, needed Norman assistance against Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV, who had invaded Rome (1081).
		Robert, with his elder son Bohemond I, resumed his conquests in the east.
		Robert died of fever during the siege of Cephalonia and was succeeded in Apulia by his younger son, Roger.
	www.bartleby.com /65/rb/RbrtGu.html (304 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Robert Guiscard
		On the death of Humphrey in 1057, Robert Guiscard caused himself to be elected leader of the Normans to the detriment of the two sons of his brother, whose inheritance he appropriated.
		Guiscard was now master of the route to Constantinople, and had advanced as far as Castoria when he received a letter from Gregory VII recalling him to Italy.
		Guiscard resigned the command of his expedition to his son Bohemond, who abandoned the march on Constantinople to ravage Thessaly.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07072b.htm (1458 words)

	robert de guiscard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Robert De Guiscard's last enterprise was his attack on the Greek Empire, a rallying ground for his rebel vassals.
		Robert De Guiscard was succeeded by Roger "Borsa," his son by Sikelgaita; Bohemund, his son by an earlier Norman wife Alberada, being set aside.
		At his death Robert De Guiscard was duke of Apulia and Calabria, prince of Salerno and suzerain of Sicily.
	www.crusades-history.com /Robert-De-Guiscard.aspx (792 words)

	The Career of Robert Guiscard
		Robert Guiscard was one of several brothers who came to Italy from Normandy to work as mercenaries and gain their fortune.
		Robert Guiscard went to become the duke of Apulia and Calabria, and founded the Kingdom of the Two Sicily's.
		But Duke Robert returned from Durres, leaving his son Bohemund in charge there, and brought help to Pope Gregory, when the King was already tarrying in the region of Liburia [Tuscan coast] to make war on the province of Matilda [Countess of Tuscany], who was of Pope Gregory's party.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/sources/robertguiscard.htm (1359 words)

	Robert Guiscard - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 1042 was chosen as the Norman capital, and in September of that year the Normans elected as their count William Iron-Arm, who was succeeded in turn by his brothers Drogo, "Comes Normannorum totius Apuliae e Calabriae", and, who arrived about 1044.
		1047 saw the arrival of Robert, the sixth son of Tancred of Hauteville, who was tall in stature, and had blonde colouring, blue eyes, and a powerful voice.
		The army which he led towards Apulia in 1053 was, however, overthrown at Civitate on the Fortore by the Normans, united under Humfrey, Guiscard, and.
	www.lexington-fayette.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Robert_Guiscard (869 words)

	33rd Generation (cont.) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Robert de Hauteville I, Count of Apulia "Guiscard (The Astute)" was born circa 1015 in Hauteville-la-Guichard near Coutances, Normandy.
		Their differences were resolved when Robert invested Roger, after he had recognized Robert's supreme authority, with "the County of Sicily and Calabria" along with the right to govern and tax both counties.
		Robert responded to the city's plea for help in 1073 and successfully defended it; in December 1076 he took Salerno from Gisulf and made it the capital of his duchy.
	www.boazfamilytree.com /gneville/aqwg57.htm (1987 words)

	The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire Chapter 56 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Robert was the eldest of the seven sons of the second marriage; and even the reluctant praise of his foes has endowed him with the heroic qualities of a soldier and a statesman.
		Robert invades the Eastern empire, A.D. To Robert Guiscard, the conquest of Sicily was more glorious than beneficial: the possession of Apulia and Calabria was inadequate to his ambition; and he resolved to embrace or create the first occasion of invading, perhaps of subduing, the Roman empire of the East.
		The male line of Robert Guiscard was extinguished, both in Apulia and at Antioch, in the second generation; but his younger brother became the father of a line of kings; and the son of the great count was endowed with the name, the conquests, and the spirit, of the first Roger.
	www.ccel.org /g/gibbon/decline/volume2/chap56.htm (15187 words)

	HUBERT ROBERT - LoveToKnow Article on HUBERT ROBERT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the fourth canto of his LImagination Delille celebrated Roberts miraculous escape when lost in the catacombs; later in life, when imprisoned during the Terror and marked for the guillotine, by a fatal accident another died in his place and Robert lived.
		Roberts work has more or less of that scenic character which justified his selection by Voltaire to paint the decorations of his theatre at Ferney.
		Robert died of apoplexy on the 15th of April 1808.
	60.1911encyclopedia.org /R/RO/ROBERT_HUBERT.htm (280 words)

	ROGER I. - LoveToKnow Article on ROGER I. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Malaterra, who compares Robert Guiscard (see GuISCA1tp, ROBERT) and his brother to Joseph and Benjamin of old, says of Roger: He was a youth of the greatest beauty, of lofty stature, of graceful shape, most eloquent in speech and cool in counsel.
		He was far-seeing in arranging all his actions, pleasant and merry all with men; strong and brave, and furious in battle.
		After Palermo had been taken in January 1072 Robert Guiscard, as suzerain, invested Roger as count of Sicily, but retained Palermo, half of Messina and the north-east portion(the Val Demone).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /R/RO/ROGER_I_.htm (536 words)

	Robert Guiscard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 1042 Melfi was chosen as the Norman capital, and in September of that year the Normans elected as their count William Iron-Arm who was succeeded in turn by his brothers Drogo, ''"Comes Normannorum totius Apuliae e Calabriae"'', and Humphrey of Hauteville Humphrey, who arrived about 1044.
		Therefore at Melfi, on August 23 1059, Pope Nicholas IINicholas II invested Robert with Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily/, and Richard with Capua.
		In the history of the Norman kingdom of Italy Guiscard remains essentially the hero and founder, as his nephew Roger II of SicilyRoger II/ is the statesman and organizer.
	www.infothis.com /find/Robert_Guiscard (833 words)

	DragonBear History: All That: Normans in Italy
		Richard of Aversa was Prince of Capua, ruler of the west coast; Robert Guiscard was Duke of Apulia, overlord of the east coast and the foot; and Robert's younger brother Count Roger was slowly conquering Sicily from the Saracen Kalbids.
		In 1081, Robert Guiscard's success and ambition brought him to take the offensive against the Byzantine Empire beyond the Italian peninsula: he invaded across the Adriatic and besieged the city of Durazzo.
		He was Robert's son from his first, annulled marriage, so (like most knights of the First Crusade) he had no patrimony at home and set out to find his own.
	www.dragonbear.com /normans.html (1493 words)

	sicily (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Guiscard, Robert (c.1031-85) Norman adventurer, son of Tancred de Hautville, who campaigned with his brothers against the Byzantine Greeks, and created a duchy comprising S Italy and Sicily.
		Robert was the son of an obscure Norman, Tancred de Hauteville, and from c.
		While Robert was alive, the brothers shared control of both Sicily and the Italian mainland; after his death in 1085, Roger made himself ruler of Sicily, leaving the other Norman domains to Robert's son, Roger of Apulia (c.
	website.lineone.net /~johnbidmead/sicily.htm (2975 words)

	Robert Guiscard tour to Campania and Apulia
		Venosa is where Robert Guiscard chose to establish the dynastic cemetery for the Hauteville family, the sons of Tancred of Hauteville in Normandy.
		Robert Guiscard was born in Normandy in 1016, the son of Tancred of Hauteville, and brother of William Iron-Arm, Drogo, and Roger.
		Robert arrived in South Italy in 1046 and joined Drogo who sent him off to the depths of Calabria to guard a fortress at the mountain pass of Scribla.
	www.plantagenettours.com /2005/campaniaapulia.html (2033 words)

	Articles - Battle of Dyrrhachium (1081) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Guiscard's quarrel was actually with Nicephorus III, who deposed Michael VII in 1078, but went ahead with his plan to attack anyway even after Nicephorus was deposed and replaced by Alexius I in 1081.
		In June Guiscard marched north to Dyrrhachium, the regional capital, and lay siege to it; its inhabitants, however, were not impressed by the false Michael.
		Guiscard, through spies, knew Alexius was coming and moved his army away from the city to prepare for battle; he attempted to negotiate with Alexius, but it was a stalling tactic only, as he demanded impossible terms which Alexius would never agree to (Anna does not elaborate on the specifics).
	www.gaple.com /articles/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(1081) (926 words)

	Lombards and Normans
		Tancred de Hauteville was the father of the Norman adventurers that fought for and against the pope and the Papal States, the Lombards, the Arabs, the Byzantine Empire and anyone else that got in their way.
		Robert fought in the Crusades with his son Bohemond, and his grandson Tancred also fought in the Holy Land.
		Not only did Robert and the other Normans defeat the papal forces, but they also took the pope prisoner and held him until he recognized their titles and lands.
	www.geocities.com /fairauthor/NormanItaly.html (1259 words)

	Encyclopedia: Robert Guiscard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Map of Italy showing Messina in the northeast point of Sicily Messina is the third largest city on the island of Sicily, Italy and the capital of the province of Messina.
		Sikelgaita (1040-April 16, 1090) was a Lombard princess, the second wife of Robert Guiscard.
		The Battle of Dyrrhachium took place on October 18, 1081 between the Byzantine Empire, led by Alexius I, and the Normans under Robert Guiscard.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Robert-Guiscard (1894 words)

	Norman Capture of Sicily
		Robert and Roger established an amicable arrangement between themselves for allocating captured spoils and dividing power.
		That agreement left Robert as ruler of southern Italy and Roger as ruler of Sicily.
		Following the deaths of Robert (1085) and Roger (1101), relations in the next generation were less peaceable.
	www.boglewood.com /sicily/normaninvasion.html (393 words)

	Apostolica Legatia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		At William's death, Robert became count and in 1058 he and his men had a call for help in the controversy between Benedict X and Nicholas II, both aspiring to the papacy.
		Robert was called back to Southern Italy to take care of insurgencies brought about by the nobles, who did not want to be his vassals.
		In 1094 Robert the Guiscard, took Urban II to Rome and, with his army, moved against Henry IV driving him out of Rome and out of Italy.
	home.att.net /~ilsiciliano/page02_the_apostolica_legatia.htm (2343 words)

	Robert Curthose biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Robert (called Curthose for his short squat appearance) (c.
		In 1100, during Robert's absence, William Rufus died, allowing their younger brother Henry to seize the crown of England.
		In 1105, however, Robert's continually stirring of discord with his brother in England prompted Henry to invade Normandy, and in the next year, Henry defeated Robert's army decisively at the Battle of Tinchebray and claimed Normandy as a possession of the English crown, a situation that endured for almost a century.
	robert-curthose.biography.ms (612 words)

	Robert Guiscard and Gregory VII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The repeated excommunications of Robert by the intransigent Gregory VII, in 1074, 1075 and in 1078, after Robert’s attempt to seize the principality of Benevento, led to a sudden deterioration in the relations between the Normans and the papacy.
		Thus in 1080, in Ceprano, Robert Guiscard, whom the Pope had called ‘a small Norman vilissime’ — a small humble Norman - a few years earlier, solemnly swore allegiance to the Papal power, who would soon call for his help against the invading German emperor in Rome.
		In 1084, the duke was now seen to be the defender of the Church of Rome, entering the city in order to save the Pope and then to take him to Salerno under his protection, and true to form, Robert proceeded to sack and pillage the Eternal City.
	www.mondes-normands.caen.fr /angleterre/histoires/medit/5/medit5_4.htm (178 words)

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